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人教版英语名词和冠词第二十二讲名词【名题实战】1.—I

want

to

go

to

different

places,but

I

don't

knowthe

C

.—A

map

is

helpful,I

think.(2014,孝感)A.price

B.time

C.way

D.ticket2.—Mum,I

want

to

buy

an

iPhone

5s

for

achange.—Well,I

think

there

is

no

_B

.It's

almostthe

same

as

an

iPhone

4s.(2014,宁波)A.reason

B.need

C.answer

D.way4

Look

There

are

someon

thefarm.(2014,黔东南)A.chicken

B.goose

C.sheep

D.cow3.Look

at

the

A

,sir.The

white

shirt

islarger

thantheyellowone.A.size

B.shape

C.weight

D.colour

C

5.—You

may

goto

Milan

for

a

freetrip.—It's

a

very

kind

B

,but

I

really

can't

acceptit.(2014,河南)A.excuse

B.offer

C.promise

D.decision【考点梳理】名词是中考考查的重点,考查内容主要为:常用专有名词表示方法;可数名词单、复数变化规则及其用法;不可数名词量的表示方法;名词所有格的运用方法;名词作主语时主谓一致问题;名词词义的辨析。高频考向一 常用专有名词人名。如:Jackie

Chan,Yao

Ming地名。如:New

York,the

Great

Wall3.国名。如:China,America4.一周七天。如:Monday,Tuesday5.一年十二个月。如:May,September6.节日。如:Teachers'Day,Mother's

Day,Christmas

Day7.专有名词缩写形式。如:USA,CD【例1】

is

the

most

important

festival

in

China.A.Christmas

Day B.Spring

FestivalC.Midautumn

Day

D.National

Day解析:A选项是圣诞节;B选项是春节;C选项是中秋节;D选项是国庆节。根据句意“在中国最重要的节日”,当然是春节。答案:

B

高频考向二 名词辨析名词词义辨析主要指考生在不同的语言环境中,通过对上下文的理解或者对一些词义相同的名词准确地掌握其意义,然后做出正确的选择。近年来,这一考点成为了考查名词的主要形式之一,并且越来越受到各地的欢迎。you

going

to

do

when

youe

an

astronaut.(2014,襄【例2】—What

aregrow

up?—My

is

to阳)A.hobby

B.dream

C.job

D.advice解析:由问句“你长大后将去做什么”可知,答句应为“我的梦想是成为一名航天员”。答案:

B

【例3】

—The

picnic

is

only

in

three

days.Have

you

made

any

?—Not

yet.So

let's

discuss

what

to

prepare.(2014,台州)A.wishes

B.plans

C.mistakes

D.friends解析:A选项意为“愿望”;B选项意为“计划”;C选项意为“错误”;D选项意为“朋友”。由答句句意“还没有。所以让我们去讨论准备什么”可知,问句句意为“野餐只剩下三天了。你做计划了吗”。答案:

B

高频考向三 名词的数名词分可数名词与不可数名词两类。可数名词有单、复数变化形式。a用于以辅音音素开头的单数名词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单数名词前。如:an

uncle,a

university,an

honest

man,an

hour,ausefulbook,anapple等。其复数形式分为规则和不规则两种:1.可数名词的复数规则变化构成方法例子①一般情况下,在名词的末尾加­sdesk→desks,apple→apples②以s,x,sh,ch结尾的名词,在词尾加­esclass→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches③以辅音+y结尾的名词,把y变为i,再加­escountry→countries,factory→factories④以f或fe结尾的名词,把f或fe变为v,再加­esknife→knives,wife→wives,leaf→leaves⑤以o结尾表示有生命的名词,在词尾加­estomato→tomatoes,hero→heroes⑥以o结尾表示无生命的名词,在词尾加­sradio→radios.photo→photos2.可数名词的复数不规则变化❶元音或词尾发生变化。如

man→men

woman→women

;Frenchman→Frenchmen

tooth→teeth

foot→feet;child→children❷单复数形式相同。如:sheep→sheep;fish(鱼的条数)→fish;Chinese(中国人)→Chinese;Japanese(日本人)→Japanese;deer(鹿)→deer语法复习afford❸形式为单数,意思为复数。如:people,police❹视为整体时,谓语用单数;视为个体时,谓语用复数。如:family,class,team,group❺形式为复数,意思为单数。如:news,maths,physics,the

United

States等。❻只用复数形式pants,shorts,clothes,glasses

(眼镜)等。❼由man,woman构成的合成名词,变复数时将名词及man,woman都变成复数。如

man

driver→men

drivers

womanteacher→women

teachers但其他合成名词,只需把合成名词中的中心词变为复数形式。如

a

banana

tree→banana trees

a

shoefactory→shoe

factories注意:①可数名词的单复数要与句子结构保持一致。②可数名词一般不单独使用,表类别时可用复数形式,或用不定冠词或定冠词加单数名词。如:oranges,the/an

orange。③修饰可数名词复数的词有these,

those,many,(a)

few,a/the

number

of,some/any,a

lot

of等。常用they,them来替代。3.不可数名词不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词,它们一般没有复数形式。如果要表示不可数名词的数量则要借助于“a+量词(可数名词)+of+不可数名词”短语,变复数时把a变为具体数词,量词变为复数形式。如:abowlofwater一碗水;twocupsoftea两杯茶初中阶段常见的不可数名词有:water,rice,tea,milk,food,fruit,meat,fish(鱼肉),chicken(鸡肉),beef,mutton,orange(橙汁),sugar,salt,paper(纸),porridge,bread,sand,juice,news,music,time(时间),information,fun,advice等。注意:①有些名词既可作不可数名词,又可作可数名词,如:time(时间/次数,倍数),fish(鱼肉/鱼),room(空间/房间),noise(噪音/响声),paper(纸/试卷,文件),chicken(鸡肉/鸡),experience(经验/经历)②表示不定数量时,不可数名词常用much,(a)little,a

lot

of,some,any等修饰。常用it来替代。【例4】—Where

are

you

going,Sam?—There

isn't

any

in

the

fridge.I'll

go

and

buysome.(2014,凉山)A.vegetables

B.beef

C.eggs

D.money解析:由is可知此处应用可数名词单数或不可数名词,故排除A、C选项。再根据句意来判断。答案:

B

【例5】

I

saw

some

and

dancingin

the

street

the

day

before

yesterday.(2013,绥化)B

Germans

;A

Germen

EnglishmenEnglishmansC.Germans;Englishmen解析:German的复数形式为Germans;Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen。答案:

C

高频考向四

名词所有格①有生命的东西的名词所有格,一般用在词尾加“'s”这种形式来表示。如:It's

my

mother'shandbag.这是我妈妈的手提包。②以s或es结尾的名词末尾只加“'”。有些表示时间、距离、国家、城镇等无生命的事物的名词,也可以加“'s”构成所有格。如:It's

only

twenty

minutes'

walk.这只是步行20分钟的路程。

Who

won

the

girls'

100meter

race?谁赢了女子100米赛跑?③不以s或es结尾的复数名词末尾仍要加“'s”。如:Where's

the

People's

Hospital,please?请问人民医院在哪儿?It's

the

policemen's

bedroom.这是警察宿舍。④表示两个或多个人共同拥有的人或物时,只需在并列名词的后一个名词词尾加“'s”。若表示两者各自所拥有时,则每个名词后均加“'s”。试比较:Lily

and

Lucy's

father

is

a

worker.莉莉和露茜的父亲是工人。Lily'sandLucy'sfathersarebothworkers.莉莉的父亲和露茜的父亲都是工人。⑤有些名词如:诊所、家、店铺等名词所有格后加

“'s”后,可以省去表示相关处所的名词。如:thedoctor's(医生诊所),Mr.White's(怀特先生家),thebookseller's(书店)。⑥of所有格主要表示无生命的东西。如:a

map

of

China一幅中国地图⑦既表示所属关系又表示数量时要用双重所有格。如:an

old

friend

of

my

uncle's,a

photo

of

Jim'sfamily等。【例6】

desk

is

long

and

wide.They

like

itvery

much.(2014,齐齐哈尔)Sonia's

and

Jane'sSonia

and

Jane'sSonia

and

Jane解析:A项表示两个人各自的桌子,后应接复数名词;B项表示两个人共有的桌子,后接单数名词;C项不可以直接作定语。答案:

B

【例7】—How

far

is

your

home

from

school?—It'sabouttwo

walk.(2013,潍坊)A.hours

B.hours'

C.hour's

D.hour解析:由答语“两个小时的步行路程”可知,此处应用名词所有格形式。hour为可数名词,在基数词后应使用复数形式hours,以s结尾的复数名词的所有格直接在词尾加“'”构成。答案:

B

一、单项选择。—Howmany

B

arethere?—About

fifty.(2014,广安)A.tomatos

B.tomatoes

C.tomatoRecently

people

care

more

about

the

safety

of

A.Everyone

wants

to

eat

healthily.(2014,衡阳)A.foods

B.clothes

C.buildings3.Miss

Black

is

a

friend

of

A ,she

always

looksafter

my

sister.(2014,龙东)A.Mary's

mother's B.Mary's

mother'C.Mary

mother's4.There

are

fifty

B

in

our

school.They

are

allfriendly

to

us.(2014,安顺)A.woman

teachers B.women

teachersC.woman

teacher D.women

teacher—I

hear

you

have

to

get

up

early

every

morning.—Right.It'sone

of

the

D

of

my

family.(2014,泰安)A.plans

B.jobs

C.programs

D.rulesI'm

tired.This

is

not

the

right

A

to

ask

me

to

gofor

a

walk.(2014,杭州)A.moment

B.chance

C.place

D.season7

.Could

you

please

get

me

some

C

?I'mhungry.(2014,黔西南)A.apple

B.water

C.bread

D.egg8.—Excuse

me,where

did

you

get

the

book?—I

borrowed

it

from

the

B

.(2013,重庆)A.cinema

B.library

C.park

D.station9.—The

sweater

is

not

the

right

C

forme.—Well,shall

I

get

you

a

bigger

one

or

a

smaller

one?(2013,绍兴)A.price

B.color

C.size

D.material10.You'd

better

read

the

C

first

before

you

use

thecamera.(2013,嘉兴、舟山)A.websites

B.expressionsC.instructions

D.advertisements13.The

cat

caught

two (老鼠)last

night.二、词汇运用。A)根据句意及汉语提示完成单词。Uncle

Wang

bought

two

watches

(手表)yesterday.There

are

a

lot

of

sheep

(绵羊)on

the

grass.mice14.Gina

would

likesome

juice

(果汁)to

drink.is

Linda's

favorite

day,because

she

has

P.E.on15.Jack

went

to

have

two

teeth

(牙齿)pulled

out

yesterdayafternoon.B)根据句意及首字母提示完成单词。16

Nick

can

you

give

me

some

informationabout

thatevent?17.

Fridaythat

day.There

is

not

enough

room

in

the

corner

to

put

the

table.It's

a

secret

.You

shouldn't

tell

it

to

others.Benlikesthe

shape

of

the

cake.It's

a

heart.【名题实战】1.—What

do

you

think

of

the

new

movie

The

MonkeyKing,Sally?funny

one.(2013,台州)B.an

C.theD.不—It'sA.a填冠

词A2.—Mary,who's

C

womanoverthere?—She's

my

aunt,

English

teacher.(2014,天津)A.the;the

B.a;the

C.the;an

D.a;an3.Let's

take

A

photo!Everyone,cheese!(2014,河北)A.a

B.an

C.the D.不填4.I'm

going

to

be

B

basketball

player.(2014,成都)A.the

B.a

C.an5

Eric

is

not

goingto

Nanjing

byplane.Instead

he

is

taking

train.(2014,广东)A./;a

B.a;/

C.a;the

D.the;a

A

【考点梳理】中考中对冠词的考查主要为:冠词的基本用法;零冠词的情况;习惯用语中冠词的位置及使用。高频考向一 不定冠词a,an①不定冠词an用于以元音音素开头的单词前,而a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前。如:an

apple

一个苹果

an

hour一小时a

book一本书

a

university一所大学②泛指某一类人或物。如:A

horse

is

a

useful

animal.马是有用的动物。③表示数量“一”,但没有one强。如:I

would

like

a

cup

of

coffee.我想要一杯咖啡。④用在文中第一次提到某人或某物时。如:—What's

this?这是什么?—It's

a

bike.这是一辆自行车。⑤用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前有

“每一”的意思,相当于every。如:three

times

a

week每周三次⑥用于某些固定短语中。如:a

lot

of许多,have

a

cold感冒,have

a

goodtime玩得高兴/过得愉快,in

a

hurry匆忙,take

a

bus乘坐公共汽车【例1】—What

do

you

think

of

Lucy?—Sheis

honest

girl.(2014,益阳)A.an

B.a

C.the解析:表泛指,且以元音音素开头。答案:

A

2】As

Tim

loves

Zunyi

a lot

he

bought

oneway

ticket

to

Zunyi

and

decided

to

stayhere

for

a

year.(2014,遵义)A.an

B.a

C./解析:表数量“一”。答案:

B

【例3】

Do

you

know

a

spaceship

flies

at

aboutnineteen

kilometers

second?(2013,兰州)A.the

B.a

C./

D.an解析:用在时间“second”前,表示“每一”。答案:

B

【例4】Lin

Dan

is

excellent

player

I'm

big

fan

of

him.(2014,福州)A.a;the

B.an;a

C.the;an解析:表泛指,第一个空后以元音音素开头,第二个空后面以辅音音素开头。答案:

B

高频考向二 定冠词the①谈话双方都知道的人或物。如:The

girl

is

Lucy's

sister.这个女孩是露茜的妹妹。②用于特指某人或某物。如:The

man

in

the

car

is

my

teacher.坐在车里的那个人是我的老师。③用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如:The

earth

goes

around

the

sun.地球绕着太阳转。④用在乐器名称前。如:She

is

playing

thepiano.她正在弹钢琴。⑤用在序数词或形容词的最高级前。如:Tom

is

the

tallest

in

his

class.汤姆在他班上个子最高。⑥用在姓氏的复数前,表示“一家人或夫妇二人”。如:The

Browns

are

having

dinner.布朗一家正在吃晚饭。⑦用在上文已提到的人或物前。如:Nancyhasacat.Thecatisverycute.南希有一只猫,这只猫很可爱。⑧用在表示海洋、江河、山脉、群岛、国家和党派等名词前,或由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:the

Huai River淮河,the

United Kingdom英国,theGreat

Wall长城⑨用在某些形容词前表示一类人。如:the

old老人,the young年轻人,the

rich富人,thepoor

穷人⑩用于the+比较级,the+比较级及the+比较级+of+两者的句型中。如:The

more

he

thinks

of

it,the

sadder

hewillbe.他越想越难过。Maria

is

the

thinner

of

the

twogirls.玛利亚是两个女孩中较瘦的那一个。the用在某个世纪的某个年代。如:in

the

1980s 20世纪80年代用在某些固定短语中。如:at

the

age

of在……岁时,all

the

time一直,by

theway顺便说一下,in

the

end最后,终于,in

themorning在早上,on

the

right在右边,in

themiddle

of在……中间【

5】

Mom

I

like

green

T­shirt.Couldyoubuyit

forme?(2014,威海)A.a

B.an

C.the

D./解析:在特指的名词前用定冠词。答案:

C【例6】

—How

is

filmyou

sawlastnight?—You

mean

one,Lost

in

Thailand?That'swonderful!(2013,内江)A.a;the

B.the;theC.the;不填D.不填;the解析:本题两空都应用定冠词the。第一空表示特指,第二空表示在上文中已提到的物。答案:

B

【例7】—Tom,I'll

invite

you

to

have

lunchafterplaying

violin.—Thank

you.(2014,赤峰)A.a;the

B.the;theC./;/

D./;the解析:have lunch为固定词组,中间不需任何冠词;在西洋乐器名词前应用定冠词。答案:

D

高频考向三 零冠词①复数名词和不可数名词表示一般意义而不特指具体的人或事物时前面不用冠词。如:Blood

is

thicker

than

water.血浓于水。②在某些专有名词前不用冠词,如国名、人名等。如:China

has

a

long

history.中国拥有悠久的历史。③在星期、日期、月份、季节、节日前不用冠词。如:October

1st

is

National

Day.十月一日是国庆节。注:若特指某年的某月或某季节时,则要在月份、季节前加定冠词the。如:In

the

winter

of

2010,he

moved

to

China.在2010年的冬天,他搬到了中国。④在三餐、球类运动及娱乐活动的名词之前不用冠词。如:He

went

to

school

without

breakfast

this

morning.他今天早晨没有吃早饭就去上学了。Davy

likes

playing

basketball.戴维喜欢打篮球。⑤当名词前有this,that,these,those,every,his,your,some,any等限定词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词。如:Jenny's

sister

is

my

friend.珍妮的妹妹是我的朋友。Those

students

often

play

football

after school.那些学生放学后经常踢足球。⑥在表示职位和称呼前不用冠词。如:He

was

elected

manager

of

our

company

last

year.去年他当选为我们公司的经理。⑦与by连用的表示交通工具的名词前不用冠词。如:by

bus坐公共汽车

by

train坐火车注:动词take或介词in,on后接表示交通工具的名词前要加冠词。如:take

a

bus坐公共汽车on

a/the

bus坐公共汽车

in

a/the

car乘小汽车⑧用在某些习惯用语中。如:go

to

school去上学

at

home在家at

once立刻,马上

on

time按时in

trouble陷入困境watch

TV看电视

on

foot步行by

mistake错误地day

and

night日日夜夜

at

first首先【例8】Li

Na

started

playing

tennis

at

theage

of

six.She

is

one

of

best

women

tennisplayers

in

the

world.(2014,凉山)A.the;the

B.a;/

C./;the

D.the;/解析:球类名词前不能用任何冠词;形容词最高级前应用定冠词the。答案:

C

【例9】

It

is

a

good

habit

to

go

to

bedearlyand

get

up

early.(2013,丽水)A.a

B.an

C.the D.不填解析:go

to bed意为“上床睡觉”,是固定搭配,不用冠词。答案:

D

【例10】Miss

Zhang

will

go

to

America

for

important

meeting

next month.(2014,梅州)A.an;an

B./;an

C./;an

D.an;the解析:表示国家的专有名词前不能用冠词;第二个空表示泛指,且以元音音素开头。答案:

C

一、单项选择。1.There

is

C

pen

on

the

desk

and

pen

isnew.(2014,广安)A.a;an

B.an

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