08知识经济系统生命周期课件

08知识经济系统生命周期1、战鼓一响，法律无声。——英国2、任何法律的根本；不，不成文法本身就是讲道理……法律，也----即明示道理。——爱·科克3、法律是最保险的头盔。——爱·科克4、一个国家如果纲纪不正，其国风一定颓败。——塞内加5、法律不能使人人平等，但是在法律面前人人是平等的。——波洛克08知识经济系统生命周期08知识经济系统生命周期1、战鼓一响，法律无声。——英国2、任何法律的根本；不，不成文法本身就是讲道理……法律，也----即明示道理。——爱·科克3、法律是最保险的头盔。——爱·科克4、一个国家如果纲纪不正，其国风一定颓败。——塞内加5、法律不能使人人平等，但是在法律面前人人是平等的。——波洛克KNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSLIFECYCLE2CHALLENGESINBUILDINGKMSYSTEMSCulture—gettingpeopletoshareknowledgeKnowledgeevaluation—assessingtheworthofknowledgeacrossthefirmKnowledgeprocessing—documentinghowdecisionsarereachedKnowledgeimplementation—organizingknowledgeandintegratingitwiththeprocessingstrategyforfinaldeployment3KNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSLIFECYCLE2CHALLENGESINBUILDINGKMSYSTEMSCulture—gettingpeopletoshareknowledgeKnowledgeevaluation—assessingtheworthofknowledgeacrossthefirmKnowledgeprocessing—documentinghowdecisionsarereachedKnowledgeimplementation—organizingknowledgeandintegratingitwiththeprocessingstrategyforfinaldeployment3CONVENTIONALVERSUSKMSYSTEMLIFECYCLEKeydifferences:Systemsanalystsdealwithinformationfromtheuser;knowledgedevelopersdealwithknowledgeforcompanyspecialistsUsersknowtheproblembutnotthesolution;companyspecialistsknowtheproblemandthesolutionSystemdevelopmentisprimarilysequential;KMSLCisincrementalandinteractiveSystemtestingnormallyatendofcycle;KMsystemtestingevolvesfrombeginningofthecycle4ConventionalVersusKMSystemLifeCycle(cont’d)SystemdevelopmentmoreextensivethanforKMSLCConventionalsystemlifecycleisprocess-driven“specifythenbuild”;KMSLCisresult-oriented“startslowandgrow”Conventionalsystemlifecycledoesnotsupportrapidprototyping;KMSLCdoes5RapidPrototypingProcessBuildaTaskStructureaTaskStructuretheProblemMakeModificationsReformulatetheProblemRepeatedCycle(s)RepeatedCycle(s)6ConventionalVersusKMSystemLifeCycle(cont’d)Keysimilarities:BothbeginwithaproblemandendwithasolutionBothbeginwithinformationgatheringorcaptureTestingisessentiallythesametomakesurethesystemisrightanditistherightsystemBothdevelopersmustchoosetheappropriatetool(s)fordesigningtheirrespectivesystems7UsersVersusKnowledgeWorkersAttribute

User

ExpertDependenceonsystem High LowtonilCooperation Usuallycooperative Cooperationnot requiredToleranceforambiguity Low HighKnowledgeofproblem High Average/lowContributiontosystem Information Knowledge/expertiseSystemuser Yes NoAvailabilityforsystembuilder Readilyavailable Notreadilyavailable

Table3.1Comparisonofusersandexperts8KMSystemDevelopment

LifeCycleEvaluateexistinginfrastructureFormtheKMteamKnowledgecaptureDesignKMblueprint(masterplan)TesttheKMsystemImplementtheKMsystemManagechangeandrewardstructurePost-systemevaluation9EvaluateExistingInfrastructureSystemjustification:Willcurrentknowledgebelostthroughretirement,transfer,ordeparturetootherfirms?IstheproposedKMsystemneededinseverallocations?AreexpertsavailableandwillingtohelpinbuildingaKMsystem?Doestheprobleminquestionrequireyearsofexperienceandcognitivereasoningtosolve?10SystemJustification(cont’d)Whenundergoingknowledgecapture,cantheexpertarticulatehowproblemwillbesolved?Howcriticalistheknowledgetobecaptured?Arethetasksnonalgorithmic?Isthereachampioninthehouse?11TheScopeFactorConsiderbreadthanddepthoftheprojectwithinfinancial,humanresource,andoperationalconstraintsProjectmustbecompletedquicklyenoughforuserstoforeseeitsbenefitsChecktoseehowcurrenttechnologywillmatchtechnicalrequirementsoftheproposedKMsystem12TheFeasibilityQuestionAfeasibilitystudyaddressesseveralquestions:Istheprojectdoable?Isitaffordable?Isitappropriate?Isitpracticable?13TheFeasibilityQuestion(cont’d)Areasoffeasibility:Economicfeasibilitydeterminestowhatextentanewsystemiscost-effectiveTechnicalfeasibilityisdeterminedbyevaluatinghardwareandsupportivesoftwarewithincompany’sITinfrastructureBehavioralfeasibilityincludestrainingmanagementandemployeesintheuseoftheKMsystem14TheFeasibilityQuestion(cont’d)Traditionalapproachtoconductingafeasibilitystudy:FormaKMteamPrepareamasterplanEvaluatecost/performanceofproposedKMQuantifysystemcriteriaandcostsGainusersupportthroughouttheprocess15RoleofStrategicPlanning

RiskytoplungewithanewKMsystemwithoutstrategizing.Considerthefollowing:Vision—Foreseewhatthebusinessistryingtoachieve,howitwillbedone,andhowthenewsystemwillachievegoalsResources—CheckontheaffordabilityofthebusinesstoinvestinanewKMsystemCulture—Isthecompany’spoliticalandsocialenvironmentamenabletoadoptinganewKMsystem?16MatchingBusinessStrategyWithKMStrategyCompetitivethreats;governmentregulations;customerthreatsFocusoncompetitiveadvantage,roleofIT,andlevelofcreativityandknowledgeinnovationQualityandreliabilityoftheinfrastructureandITstaffandresourcesRegardingproductsorservices,market,customers,suppliers,etc.BusinessEnvironmentStrategicPlanKMStrategy

KMTechnologyImpactsImpactsEnablesDrives17KMTeamFormationIdentifythekeystakeholdersintheprospectiveKMsystem.Teamsuccessdependson:CaliberofteammembersTeamsizeComplexityoftheprojectLeadershipandteammotivationPromisingmorethancanberealisticallydelivered18KNOWLEDGECAPTUREExplicitknowledgecapturedinrepositoriesfromvariousmediaTacitknowledgecapturedfromcompanyexpertsusingvarioustoolsandmethodologiesKnowledgedeveloperscaptureknowledgefromexpertsinordertobuildtheknowledgebaseKnowledgecaptureandtransferoftencarriedoutthroughteams,notjustindividuals19KnowledgeCaptureandTransferThroughTeamsTeamperformsaspecializedtaskKnowledgetransfermethodselectedEvaluaterelationshipbetweenactionandoutcomeOutcomeAchievedKnowledgeDeveloperKnowledgestoredinaformusablebyothersintheorganization

Feedback20SelectinganExpertKnowledgebaseshouldrepresentexpertiseratherthantheexpertQuestionsfacingknowledgedeveloper:Howdoesoneknowtheexpertisinfactanexpert?Howwouldoneknowthattheexpertwillstaywiththeproject?Whatbackupshouldbeavailableincasetheprojectlosestheexpert?Howwouldtheknowledgedeveloperknowwhatisandwhatisnotwithintheexpert’sareaofexpertise?21RoleoftheKnowledgeDeveloperThearchitectofthesystemJobrequiresexcellentcommunicationskills,knowledgecapturetools,conceptualthinking,andapersonalitythatmotivatespeopleClosecontactswiththechampionRapportwithtopmanagementforongoingsupport22CentralRoleoftheKnowledgeDeveloperKNOWLEDGEWORKERKNOWERCHAMPIONKNOWLEDGEDEVELOPERKNOWLEDGEBASEInteractiveInterfaceSolutionsUserAcceptance

RulesTestingKnowledgeSupportFeedbackPrototypesProgressReportsDemos23DesignoftheKMBlueprintTheKMsystemdesign(blueprint)addressesseveralissues:SysteminteroperabilityandscalabilitywithexistingcompanyITinfrastructureFinalizescopeofproposedKMsystemwithrealizednetbenefitsDecideonrequiredsystemcomponentsDevelopthekeylayersoftheKMarchitecturetomeetcompanyrequirements.Keylayersare:UserinterfaceAuthentication/securitylayerCollaborativeagentsandfilteringApplicationlayerTransportInternetlayerPhysicallayer24TestingtheKMSystemVerificationprocedure:ensuresthatthesystemisrightValidationprocedure:ensuresthatthesystemistherightsystemValidationofKMsystemsisnotfoolproof25ImplementingtheKMSystemConvertinganewKMsystemintoactualoperationThisphaseincludesconversionofdataorfilesThisphasealsoincludesusertrainingQualityassuranceisparamount,whichincludescheckingfor:ReasoningerrorsAmbiguityIncompletenessFalserepresentation(falsepositiveandfalsenegative)26ResistersofChangeExpertsRegularemployees(users)TroublemakersNarrow-mindedsuperstarsResistanceviaprojection,avoidance,oraggression27KnowledgeManagementTools28KnowledgeManagementCriticalSuccessFactorsManagementCommitmentImpactonBusinessResultsExpectationManagementEmployeeMotivationProjectManagementInfrastructureforEasyAccessEffectivetoolsforlearning&knowledgesharing29KnowledgeManagementBarriersLackofsystemsthinking

Skilledincompetence

Fearofchange30TypesofTools31What’sRequiredin

KnowledgeTechnologies

–APracticalViewSource:ReidSmith,VicePresident,KnowledgeManagement,SchlumbergerLimited32KnowledgeManagement…ImprovingorganizationalcapabilityCreateanewworkingenvironmentwhereknowledgeandexperiencecaneasilybesharedEnableinformationandknowledgetoemergeandflowtotherightpeopleattherighttimesotheycanactmoreefficientlyandeffectively33Applyeverywherewhatyoulearnanywhere34ApplyeverywherewhatyoulearnanywherePeopletoInformationPeopletoPeoplePeopletoBusinessPeopletoCommunitiesMakebetterdecisionsMakefasterdecisionsDomorewithlessSpeeduplearning

ImprovemotivationConnectingCollaborating35KnowledgeTechnologies–PresentandFuture36FirstWaveKMTechnologyPortals,Collaboration,DocumentManagement,LittleIntegrationProcessBestPractices,ValidationPeopleCommunitiesofPractice37EnterpriseInformationPortalAllimportantinformationfrombothinsideandoutsidethecompanydeliveredtothedesktopunstructured&structureddatathinclient→

webbrowserSearch&BrowsingServicesPresentation–Visualization

• Subscription–NotificationCollaboration

• PersonalizationPublishing&Distribution • DataFeedsDataFeeds • SecurityTrendsFinding→Doing • Multi-PurposeInformation38Infrastructuree-businessXMLWirelessDevices39

KnowledgeRepresentationTransparentInterfacesWorkflowCaptureExpertiseIncomplete,EphemeralKnowledgeIntegrationStandards40One-StopSearch/Case-BasedReasoningSpeed,Precision,RecallNaturalLanguageIntegration/InteractionMultilanguageMultipleMedia41JITKnowledgeDeliveryAgentsHelpWizardse-learning42KnowledgePoweredEnterpriseReal-TimeKnowledgeManagement

–EveryoneContributes–KMEmbeddedinWorkflowSeamlessInformationSpaceIntegratedSimulation/DecisionSupportDataMining/KnowledgeDiscovery43Decisions…inRealTimeOilCoWellEngineer:We'replanningtosidetrackwellB23intheFiftiesfieldandarehopingyou’llbuyin.For$10millionyoucanbecomeafull1-percentpartner.A96-hourshut-intestendedafewminutesago.Itindicatesadditionalreservesof750,000barrelsofoilandaninitialsand-freeproduct