英语音标详解课件

EnglishPronunciationEnglishPhonemesSyllables,StressandRhythmReadingskillsIntonationDifferencebetween“British

English”

and

“American

English”

GameofTonesReadthefollowinglettersinrisingtoneandfallingtone.ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZEnglishPhonemesVowelsConsonantsBackgroundCardinalVowels

FrontCentralBackClosei：

u:Close-mide

ɔ:Open-midɛ

ɔæopenaɑɒɪʊəɜ:ʌVOWELLettersAa/eɪ//æ/Ee/

i://e/Ii/aɪ//ɪ/Yy/aɪ//ɪ//

i:/Oo/əʊ//ɒ/Uu/ju://ʊ//ʌ/VowelsFrontVowelsOpenyourmouthalittletomakethesound,spreadyourlipswide,likeyouaresmiling,thisisalongvowel.webeeseafieldreceivepolicepeopleFrontVowelsFirstmakethesound/i:/,thenopenyourmouthalittletomakethesound,yourlipsaremorerelaxed,thisisashortvowel.visitexamminuteMondayFrontVowelsFirstmakethesound/ɪ/,thenopenyourmouthalittletomakethesound,yourlipsarerelaxed,thisisashortvowel.endredmanyheadfriendFrontVowelsFirstmakethesound/e/,thenopenyourmouthalittletomakethesound,yourlipsarerelaxed,thisisashortvowel.amcatCentralVowelsFirstmakethesound/e/,thenopenyourtonguebackwardsandloweralittle,yourtongueisataroundthemiddleofthemouth.Yourlipsaretight.termgirlwordfurlearnjournalCentralVowelsFirstmakethesound/e/,thenopenyourtonguebackwardsandloweralittle,yourtongueisataroundthemiddleofthemouth.Yourlipsarerelaxed.betterdoctoragofamouscolorfiguretodayopenCentralVowelsFirstmakethesound/e/,thenopenyourmouthalittlemore,putyourtonguebackwardsandloweralittle,butalittlemoreforwardandupthanthesound/ə/.yourtongueisataroundthelowermiddleofthemouth.Yourlipsarerelaxed.sonbutcoupleblooddoesBackVowelsFirstmakethesound/æ/,thenopenyourmouthalittlemore,putyourtonguebackwardandlower.Yourlipsareroundinshape.Thisisalongvowel.carclasshalfheartauntFirstmakethesound/a:/,thencloseyourmouthalittlemore.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.Thisisashortvowel.BackVowelsdogwantcoughknowledgebecauseBackVowelsFirstmakethesound/ɒ/,thenmakeyourmouthmoreclosedandmorerounded,putthebackofthetongueupalittletomakethesound.Thisisalongvowel.wartalkallhorseboardbeforefourdoorlawfaultboughtBackvowelsFirstmakethesound/ɒ/,thenraisethebackofyourtongueandputforwardalittletomakethesound.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.Thisisashortvowel.footcouldbushwomanBackvowelsFirstmakethesound/u/,thenraisethebackofyourtongueandpullbackwardalittletomakethesound.Yourlipsarestronglyroundinshape.Thisisashortvowel.dogoosesouprudechewshoetwofruitListenandcheckyour/ə/DiphthongsFirstmakethesound/e/,thenmakethesound/ɪ/,thereisaglidefrom/e/to/ɪ/.gateraindaysteintheygreatsleighFirstmakethesound/a/,thenmakethesound/ɪ/,thereisaglidefrom/a/to/ɪ/.timediecryeyehighheightbuyFirstmakethesound/ɔ/,thenmakethesound/ɪ/,thereisaglidefrom/ɔ/to/ɪ/.boilboyFirstmakethesound/a/,thenmakethesound/ʊ/,thereisaglidefrom/a/to/ʊ/.blousecowFirstmakethesound/ə/,thenmakethesound/ʊ/,thereisaglidefrom/ə/to/ʊ/.boattoesolowsoulthough/ʊə/tour-We

made

a

tour

of

the

yacht.-

He

took

her

on

a

tour

of

Europe.-

Ithinkyouarenotquite

sure

aboutit./ʊə/Firstmakethesound/ʊ/,thenmakethesound/ə/,thereisaglidefrom/ʊ/to/ə/.poortoursureduringtheycruelusualFirstmakethesound/ɪ/,thenmakethesound/ə/,thereisaglidefrom/ɪ/to/ə/,withthetonguemovingupfromfronttothemiddlepositioninyourmouth.heroheredearcheermediafamiliarideaperiodVietnamfiercemediumFirstmakethesound/e/,thenmakethesound/ə/,thereisaglidefrom/e/to/ə/,withthetonguemovingfromlowfronttothemiddlepositioninyourmouth.bearcareairtheirthereConsonantsConsonantLettersBb/b/Dd/d/Cc

/k//s//ʃ/Ff/f/Gg/g/Dd/d//dʒ/Hh/h/Kk/k/Gg/g//dʒ//ʒ/Ll/l/Mm/m/Jj/dʒ/Nn/n/Pp/p/Qq/k/Rr/r/Ss/s//z//ʃ//ʒ/

Tt/t//ʃ//tʃ/Vv/v/Yy/j/Ww/w/Zz/z/X/ks//gz/Bilabial/PlosivesFirstcloseyourlipshard,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Openyourlipsfastandsuddenlyreleasetheairtomakethesound.Donotuseyourvoice.Bilabial/PlosivesFirstcloseyourlipshard,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Openyourlipsfastandsuddenlyreleasetheairtomakethesound.Useyourvoice.Alveolar/PlosivesFirstputyourtonguetipjustbehindyourtopteeth,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Thenmoveawayyourtonguetipfromyourteethridgefastandreleasetheairtomakethesound.Donotuseyourvoice.teachThailandbetterstoppedAlveolar/PlosivesFirstputyourtonguetipjustbehindyourtopteeth,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Thenmoveawayyourtonguetipfromyourteethridgefastandreleasetheairtomakethesound.Useyourvoice.daymiddleVelar/PlosivesFirsttouchthebackoftheroofofyourmouthwiththebackofyourtongue,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Thenmoveawayyourtonguefastandreleasetheairtomakethesound.Donotusethevoice.cockcakeaskliketaxischoolconquerVelar/PlosivesFirsttouchthebackoftheroofofyourmouthwiththebackofyourtongue,andpushtheairinyourmouthforward.Thenmoveawayyourtonguefastandreleasetheairtomakethesound.Usethevoice.goghosteggLabio-dental/FricativeFirstputyourupperteethonyourlowerlip,andforcetheairoutbetweenyourteethandlipwithafrication.DonotusethevoicefitphotooffenoughLabio-dental/FricativeFirstputyourupperteethonyourlowerlip,andforcetheairoutbetweenyourteethandlipwithafrication.UsethevoiceAlveolar/FricativesFirstputyourtonguetipbehindyourupperteethtoalmosttouchtheroofofyourmouth.Forcetheairoutoverthetopofyourtonguewithafrication.Donotuseyourvoice.goosesocentniecetaxisciencepassboxAlveolarFirstputyourtonguetipbehindyourupperteethtoalmosttouchtheroofofyourmouth.Forcetheairoutoverthetopofyourtonguewithafrication.Useyourvoice.hiszooprizethoseGlottal/FricativeFirstopenyourmouth,andforceastreamofairoutofyourmouthwithafrication.Keepyourtongueofftheroofofthemouth,anddonotuseyourvoice.hatwhoDental/FricativePutyourtonguetipbetweenyourupperteethandlowerteeth.Forcetheairoutbetweenyourtongueandupperteethwithafrication.Donotuseyourvoice.Dental/FricativePutyourtonguetipbetweenyourupperteethandlowerteeth.Forcetheairoutbetweenyourtongueandupperteethwithafrication.Useyourvoice.Palato-alveolarRaisethefrontofyourtonguetouardsthemid-roofofyourmouth.Forcetheairoutfromthetwosidesofyourtonguewithafrication.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.Donotuseyourvoice.sheetmachinedeliciousmotionsuretensionfascistPalato-alveolarRaisethefrontofyourtonguetouardsthemid-roofofyourmouth.Forcetheairoutfromthetwosidesofyourtonguewithafrication.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.Useyourvoice.casualallusionseizuregarageregimeAlveolar/LateralFirstputyourtonguetipontheupperteeth-ridge.Forcetheairoutoverbothsidesofyourtongue.Useyourvoicewhenmakingthesound/l/.Whenit’sbeforeavowel,itisaclear/l/-lostlatevanillaAlveolar/LateralWhenitisbeforeaconsonantorattheendoftheword,itisadark/l/,alsoas/l/pullpooltalkwouldSilent“l”Post-alveolar/ApproximantRaiseyourtonguetiptowardsthebackoftheteethridgewithouttouchit.Yourlipsareslightlyroundinshape.readcarrywrongrhythmBilabial/ApproximantFirstmakethesound/u:/,thenmakeyourlipstightlyroundandpushtheairout.waterquitewhatonePalatal/ApproximantFirstmakethesound/i:/,thenraisethemiddleofyourtonguetotouchtheroofofthemouth,makingyourlipsspreadandforcetheairout.Useyourvoicetomakethissound.yetcueviewBilabial/NasalFirstcloseyourmouth,andsendtheairoutfromyournose.Useyourvoicetomakethissound,andthisisavoicedconsonant.mansummercombautumnAlveolar/NasalFirstopenyourmouth,andputyourtonguetipagainstyourteethridge,thensendtheairoutfromyournose.Useyourvoicetomakethissound,andthisisavoicedconsonant.namefunnysignknowVelar/NasalFirstopenyourmouth,andtouchthebackroofofyourmouthwiththebackofyourtongue,thensendtheairoutfromyournose.Useyourvoicetomakethissound,andthisisavoicedconsonant.singsinkPalato-alveolarJointhesound/t/and/ʃ/.Donotusethevoice.chairwatchquestionnaturePalato-alveolarJointhesound/d/and/ʒ/.Usethevoice.jamgemjudgeadjacent/tr/tree-The

truck

washeavilyloaded.-

Weplant

trees

andflowersinspring.-Thisideaseemsgoodbutyouneedto

try

itout./tr/Jointhesound/t/and/r/.Donotusethevoice.tryvictorysecretary/dr/dress-Shewearsabeautifulevening

dress.-

Don'tdrinkand

drive.-Ihadsomeverystrange

dreams

lastnight./dr/Jointhesound/d/and/r/.Usethevoice./ts/boats/ts/-Therearethreeboatsontheriver.Twocatsarerunningafteramouse.Theskirtsareverylovely.Theantslikeeatingapples.Firstputyourtonguetipjustbehindyourtopteeth.Forcetheairoutbetweenyourtongueandupperteethwithafrication.Donotuseyourvoice./dz/woods/dz/-Theirfamilyoftenpicnicsinthe

woods.She

finds

thestonesonthe

seashore.SarahandIhadagreattimewhilethe

kids

were

away.Firstputyourtonguetipjustbehindyourtopteeth.Forcetheairoutbetweenyourtongueandupperteethwithafrication.Useyourvoice.Syllables,StressandRhythmSyllablesA

syllable

isaunitoforganizationforasequenceof

speech

sounds.Asyllableistypicallymadeupofasyllablenucleus(a

vowel

or

syllabicconsonant)withoptionalinitialandfinalmargins(typically,

consonants).

syllabicconsonant:/r//m//n//l/aconsonantformsasyllableonitsownoristhenucleusofasyllable.animalmiddlebattlecriticismsymbolismtourismcousindozenfrozenbuttoncottonmuttonmaidensuddenwooden

MonosyllableOne–SyllablewordsItreegreatpleaselightwordDisyllableTwo–SyllablewordsCi·tyta·blere·lystu·dentpu·pilPolysyllableMulti–SyllablewordsBas·ket·ballna·tion·al·i·tyte·le·phoneStressThestressplacedonsyllableswithinwordsiscalled

wordstress

or

lexicalstress.Thepositionofstressinawordisnotpredictable

inEnglish.Stressisusuallytrulylexicalandmustbememorizedaspartofthepronunciationofanindividualword.Thestressmark⟨ˈ⟩isplacedimmediatelybeforeastressedsyllable,andwhenthestressedsyllableisinthemiddleofaword,thestressmarkalsomarksasyllablebreak.Forexampleintheword"understood"⟨/ʌndə'stʊd/⟩Sometimesmorethanonelevelofstress,suchas

primarystress

and

secondarystress,maybeidentified.

Forexampleintheword“education”</ˌedʒu'keɪʃn/>GeneralRules:PrefixesunstressedSuffixesthatcauseashiftofstressintherootword:-eous,-graphy,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ical,-ious,-ity,-ion‘Photographpho’tographyphoto’graphicNumerals:stressonthefirstsyllableCompound:stressonthefirstelementReflexives:stressonself/selvesStress`winter`summer`season`people`picnic`swallow`gentle`rainbowbe`ginsuc`cessen`joyde`cideAt`tentionbe`sidegi`raffea`larmˎmaga`zineˎuni`versityˎlemo`nadeˎunder`standˎconver`sationˎengi`neerˎkanga`roo`Chi`nese`thir`teen`after`noon`un`known`six`teen`seven`teen`eigh`teen`nine`teen重读单词-变化一个单词重读音节的位置变化会导致单词词性发生变化。the`recordn.tore`cordv.the`presentn.topre`sentv.the`desertn.tode`sertv.the`producen.topro`ducev.`perfectadj.toper’fectv.句子中的重读和弱读实词(名词、动词、形容词、副词)以及其他信息词（疑问词、指示代词、物主代词、小品词、否定缩略词）一般是重读，而功能词（冠词、代词、所有格、介词、助动词、连词）一般是弱读。`Don’tbelate.`Dobequiet`Comeon,I`don’t`wanttobelate.`Who’sinthebathroom?His`wife’sItalian.The`man’sinthekitchen.sentencestress强度重要的词语（实词或信息词）制造话语节奏RhythmSpeakersofstressed-timedlanguagessuchas

English

and

MandarinChinese

putroughlyequaltimelagsbetweenstressedsyllables,withthetimingoftheunstressedsyllablesinbetweenthembeingadjustedtoaccommodatethestresstiming.Syllable/'sɪləbl/syl·la·bleBasketball/'bɑːskɪtbɔːl/bas·ket·bleTelephone/'telɪfəʊn/te·le·phoneDepartment/dɪ'pɑːtmənt/de·part·mentTelevision/'telɪvɪʒn/te·le·vi·sionNecessary/'nesəsəri/ne·ces·sa·ryRemarkable/rɪ'mɑːkəbl/re·mar·ka·bleEducation/ˌedʒu'keɪʃn/ed·u·ca·tionNationality/ˌnæʃə'næləti/na·tion·al·i·tyPhysiology/ˌfɪzi'ɒlədʒi/phys·i·ol·o·gyCommunication/kəˌmjuːnɪ'keɪʃn/com·mu·ni·ca·tionExamination/ɪɡˌzæmɪ'neɪʃn/ex·am·i·na·tionCreativity/ˌkriːeɪ'tɪvəti/cre·a·tiv·i·tyRhythmicPatterns在重读音节和非重读音节之间有长短不同的停顿，非重读音节越多，就读的越快。stress-timednature...‘cats‘eatfishthe‘catis‘eatingthefishthe‘catstherehave‘eatenthefishthe‘catstheremusthave‘eatenthefishthe‘catstherecouldhavebeen‘eatingthefishRhythmicPatternsRhythmicPatternsRhythmicPatternsRhythmicPatternsRhythmicPatternsRhythmicPatternsConsonantclustersWord-InitialClustersblblowbladeblackblameblankblockclclassclevercloseclueclingclarityflflagflakeflameflankflapflashglgladglassglowglideglazeglanceplplayplanpleaseplantplentyplugslslaveslangslowslotslipsleepbrbreadbreakbringbrightbrownbrothercrcrackcradlecreamcreatecrycrossdrdreaddrydrilldreamdressdrivefrfromfryfrogfrontfriendfrostgrgreatgreengrowgroundgriefgrinprpraisepraypreachpracticepreparepresenttrtreetraytrytraintreattroubleWord-InitialClustersscscanscalescarescatterschoolscheduleskskirtskyskateskipskillskinslsleepslightsliceslyslipperslendersmsmallsmartsmellsmilesmokesmoothsnsnacksnowsnagsnailsnakesnapspspacespadesparespeakspokespoonststarstaystealstorestopstudentswsweepsweatswellswimswitchSwisssplsplitsplashsplendidsplendorsplurgesplicescrscrabblescramblescratchscreamscreensprspreadspringsprayspritesprinklesproutstrstrangestraightstressstreetstrongstrikesqusquaresquashsqueaksqueezesquealsquawkWord-InitialClustersthrthreethreadthrivethrowthroughthrillthwthwackthwaitethwartWord-InitialClustersWord-FinalClustersvoicelessconsonant+s/s/bookscapscupsvoicelessconsonant+t/t/factleftshiftvoicelessconsonant+ed/t/askedlookedworked-t+s/ts/boatscoatscatsvoicedconsonant+s/z/pigseggsfilmsvoicedconsonant+ed/d/closedturnedclimbed-d+s/dz/bedsspendsgrades-f/fe+s=ves/vz/leaveswivesknivesconsonant+y+s=ies/iz/ladiesstudiesstories/aiz/fliesspiestriesotherconsonantformationchwatchesshwashesge+es/iz/bridgesxboxessbusest+ed/id/wanteddmendedRhymeHumptyDumptysatonawall.HumptyDumptyhadagreatfall.Alltheking'shorses,Andalltheking'smen,Couldn'tputHumptytogetheragain.Blow,Wind,BlowBlow,wind,blow!Andgo,mill,go!Thatthemillermaygrindhiscorn;Thatthebakermaytakeit,Andintorollsmakeit,Andsendussomehotinthemorn.I'malittleteapotI'malittleteapot,shortandstout,Hereismyhandle,hereismyspout,WhenIgetallsteamedup,hearmeshout,Tipmeoverandpourmeout.Readingskills爆破音Plosives爆破音就是发音的时候，口腔中会形成一层阻碍，必须通过阻碍，发出的声音。/b/be/p/peacap/d/bed

duck/t/bet

table/g/pig

girl/k/pick

cat爆破音+辅音爆破音和辅音相邻时，爆破音不发出爆破声，只保留发音动作，稍作停顿，实际上，只有后一个辅音发音。/b/job

search/p/keep

quietstop

talkingfriendship

firstkeep

silentstep

forward爆破音+破擦音爆破音与/ts//dz//tr//dr//tʃ//dʒ//f//v//θ//ð//s//z//ʃ//ʒ//r//h/相连时，轻微爆破。/d/hard

timesathousand

thanksagood

seasongood

news/t/post-cardjust

thenfirst

stepbright

sky爆破音+音节辅音爆破音与/m//n//ŋ//l/相连时，轻微爆破。/g/abig

zooabig

treeabig

jarabig

fish/k/take

thistake

caretake

threeablack

jacket爆破音1+爆破音2+爆破音3第一个爆破音为不完全爆破，形成并保持较长时间，第二个不发音，第三个正常爆破。Sleptbadlylagged

behindcollect

penniesRobbed

carspicked

berriesadapt

tothegrowth爆破音的送气当爆破音/p/,/t/,/k/在重读音节中紧跟在/s/的后面时，爆破音就不送气。也就是由/b/替代/p/,/d/替代/t/，/g/替代/k/。Speaksparesportspyspring/sb/Schoolscarscorescareskirt/sg/Starstaystealstupidstock/sd/弱化weakening非重读单词弱化：1.元音弱化为/I/或者/ə/be,me,he,she,the,wehis/ɪz/he/ɪ/him/ɪm/a,an,some,the,them,us,am,are,can,do,does,had,has,have,must,shall,was,were,will,at,for,from,of,to,and,as,but,so,than,that,could,wouldhad/əd/has/əz/have/əv/must/məs/will/əl/and/ən/2.有时候单词的元音消失am/m/can/kn/do/d/had/d/has/z,s/have/v//z,s/some/sm/shall/

ʃl/them/ðm/was/wz/for/fr/from/frm/of/v,f/and/nd,n/than/ðn/StrongForms&WeakFormsStrongForms&WeakFormsStrongForms&WeakFormsStrongForms&WeakFormsStrongForms&WeakFormscommoncontractionscommoncontractions连读Linking前一个单词以辅音结尾，后一个单词以元音开头，两个词就发生连读：ComeinWorkoutGoodideaThinkofitReaditagainSpeakEnglishFirstofallAllofusr/re结尾的单词+元音开头的单词/r/添音ThereisThereareOurownMoreoverFarawayRememberitLateron连读Glides/j/&/w/延音滑动/j/glide:sayjitmyjowntoyjairplane/w/glide:Howwisit?bluewinkIsawwitAssimilationProgressiveAssimilation顺同化前一个语音影响后一个语音studentslaughedbagsbacksmovedfishedRegressiveAssimilation逆同化后一个语音影响前一个语音Haveto/hæftə/hasto/hæstə/usedto/ju:stə/horsehoe/hɔ:ʃʃu:/hisshirt/hi:ʃʃɜ:t/c