外文翻译关于Linux的介绍(Introduction-to-Linux)

毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译1021040330学生姓名：学号：1021040330软件工程学院：软件工程专业：指导教师：2014年6月

IntroductiontoLinux1.1History

1.1.1UNIX

In

order

to

understand

the

popularity

of

Linux,

we

need

to

travel

back

in

time,

about

30

years

ago...

Imagine

computers

as

big

as

houses,

even

stadiums.

While

the

sizes

of

those

computers

posed

substantial

problems,

there

was

one

thing

that

made

this

even

worse:

every

computer

had

a

different

operating

system.

Software

was

always

customized

to

serve

a

specific

purpose,

and

software

for

one

given

system

didn't

run

on

another

system.

Being

able

to

work

with

one

system

didn't

automatically

mean

that

you

could

work

with

another.

It

was

difficult,

both

for

the

users

and

the

system

administrators.

Computers

were

extremely

expensive

then,

and

sacrifices

had

to

be

made

even

after

the

original

purchase

just

to

get

the

users

to

understand

how

they

worked.

The

total

cost

of

IT

was

enormous.

Technologically

the

world

was

not

quite

that

advanced,

so

they

had

to

live

with

the

size

for

another

decade.

In

1969,

a

team

of

developers

in

the

Bell

Labs

laboratories

started

working

on

a

solution

for

the

software

problem,

to

address

these

compatibility

issues.

They

developed

a

new

operating

system,

which

was

simple

and

elegant

written

in

the

C

programming

language

instead

of

in

assembly

code

able

to

recycle

code.

The

Bell

Labs

developers

named

their

project

"UNIX."

The

code

recycling

features

were

very

important.

Until

then,

all

commercially

available

computer

systems

were

written

in

a

code

specifically

developed

for

one

system.

UNIX

on

the

other

hand

needed

only

a

small

piece

of

that

special

code,

which

is

now

commonly

named

the

kernel.

This

kernel

is

the

only

piece

of

code

that

needs

to

be

adapted

for

every

specific

system

and

forms

the

base

of

the

UNIX

system.

The

operating

system

and

all

other

functions

were

built

around

this

kernel

and

written

in

a

higher

programming

language,

C.

This

language

was

especially

developed

for

creating

the

UNI1.2.2Linux

for

non-experienced

users

Companies

such

as

RedHat,

SuSE

and

Mandrake

have

sprung

up,

providing

packaged

Linux

distributions

suitable

for

mass

consumption.

They

integrated

a

great

deal

of

graphical

user

interfaces

(GUIs),

developed

by

the

community,

in

order

to

ease

management

of

programs

and

services.

As

a

Linux

user

today

you

have

all

the

means

of

getting

to

know

your

system

inside

out,

but

it

is

no

longer

necessary

to

have

that

knowledge

in

order

to

make

the

system

comply

to

your

requests.

Nowadays

you

can

log

in

graphically

and

start

all

required

applications

without

even

having

to

type

a

single

character,

while

you

still

have

the

ability

to

access

the

core

of

the

system

if

needed.

Because

of

its

structure,

Linux

allows

a

user

to

grow

into

the

system:

it

equally

fits

new

and

experienced

users.

New

users

are

not

forced

to

do

difficult

things,

while

experienced

users

are

not

forced

to

work

in

the

same

way

they

did

when

they

first

started

learning

Linux.

While

development

in

the

service

area

continues,

great

things

are

being

done

for

desktop

users,

generally

considered

as

the

group

least

likely

to

know

how

a

system

works.

Developers

of

desktop

applications

are

making

incredible

efforts

to

make

the

most

beautiful

desktops

you've

ever

seen,

or

to

make

your

Linux

machine

look

just

like

your

former

MS

Windows

or

MacIntosh

workstation.

The

latest

developments

also

include

3D

acceleration

support

and

support

for

USB

devices,

single-click

updates

of

system

and

packages,

and

so

on.

Linux

has

these,

and

tries

to

present

all

available

services

in

a

logical

form

that

ordinary

people

can

understand.

1.3Does

Linux

have

a

future?

1.3.1Open

Source

The

idea

behind

Open

Source

software

is

rather

simple:

when

programmers

can

read,

distribute

and

change

code,

the

code

will

mature.

People

can

adapt

it,

fix

it,

debug

it,

and

they

can

do

it

at

a

speed

that

dwarfs

the

performance

of

software

developers

at

conventional

companies.

This

software

will

be

more

flexible

and

of

a

better

quality

than

software

that

has

been

developed

using

the

conventional

channels,

because

more

people

have

tested

it

in

more

different

conditions

than

the

closed

software

developer

ever

can.

The

Open

Source

initiative

started

to

make

this

clear

to

the

commercial

world,

and

very

slowly,

commercial

vendors

are

starting

to

see

the

point.

While

lots

of

academics

and

technical

people

have

already

been

convinced

for

20

years

now

that

this

is

the

way

to

go,

commercial

vendors

needed

applications

like

the

Internet

to

make

them

realize

they

can

profit

from

Open

Source.

Now

Linux

has

grown

past

the

stage

where

it

was

almost

exclusively

an

academic

system,

useful

only

to

a

handful

of

people

with

a

technical

background.

Now

Linux

provides

more

than

the

operating

system:

there

is

an

entire

infrastructure

supporting

the

chain

of

effort

of

creating

an

operating

system,

of

making

and

testing

programs

for

it,

of

bringing

everything

to

the

users,

of

supplying

maintenance,

updates

and

support

and

customizations,

etcetera.

Today,

Linux

is

ready

to

accept

the

challenge

of

a

fast-changing

world.

1.3.2Ten

years

of

experience

at

your

serviceWhile

Linux

is

probably

the

most

well-known

Open

Source

initiative,

there

is

another

project

that

contributed

enormously

to

the

popularity

of

the

Linux

operating

system.

This

project

is

called

SAMBA,

and

its

achievement

is

the

reverse

engineering

of

the

Server

Message

Block

(SMB)/Common

Internet

File

System

(CIFS)

protocol

used

for

file-

and

print-serving

on

PC-related

machines,

natively

supported

by

MS

Windows

NT

and

OS/2,

and

Linux.

Packages

are

now

available

for

almost

every

system

and

provide

interconnection

solutions

in

mixed

environments

using

MS

Windows

protocols:

Windows-compatible

(up

to

and

including

Win2K)

file-

and

print-servers.

Maybe

even

more

successful

than

the

SAMBA

project

is

the

Apache

HTTP

server

project.

The

server

runs

on

UNIX,

Windows

NT

and

many

other

operating

systems.

Originally

known

as

"A

PAtCHy

server"

,

based

on

existing

code

and

a

series

of

"patch

files"

,

the

name

for

the

matured

code

deserves

to

be

connoted

with

the

native

American

tribe

of

the

Apache,

well-known

for

their

superior

skills

in

warfare

strategy

and

inexhaustible

endurance.

Apache

has

been

shown

to

be

substantially

faster,

more

stable

and

more

feature-full

than

many

other

web

servers.

Apache

is

run

on

sites

that

get

millions

of

visitors

per

day,

and

while

no

official

support

is

provided

by

the

developers,

the

Apache

user

community

provides

answers

to

all

your

questions.

Commercial

support

is

now

being

provided

by

a

number

of

third

parties.

In

the

category

of

office

applications,

a

choice

of

MS

Office

suite

clones

is

available,

ranging

from

partial

to

full

implementations

of

the

applications

available

on

MS

Windows

workstations.

These

initiatives

helped

a

great

deal

to

make

Linux

acceptable

for

the

desktop

market,

because

the

users

don't

need

extra

training

to

learn

how

to

work

with

new

systems.

With

the

desktop

comes

the

praise

of

the

common

users,

and

not

only

their

praise,

but

also

their

specific

requirements,

which

are

growing

more

intricate

and

demanding

by

the

day.

The

Open

Source

community,

consisting

largely

of

people

who

have

been

contributing

for

over

half

a

decade,

assures

Linux'

position

as

an

important

player

on

the

desktop

market

as

well

as

in

general

IT

application.

Paid

employees

and

volunteers

alike

are

working

diligently

so

that

Linux

can

maintain

a

position

in

the

market.

The

more

users,

the

more

questions.

The

Open

Source

community

makes

sure

answers

keep

coming,

and

watches

the

quality

of

the

answers

with

a

suspicious

eye,

resulting

in

ever

more

stability

and

accessibility.

1.4Properties

of

Linux

1.4.1Linux

Pros

A

lot

of

the

advantages

of

Linux

are

a

consequence

of

Linux'

origins,

deeply

rooted

in

UNIX,

except

for

the

first

advantage,

of

course:

Linux

is

free:

As

in

free

beer,

they

say.

If

you

want

to

spend

absolutely

nothing,

you

don't

even

have

to

pay

the

price

of

a

CD.

Linuxcanbedownloadedforfreefromtheinternet.No

registration

fees,

no

costs

per

user,

free

updates,

and

freely

available

source

code

in

case

you

want

to

change

the

behavior

of

your

system.

Most

of

all,

Linux

is

free

as

in

free

speech:The

license

commonly

used

is

the

GNU

Public

License

(GPL).

The

license

says

that

anybody

who

may

want

to

do

so,

has

the

right

to

change

Linux

and

eventually

to

redistribute

a

changed

version,

on

the

one

condition

that

the

code

is

still

available

after

redistribution.

In

practice,

you

are

free

to

grab

a

kernel

image,

for

instance

to

add

support

for

teletransportation

machines

or

time

travel

and

sell

your

new

code,

as

long

as

your

customers

can

still

have

a

copy

of

that

code.

Linux

is

portable

to

any

hardware

platform:

A

vendor

who

wants

to

sell

a

new

type

of

computer

and

who

doesn't

know

what

kind

of

OS

his

new

machine

will

run

(say

the

CPU

in

your

car

or

washing

machine),

can

take

a

Linux

kernel

and

make

it

work

on

his

hardware,

because

documentation

related

to

this

activity

is

freely

available.

Linux

was

made

to

keep

on

running:

As

with

UNIX,

a

Linux

system

expects

to

run

without

rebooting

all

the

time.

That

is

why

a

lot

of

tasks

are

being

executed

at

night

or

scheduled

automatically

for

other

calm

moments,

resulting

in

higher

availability

during

busier

periods

and

a

more

balanced

use

of

the

hardware.

This

property

allows

for

Linux

to

be

applicable

also

in

environments

where

people

don't

have

the

time

or

the

possibility

to

control

their

systems

night

and

day.

Linux

is

secure

and

versatile:

The

security

model

used

in

Linux

is

based

on

the

UNIX

idea

of

security,

which

is

known

to

be

robust

and

of

proven

quality.

But

Linux

is

not

only

fit

for

use

as

a

fort

against

enemy

attacks

from

the

Internet:

it

will

adapt

equally

to

other

situations,

utilizing

the

same

high

standards

for

security.

Your

development

machine

or

control

station

will

be

as

secure

as

your

firewall.

Linux

is

scalable:

From

a

Palmtop

with

2

MB

of

memory

to

a

petabyte

storage

cluster

with

hundreds

of

nodes:

add

or

remove

the

appropriate

packages

and

Linux

fits

all.

You

don't

need

a

supercomputer

anymore,

because

you

can

use

Linux

to

do

big

things

using

the

building

blocks

provided

with

the

system.

If

you

want

to

do

little

things,

such

as

making

an

operating

system

for

an

embedded

processor

or

just

recycling

your

old

486,

Linux

will

do

that

as

well.

The

Linux

OS

and

Linux

applications

have

very

short

debug-times:

Because

Linux

has

been

developed

and

tested

by

thousands

of

people,

both

errors

and

people

to

fix

them

are

found

very

quickly.

It

often

happens

that

there

are

only

a

couple

of

hours

between

discovery

and

fixing

of

a

bug.

1.4.2Linux

Cons

There

are

far

too

many

different

distributions:

"Quot

capites,

tot

rationes",

as

the

Romans

already

said:

the

more

people,

the

more

opinions.

At

first

glance,

the

amount

of

Linux

distributions

can

be

frightening,

or

ridiculous,

depending

on

your

point

of

view.

But

it

also

means

that

everyone

will

find

what

he

or

she

needs.

You

don't

need

to

be

an

expert

to

find

a

suitable

release.

When

asked,

generally

every

Linux

user

will

say

that

the

best

distribution

is

the

specific

version

he

is

using.

So

which

one

should

you

choose?

Don't

worry

too

much

about

that:

all

releases

contain

more

or

less

the

same

set

of

basic

packages.

On

top

of

the

basics,

special

third

party

software

is

added

making,or

example,

TurboLinux

more

suitable

for

the

small

and

medium

enterprise,

RedHat

for

servers

and

SuSE

for

workstations.

However,

the

differences

are

likely

to

be

very

superficial.

The

best

strategy

is

to

test

a

couple

of

distributions;

unfortunately

not

everybody

has

the

time

for

this.

Luckily,

there

is

plenty

of

advice

on

the

subject

of

choosing

your

Linux.

One

place

is

LinuxJournal

,

which

discusses

hardware

and

support,

among

many

other

subjects.

The

Installation

HOWTO

also

discusses

choosing

your

distribution.

Linux

is

not

very

user

friendly

and

confusing

for

beginners:

In

light

of

its

popularity,

considerable

effort

has

been

made

to

make

Linux

even

easier

to

use,

especially

for

new

users.

More

information

is

being

released

daily,

such

as

this

guide,

to

help

fill

the

gap

for

documentation

available

to

users

at

all

levels.

Is

an

Open

Source

product

trustworthy?

How

can

something

that

is

free

also

be

reliable?

Linux

users

have

the

choice

whether

to

use

Linux

or

not,

which

gives

them

an

enormous

advantage

compared

to

users

of

proprietary

software,

who

don't

have

that

kind

of

freedom.

After

long

periods

of

testing,

most

Linux

users

come

to

the

conclusion

that

Linux

is

not

only

as

good,

but

in

many

cases

better

and

faster

that

the

traditional

solutions.

If

Linux

were

not

trustworthy,

it

would

have

been

long

gone,

never

knowing

the

popularity

it

has

now,

with

millions

of

users.

Now

users

can

influence

their

systems

and

share

their

remarks

with

the

community,

so

the

system

gets

better

and

better

every

day.

It

is

a

project

that

is

never

finished,

that

is

true,

but

in

an

ever

changing

environment,

Linux

is

also

a

project

that

continues

to

strive

for

perfection.

中X大学2014届毕业设计英文文献及中文翻译第页共6页关于Linux的介绍1.1

历史

1.1.1UNIX

为了了解Linux的历史，我们需要追溯到30年前。

想象一下像房子甚至体育馆一样大的计算机。

除了电脑的体积带来的问题，有一件事情让这些变得更糟糕，那就是每个计算机都有一个不同的操作系统。软件定制服务一直是一个给定系统的特定目标，软件无法在另一个系统上运行。能够在一个系统下工作并不意味着也可以自动同另一个系统共事。这些无论对于用户还是系统管理员都是非常困难的。

由于计算机非常昂贵，所以人们不得不为之付出，即使购买计算机那也只是为了让用户了解他们是如何工作的。但是IT的总成本还是非常巨大的。

世界上的技术还没有那么先进，因此他们不得不和如此大的计算机共同再度过十年。

在1969年，贝尔实验室的开发团队人员们开始研究，为解决软件问题，更好的完善兼容性。

他们开发出一种新的操作系统，就是这个。

简单巧妙

用C语言设计代替汇编码

能够循环利用的代码。

贝尔实验室开发的项目把它命名为“UNIX操作系统。”

该代码循环的功能是非常重要的。在此之前，所有商用计算机系统是写在一个专门为系统开发的代码中。而UNIX只需要有一组特殊的代码，也就是现在俗称小片的内核。这个内核的代码是唯一的一块，需要为每一个特定的系统和各种形式的UNIX系统基础改编。操作系统和所有其他所有功能，都围绕这个核心，用更高级编程语言所编写的，C.这种语言是专为创造UNIX系统而发展的。使用这种新技术，更易于开发可以运行在不同类型硬件上的操作系统。

软件供应商们很快就意识到这一点，因为他们可以几乎毫不费力的售出超过原来软件十倍的销量。一个新奇的情况出现了：不同供应商生产的计算机可以连接到同一个网络，并且用户操作不同的操作系统无需再利用额外的时间去学习使用另一台计算机。UNIX帮助用户大大改善了不同系统兼容问题。

UNIX在未来持续几十年的不断发展中。更多的东西成为可能，并且硬件和软件的供应商们也增加了他们对UNIX产品的重视。

最初的UNIX，只为大背景环境下的大型机和小型机所使用（pc只是微型机）。如果你想使用UNIX,

那么你必须在大学、政府或者大型金融公司工作。

但是小的电脑也正在发展，80年代末，很多人家里都有电脑。

在那个时候，有好几个版本的UNIX架构的PC可用，但其中没有一个是真正的开源。

1.1.2Linux系统的应用现状

今天，Linux已经加入了台式机市场。

Linux开发人员集中在开始网络和服务环节，办公应用程序的最后障碍已经被拆除。我们不得不承认，微软已经占据了大部分市场，因此大量的人们开始选择替代品，在过去几年这种情况使Linux成为了一个可接受的工作站，它提供了一个简单的用户界面，文字处理软件兼容微软Office应用程序，试算表，简报等等。

在服务器端，Linux是众所周知的一个稳定和可靠的平台，像著名的网上书店亚马逊，美国邮政总局，德国军队和这些公司的数据库以及交易服务。特别是互联网服务提供商和互联网服务供应商已经开发出成熟的Linux防火墙，代理服务器和Web服务器，你会发现在每一个UNIX系统管理员都会赞赏管理站已经成为到一个舒适的工作平台。

在电影创作中也使用了Linux集群机，如“泰坦尼克号”，“怪物史莱克”等。在邮局，他们是路由邮件和大型的搜索引擎的中枢系统，集群机还用来执行互联网搜索.这些只是在日日夜夜成千上万工作的linux中的一部分。

还值得指出，现代的Linux不仅仅只在工作站上运行，还在中、高端服务器，也在像掌上电脑的，手机，船货的嵌入式应用，甚至对手表实验的“小玩意”上使用。

这使Linux成为世界上唯一一个广泛应用的操作系统。

1.2用户界面

1.2.1Linux难吗？

Linux是否难学，取决于你问的人。

有经验的UNIX用户会说不，因为Linux是电力用户和程序员理想的操作系统，因为这些人已经使用并且正在开发它。

一个好的程序员都希望编译器，库，开发和调试工具是可用的。

这些软件包来源于所有的标准Linux发行版。其中包括免费的C语言编译器，所有的文件和程序手册。并且举例内容也能帮助您在任何时间开始。感觉就像UNIX,并且可以在UNIX和Linux之间自然的转换。在早期的Linux，成为一个专家需要从开始就使用它。

这是一个普通的练习，用来告诉新的用户来“RTFM”（阅读手册）。

虽然每个系统都有手册，但是找到文件仍然很难，即使有人做到了，解释了这样的技术术语，但是对于新用户的学习变得容易气馁。

Linux的使用社区开始意识到，如果Linux是以往任何时候成为操作系统市场上重要的成员，必须在该系统的亲和力上做大量的修改。

1.2.2Linux的非经验的用户

如RedHat，SuSE和Mandrake的公司如雨后春笋般涌现，提供打包的Linux发行版更适合大众消费。他们综合了大量的图形用户界面（GUI），由社区发展，以缓解方案和服务的管理。

今天你作为一个Linux用户，你知道了你得到了系统的一切手段，但现在它不再有必要让用户了解这种知识，只为了使系统符合您的要求。

现在你可以登录图形和启动，甚至无需输入一个单一的字符，而你仍然有能力来访问该系统的核心。

由于其结构，Linux允许用户发展系统：不论你是新手还是有经验的用户。当他们第一次开始学习Linux操作系统时，

新用户不会被强迫做难度很大的事情，有经验的用户不会被迫以同样的方式工作。

而在服务方面的发展，对于桌面用户更好的事情已经发生。

桌面应用程序的努力开发令人难以置信，使你见到你见过的最美丽的台式电脑，或使你的Linux机器，就像你以前的MS

Windows或Macintosh工作站。最新的发展情况也有3D加速支持和USB设备支持，通过单击更新系统和数据包，等等。

Linux有这些，并试图开发所有人们所了解的并且在逻辑上可以实现的服务。

1.3Linux是否有前途？

1.3.1开放源码

开放源码软件背后的想法很简单：当程序员可以读取，分发和修改代码，代码将变得更成熟。

人们能够适应它，解决它，调试时间，他们能够以软件开发公司同样的速度的处理他的性能。

该软件将比曾经任何一个开发过的软件更加灵活，质量更好，因为相比于以往任何时候都在封闭的软件开发人员来说，能够有更多的人有在不同测试条件下完善它。

开放源码的开始对于商务的世界更轻的清晰，而且更慢。商业供应商也开始明白这一点。

虽然许多学者和技术人员已经被说服了20年来，但现在仍然要走这条路。商业供应商像互联网应用一样，使他们意识到他们可以从开源获取利润。

现在Linux已经度过了它的成长阶段，它几乎完全是一个学术体系，对于控制唯一有用的一点就是有技术背景。

现在Linux提供的东西比操作系统更多：有一个完整的基础设施支持建立一个连锁的经营体系，并且制作和测试它，它能给用户带来一切方需要的，提供维修，更新和支持还有自定义，

今天，Linux已经准备好接受一个迅速变化的世界的挑战。

1.3.2

十多年的经验为您服务

尽管Linux可能是最知名的倡议开放源码，但是还有另外一个项目，极大地促进了Linux操作系统的普及。

这个项目被称为Samba，其成就是逆向工程的服务器消息块（SMB）/通用互联网文件系统（CIFS）协议用于文件和打印对本地的MS

Windows

NT支持的个人电脑相关设备，服务和OS

/

2和Linux。

现在一整套东西为几乎每个系统提供在混合环境中使用MS

Windows协议互连解决方案：Windows兼容（直至并包括Win2K系统）文件和打印服务器。

也许比Samba项目更成功的是Apache

HTTP服务器项目。

该服务器运行在UNIX，Windows

NT和许多其他操作系统。

原本被称为“一个修修补补的服务器”，“根据现有的代码和文件的一系列”补丁

，这意味着成熟代码值得美国本土部落因其卓越的良好的Apache来命名，著名的战略和不竭耐力。

Apache已被证明是大幅度更快，更稳定，比许多其他Web服务器功能完整。

Apache是每天数百万游客的情况下运行，虽然没有官方的支持是由开发商提供的，但Apache用户社区提供您的所有问题的答案。

现正由一些第三方提供商业支持。

在办公应用类，MS

Office软件的选择是可用的，范围从局部到在MS

Windows工作站应用提供充分的实现。

这些举措使Linux在桌面市场可以被大量人接受，因为用户并不需要额外的培训，学习如何使用新系统。

随着台式电脑的共同用户的好评，不仅他们的一致好评，而且他们的具体要求，这是变得越来越复杂和日益苛刻。

在开源社区，包括大量为社区做了5年以上贡献的人，保证Linux的桌面上作为市场的重要参与者的地位，以及在一般资讯科技应用。

带薪员工和志愿者都正在努力使Linux可以保持在市场上的地位。

越多的用户，更多的问题。

开源社区