2023年版《跟踪可持续发展目标7：能源进展报告》

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7THEENERGYPROGRESSREPORT2023A

jointreportof

thecustodianagenciesUnitedNationsStatisticsDivision©2023InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/

TheWorldBank1818HStreetNW,Washington,

DC20433Telephone:202-4731000Internet:This

work

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World

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the

International

Energy

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theInternational

Renewable

Energy

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Nations,and

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2023.

Tracking

SDG

7:

The

Energy

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Contact

pubrights@worldbank.orgforpermissiontouseit.Reportdesignedby:DuinaReyesCoverphoto:GettyImages/Me3645StudioT

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7THEENERGYPROGRESSREPORT2023A

jointreportof

thecustodianagenciesUnitedNationsStatisticsDivisionTA

B

L

E

O

FCONTENTSAcknowledgments2EXECUTIVE

SUMMARY6CHAPTER1ACCESS

TO

ELECTRICITY32CHAPTER26698ACCESS

TO

CLEAN

FUELS

AND

TECHNOLOGIES

FOR

COOKINGCHAPTER3RENEWABLESCHAPTER4ENERGY

EFFICIENCY132CHAPTER5160INTERNATIONAL

PUBLIC

FINANCIALFLOWS

TO

DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES

IN

SUPPORT

OF

CLEAN

ENERGYCHAPTER6THE

OUTLOOK

FOR

SDG7194222CHAPTER7TRACKING

PROGRESSTOWARD

SDG7

ACROSS

TARGETS:INDICATORS

AND

DATAACKNOWLEDGMENTSPartnershipThe

Energy

Progress

Report

is

a

product

of

close

collaboration

among

the

five

SDG

7

custodian

agencies

deliveredthroughaspeciallyconstitutedSteeringGroup:•••••InternationalEnergy

Agency(IEA)InternationalRenewableEnergy

Agency(IRENA)UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD)WorldBankWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)TheSteeringGroupwassupportedbytheSDG7

TechnicalAdvisoryGroup,

composedasfollows.•••••••••••••••••AfricanDevelopmentBank(AfDB)CleanCooking

AllianceDenmark(Ministryof

ForeignAffairs)ENERGIAEuropeanCommissionFIA

FoundationFood

and

AgriculturalOrganization(FAO)Germany(FederalMinistryforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment)HivosInternationalInstitutefor

AppliedSystems

AnalysisInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)IslamicDevelopmentBankKenya(Ministryof

EnergyandPetroleum)Latin

AmericanEnergyOrganization(OLADE)Norway(Ministryof

ForeignAffairs)Pakistan(Ministryof

ForeignAffairs)RenewableEnergyPolicy

Networkforthe21stCentury(REN21)2TrackingSDG7:

TheEnergyProgressReport2023••••SustainableEnergyfor

All(SEforALL)TERISchoolofAdvancedStudiesTheNetherlands(Ministryof

ForeignAffairs)TheUnitedNationsOfficeof

theHighRepresentativefortheLeastDevelopedCountries,

LandlockedDevelopingCountriesandSmallIslandDevelopingStates(UN-OHRLLS)••••••••••••••••UAE(Ministryof

ForeignAffairs)UnitedNations

Associationof

ChinaUnitedNationsChildren'sFund

(UNICEF)UnitedNationsDepartmentof

EconomicsandSocial

Affairs(UNDESA)UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionfor

Africa(UNECA)UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionfor

AsiaandthePacific

(ESCAP)UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforLatin

AmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionfor

Western

Asia(ESCWA)UnitedNationsEconomicProgrammeforEurope(UNECE)UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)UnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme(UN-Habitat)UnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(UNIDO)UnitedNationsInstitutefor

Training

andResearch(UNITAR)ViennaUniversityofTechnologyThe

financial

and

technical

support

of

the

Energy

Sector

Management

Assistance

Program

(ESMAP)

is

gratefullyacknowledged.

A

partnership

between

the

World

Bank

and

24

entities,

ESMAP

helps

low-

and

middle-incomecountriesreducepovertyandboostgrowththroughsustainableenergy.

ESMAP’sanalyticalandadvisoryservicesarefullyintegratedwithinthe

WorldBank’scountryfinancingandpolicydialogueintheenergysector.Acknowledgments3AuthorshipThe

Steering

Group’s

work

for

the

2023

edition

of

the

report

was

chaired

by

the

World

Health

Organization

(WHO)

andmade

possible

by

agreement

among

the

senior

management

of

the

member

agencies.

Fatih

Birol

(IEA),

FrancescoLa

Camera

(IRENA),

Stefan

Schweinfest

(UNSD),

Demetrios

Papathanasiou

(World

Bank),

Maria

Neira

(WHO),

andGabriela

Elizondo

Azuela

(ESMAP)

oversaw

the

development

of

the

Energy

Progress

Report

in

collaboration

withMinoru

Takada

(UNDESA).Thetechnicalco-leadershipof

theprojectbythecustodianagencieswastheresponsibilityof

LauraCozzi(IEA),

RabiaFerroukhi(IRENA),

LeonardoSouza(UNSD),

ElisaPortale

(WorldBank),

andHeather

Adair-Rohani(WHO).•The

chapter

on

access

to

electricity

was

prepared

by

the

World

Bank

(Jiyun

Park

and

Clara

Galeazzi),

withcontributions

from

IRENA

(Gerardo

Escamilla

and

Divyam

Nagpal),

the

Global

Off-Grid

Lighting

Association(Oliver

Reynolds

and

Susie

Wheeldon),

and

the

United

Nations

High

Commissioner

for

Refugees

(FrancescaColoniand

TheresaBeltramo).••The

chapter

on

clean

cooking

was

prepared

by

the

WHO

(Heather

Adair-Rohani,

Alina

Cherkas,

Ryanne

Fujita-Conrads,

Josselyn

Mothe,

Tzu-Wei

Joy

Tseng,

Karin

Troncoso

Torrez,

and

Kendra

Williams),

with

substantialcontributionsfromOliverStoner(Universityof

Glasgow).The

chapter

on

renewable

energy

was

prepared

by

the

IEA

(Francois

Briens,

Roberta

Quadrelli,

Pouya

Taghavi,Jeremy

Moorhouse,

and

Yannick

Monschauer)

and

IRENA

(Mirjam

Reiner,

Gerardo

Escamilla,

Diala

Hawila,Hannah

Guinto,

FaranRana,

and

Divyam

Nagpal),

with

substantial

contributions

from

UNSD

(Leonardo

Souza

andAgnieszkaKoscielniak).•The

chapter

on

energy

efficiency

was

prepared

by

the

IEA

(Yannick

Monschauer,

Emi

Bertoli,

Pauline

Henriot,Vida

Rozite,

NicholasHowarth,

Kevin

Lane,

RobertaQuadrelli,

andPouya

Taghavi),withcontributionsfrom

UNSD(LeonardoSouzaand

AgnieszkaKoscielniak).••The

chapteronfinancialflowswaspreparedbytheIRENA

(GerardoEscamilla,

MirjamReiner,

DialaHawila,

FaranRana,

andHannahGuinto).The

Outlook

chapter

was

prepared

by

the

IEA

(Daniel

Wetzel,

Gianluca

Tonolo,

Yannick

Monschauer,

CarloStarace,and

Nouhoun

Diarra),with

IRENA(Ricardo

Gorini,NicholasWagner,Mirjam

Reiner,Hannah

Guinto,andJinleiFeng).•The

chapter

on

indicators

and

data

was

jointly

prepared

by

the

custodian

agencies

under

the

coordination

ofWHO(JosselynMothe,

AlinaCherkas,

andHeather

Adair-Rohani).4TrackingSDG7:

TheEnergyProgressReport2023Data

SourcesThe

report

draws

on

two

meta

databases

of

global

household

surveys—the

Global

Electrification

Database

managedby

the

World

Bank

and

the

Global

Household

Energy

Database

and

related

estimates

managed

by

WHO.

Energybalance

statistics

and

indicators

for

renewable

energyand

energyefficiency

werepreparedby

IEA

(Roberta

Quadrelliand

Pouya

Taghavi,

with

support

from

Alexandre

Bizeul

and

Juha

Koykka)

and

UNSD

(Leonardo

Souza,

AgnieszkaKoscielniak,

and

Costanza

Giovannelli).

The

indicator

on

international

financial

flows

to

developing

countries

wasprepared

by

IRENA

(Gerardo

Escamilla)

based

on

the

IRENA

Public

Investments

Database

and

the

OECD/DAC

CreditorReporting

System.

Data

on

gross

domestic

product

and

value-added

were

drawn

chiefly

from

the

World

DevelopmentIndicatorsof

the

WorldBank.

PopulationdataarefromtheUnitedNationsPopulationDivision.Review

and

ConsultationThe

public

consultation

and

peer

review

process

was

coordinated

by

WHO.

Comments

were

provided

by

EconomicCommission

for

Latin

America

and

the

Caribbean

(ECLAC),

European

Union

(EU),

Sustainable

Energy

for

All

(SEforALL),Swedish

International

Development

Cooperation

Agency

(SIDA),

United

Nations

Industrial

Development

Organization(UNIDO),

United

Nations

Institute

for

Training

and

Research

(UNITAR),

and

United

Nations

International

Children'sEmergency

Fund

(UNICEF).

The

IEA’s

internal

review

process

was

led

by

Laura

Cozzi

with

contributions

from

YannickMonschauer,DanielWetzel,Francois

Briens,Pouya

Taghavi,Roberta

Quadrelli,and

GianlucaTonolo.

IRENA’s

internalreview

process

was

led

by

Rabia

Ferroukhi,

with

contributions

from

Ute

Collier,

Divyam

Nagpal,

Mirjam

Reiner,

andGerardo

Escamilla.

The

UNSD’s

internal

review

process

was

led

by

Leonardo

Souza,

with

contributions

from

AgnieszkaKoscielniak.The

World

Bank’s

internal

peer

review

process

was

led

by

Demetrios

Papathanasiou,

with

contributionsfrom

Gabriela

Elizondo

Azuela,

Dana

Rysankova,

Sandeep

Kohil,

Jan

Friedrich

Kappen,

Alisha

Noella

Pinto,

CarlosAndres

Guadarrama

Gandara,

Chiedza

Portia

Mazaiwana,

Christophe

de

Gouvello,

Dolf

Jean

Gielen,

Henrik

RytterJensen,

JohannaChristineGalan,

RalucaGeorgianaGolumbeanu,

SharmilaBellur,

and

Tarek

Keskes.OutreachThe

communications

process

was

led

by

Paul

Safar

(WHO)

in

coordination

with

the

custodian

agencies’

communicationfocal

points:

Grace

Gordon

and

Merve

Erdem

(IEA),

Nanda

Febriani

Moenandar

(IRENA),

Lucie

Cecile

Blyth

(WB),

and,on

behalf

of

UNSD:

Francyne

Harrigan,

Martina

Donlon

(UN

DGC),

and

Pragati

Pascale

(UN

DESA).

The

online

platform(http://trackingSDG7.)

was

developed

by

Derilinx,

Inc.

The

report

was

edited,

designed,

and

typeset

byDuinaReyesandStevenKennedy.Acknowledgments5EXECUTIVE

SUMMARYEXECUTIVESUMMARYOVERVIEWSince

its

inception

in

2018,

Tracking

SDG

7:

The

Energy

Progress

Report

has

become

the

global

reference

point

forinformation

on

the

realization

of

SDG

7.

It

is

produced

annually

by

five

of

the

custodian

agencies

responsible

for

trackingglobal

progress

toward

Sustainable

Development

Goal

7

(SDG

7),

which

is

to

“ensure

access

to

affordable,

reliable,sustainable,

and

modern

energy

for

all.”

The

custodians

developing

the

report

are

the

International

Energy

Agency

(IEA),theInternationalRenewableEnergy

Agency(IRENA),

theUnitedNationsStatisticsDivision(UNSD),

the

WorldBank,

andthe

WorldHealthOrganization(WHO).The

report

offers

the

international

community

a

global

summary

of

progress

on

energy

access,

energy

efficiency,renewable

energy,

clean

cooking,

and

international

cooperation

to

advance

SDG

7.

It

presents

updated

statistics

foreach

of

the

indicators

and

provides

policy

insights

on

priority

areas

and

actions

needed

to

spur

further

progress

onSDG

7,

as

well

as

related

SDGs.

Figure

ES.1

offers

an

updated

snapshot

of

the

primary

indicators

for

the

most

recent

year.Despite

some

progress

across

the

indicators,

the

current

pace

is

not

adequate

to

achieve

any

of

the

2030

targets.

Asin

previous

years,

rates

of

progress

vary

significantly

across

regions,

with

some

regions

making

substantial

gains

andsomeslowingtheirprogressorevenmovingbackward.

AmongthemajoreconomicfactorsimpedingtherealizationofSDG

7

globally

are

the

uncertain

macroeconomic

outlook,

high

levels

of

inflation,

currency

fluctuations,

debt

distressin

a

growing

number

of

countries,lack

of

financing,supply

chain

bottlenecks,tighter

fiscal

circumstances,and

soaringpricesformaterials.

The

effectsof

theCOVID-19pandemicandthesteadyriseinenergypricessincesummer2021areexpected

to

be

a

further

drag

on

progress,

particularly

in

the

most

vulnerable

countries

and

those

that

were

alreadylaggingbehind.Although

certain

policy

responses

to

the

global

energy

crisis

appear

likely

to

improve

the

outlook

for

renewables

andenergy

efficiency,

other

necessary

policy

actions,

as

well

as

financial

flows,

continue

to

lag.

This

particularly

concernslackinguniversalaccesstoelectricityandcleancookingindevelopingeconomies,

withprojectionsindicatingthatSDG7willnotbereachedby2030.Thisyearmarksthemid-pointof

theimplementationof

theUN2030

AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.

Thepictureon

progress

since

the

adoption

of

the

Agenda

in

2015

is

mixed.

Target

7.1

on

ensuring

universal

access

to

affordable,reliable,and

modern

energy

services

is

off

track,with

an

estimated

675

million

people

still

without

access

to

electricityand

2.3

billion

without

access

to

clean

cooking

in

2021.

Current

trends

suggest

that

the

world’s

shot

on

the

target

willfallverywideof

themarkin2030.The

uptake

of

renewable

energy

(target

7.2)

has

grown

since

2010,

but

efforts

must

be

scaled

up

to

substantially

increasethe

share

of

renewables

in

total

final

energy

consumption.

Likewise,

despite

steady

progress,

the

rate

of

improvementin

energy

efficiency

(target

7.3)

is

not

on

track

to

double

by

2030,

with

the

current

trend

of

1.8

percent

falling

short

ofthe

targeted

increase

of2.6

percent

each

year

between

2010-2030.

To

make

up

for

the

lack

ofprogress,

improvementswouldneedtoacceleratefurtherfromnowto2030.Finally,

progress

on

target

7.a—to

increase

international

public

financial

flows

supporting

clean

energy

in

developingcountries—began

to

decline

even

before

the

onset

of

the

COVID-19

pandemic,

with

financial

resources

more

than

athird

lower

since

2020

than

the

average

of

the

previous

decade

(2010–19).

As

financial

flows

have

contracted

for

thethirdyearin

a

row,

they

have

become

increasinglyconcentratedin

a

small

number

of

countries.

Thedecreasingtrendininternational

public

financial

flows

may

delay

achievement

of

SDG

7,

especially

for

the

least-developed

countries

(LDCs),landlockeddevelopingcountries,

andsmallislanddevelopingstates.7FIGURE

ES.1

•PrimaryindicatorsofglobalprogresstowardtheSDG7targetsINDICATOR2010LATEST

YEAR6751.

17.1.1Proportionof

populationwithaccesstoelectricitymillionpeoplewithoutaccesstoelectricity(2021)billionpeoplewithoutaccesstoelectricity2.9

2.37.1.2Proportionof

populationwithprimaryrelianceoncleanfuelsandtechnologyforcookingbillionpeoplewithoutaccesstocleancooking(2021)billionpeoplewithoutaccesstocleancooking19.1%16%7.2.1Renewableenergyshareintotalfinalenergyconsumptionshareof

totalfinalenergyconsumptionfromrenewables(2020)shareof

totalfinalenergyconsumptionfromrenewables5.53

4.637.3.1EnergyintensitymeasuredasaratioofMJ/USDMJ/USDprimaryenergyintensityprimaryenergyandGDPprimaryenergyintensity(2020)10.811.97.a.1Internationalfinancialflowstodevelopingcountriesinsupportof

cleanenergyresearchanddevelopmentandrenewableenergyproduction,

includinginhybridsystemsUSDbillion

USDbillioninternationalfinancialflowstodevelopingcountriesinsupportof

cleanenergyinternationalfinancialflowstodevelopingcountriesinsupportof

cleanenergy(2021)8TrackingSDG7:

TheEnergyProgressReport2023ACCESS

TO

ELECTRICITY

(SDG

INDICATOR

7.1

.1

)Recent

progress

is

not

on

track

to

reach

universal

access

by

2030.

Globally,

access

to

electricity

grew

by

an

annualaverageof

0.7percentagepointsbetween2010and2021,

risingfrom84percentof

theworld’spopulationto91percent.

The

numberof

peoplewithoutelectricityalmosthalvedduringtheperiod,

from

1.1billionin2010to675millionin2021.

Thepaceof

annualgrowthslowedduring2019–21to0.6percentagepoints.To

bridge

the

gap,

especially

for

people

living

in

poor

and

remote

regions,

the

annual

rate

of

growth

in

access

must

be1

percentage

point

per

year

from

2021

onward—almost

twice

the

current

pace.If

no

additional

efforts

and

measuresare

put

in

place,

some

660

million

people,

mostly

in

Sub-SaharanAfrica,

would

still

be

unserved

in

2030

(IEA2022a).Policies

for

energy

access

should

demonstrate

political

commitment

and

maximize

the

socioeconomic

benefits

ofaccess,

keepingthemostvulnerablepopulationsattheforefrontof

effortstoclosetheaccessgap.CLEAN

COOKING

SOLUTIONS

(SDG

INDICATOR

7.1.2)The

global

population

lacking

access

to

clean

cooking

fell

from

2.9

billion

in

2010

to

2.3

billion

in

2021,

but

thegoal

of

universal

access

by

2030

remains

elusive:

some

1.9

billion

people

would

still

be

without

access

to

cleancooking

in

2030.

If

current

trends

continue,

almost

six

out

of

ten

people

without

access

to

clean

cooking

in

2030wouldresideinSub-Saharan

Africa.With

the

ongoing

impact

of

COVID-19

and

soaring

energy

prices,

the

IEA

estimates

that

100

million

people

whorecently

transitioned

to

clean

cooking

may

revert

to

using

traditional

biomass

(IEA

2022a).

Eastern

Asia

and

LatinAmerica

and

the

Caribbean

were

the

only

regions

to

sustain

progress

in

access

to

clean

cooking

between

2019

and2021

(ESMAP

2022).

Unless

efforts

arerapidly

scaled

up

today,

polluting

cooking

fuels

and

technologies

will

continueto

claim

millions

of

lives

each

year

while

perpetuating

gender

inequity,

deforestation,

and

climate

damage.

Integratingclean

cooking

into

broader

energy

planning,

improving

affordability,

and

devising

better

delivery

mechanisms

aresome

of

the

keypolicy

levers

to

drive

cleancooking.

If

such

effortsarepairedwith

sustained

financing

atan

adequatelevel,

theworldcangetbackontracktomakingcleancookingarealityforall.RENEWABLE

ENERGY

(SDG

INDICATOR

7.2.1)Universal

access

to

affordable,

reliable,

sustainable,

and

modern

energy

depends

on

faster

deployment

ofrenewableenergy

in

electricity,

heat,

and

transport.

But

unless

the

pace

quickens,

the

share

of

renewable

energy

in

total

finalenergy

consumption

(TFEC)

will

remain

sluggish.

In

2020,

the

share

of

renewable

energy

in

TFEC

stood

at

just19.1

percent

(or

12.5

percent

iftraditional

use

ofbiomass

is

excluded),

not

much

more

than

the

16

percent

a

decadeearlier.If

the

world

is

to

be

on

track

to

limit

the

temperature

rise

to

less

than

1.5°C

throughout

the

century,

the

share

ofrenewables

must

reach

33–38

percent

by

2030

(In

the

power

sector,

renewables

would

need

to

account

for

60-65percent

of

electricity

generation.).

Much

greater

effort

is

needed

to

increase

the

use

of

renewables

in

transport

andheating,

both

directly

(through

the

use

of

bioenergy,solar

thermal

and

geothermal,

and

ambient

heat)

and

indirectly(throughelectrification),

whileprogressingonenergyconservation.Enhancing

renewables-based

electricity

supply

in

developing

countries

deserves

particular

attention.

Positively,developing

countries

saw

a

record-breaking

renewable

capacity

growth

in

2021

(+9.8

percent

year-on-year),

withcumulative

installations

reaching

268

watts

per

capita.

Yet

this

growth

is

unevenly

distributed,

and

further

action

isrequiredintheleastdevelopedcountries.ExecutiveSummary9ENERGY

EFFICIENCY

(SDG

INDICATOR

7.3.1)SDG

target

7.3

calls

for

doubling

the

global