古罗马时期的文艺思想课件

Cultural

featuresLonginusandhisOntheSublimeHoraceandhisArtofPoetryAncientRomanLiteraryThoughtsCulturalfeaturesLonginusHora1CulturalfeaturesWhataretheculturalfeaturesofthetime?宗教因素为例希腊化的产物强调“模仿古人”，以希腊古典为范本但这一模仿与希腊文化不同，它更精致化、文雅化、肤浅化、公式化CulturalfeaturesWhatarethe2HoraceandhisArtofPoetryThepersonTheliterarythoughtinArtofPoetryTheinfluenceHoraceandhisArtofPoetryTh3ThepersonWhoisHorace?QuintusHoratiusFlaccus(Venusia,December8,65BC–Rome,November27,8BC),knownintheEnglish-speakingworldasHorace,wastheleadingRomanlyricpoetduringthetimeofAugustus.HoraceisgenerallyconsideredtostandalongsideVirgilandOvidasoneofthegreatestpoetsoftheAugustanAge.ThepersonWhoisHorace?4TheliterarythoughtsHoracewastheclassicistwhoestablishedtheclassicalsetsofbeliefrulesandorders,restraintandcorrectexpression.Hewishedthatthewritershouldchoosecorrectandrightwords;thatheshouldusemetersmaintainingtheirappropriateness;thatheshouldbeabletochooseapropersubject;thatheshouldmakeuseofproperpoeticdiction;andthatheshouldfollowtherulesofancientarts.Alexandrianinfluencecanbenotedinhisdemandforcarefulworkmanshipandpolishandorderandorganization.Moreover,forthathesaysanartistisalwaysacraftmanwhousinghisarchitecturalgeniusmaintainsdecorumand‘urbanity’inhisworkofart.TheliterarythoughtsHoracewa5ForHorace,awritermustchooseasubjectwithinhispowerandappropriatetohisgifts;hemustsayatanygivenmomentwhatneedstobesaid,andnomore.Hemustchoosevocabulary,meterandformthatarerightforhissubject,whethernoble,exciting,eroticorjoyous.Hewarnsagainstextravagantimplausibilityandincongruities.Indeedtheprevailingemphasisthroughoutisontheneedforconsistency,coherenceandseemliness.Itisthewriter'sbusinesstorefineandpolishhistextthatthehigheststandardsofproprietyandartistryaremaintained.However,Horacedemandsacraftman’sskillinanartist;hedoesnotutterlyneglecttheroleofnaturaltalentinart.Infact,heisinsistingonacomplementaryrelationshipbetweenlearnedartistryandgenius.ForHorace,awritermustchoo6

HisArtforpoetrycanalsohereadasausefuladvicetotheperspectivewriters.ItremainedaninfluentialdocumentoraBibleforesp.Boileau,Pope,EliotandFyre.Heequatespoetrywithpainting.Inpoetry,wordsarelikevariouscolorsthatareputbeautifully.Hefocusesondecoruminpoetryi.e.therightnessofeachparttothewhole.Thereshouldbetheharmonyofeachpartsofpoetrytothewhole.Theseideasbecomelawsforneo-classicalwriters.Heoutlinesthefollowingpointstobeingoodpoetrysothatthepragmaticeffectofpoetrycanbeachieved.

HisArtforpoetrycanalsoh7HisthoughtsonliteratureUnityandsimplicityofformsFormandcontentmatchedAppropriatenessofmeterConsistencyofcharactersStyle(Startingandending)Prolepsis(flashback)Analepsis(foreshadowing)Anachronistic(random)HisthoughtsonliteratureUnit8Unityandsimplicityofforms:Whatisunityandsimplicityofforms?

Simplicityreferstoluciditythatiseveryoneunderstands.Unityistheperfectcombinationofbeginning,middleandending.Everythingshouldbematchingsothatitcreatesdecorumandthesenseofpropriety.(Correctnes+Suitable)Unityandsimplicityofforms:9FormandcontentmatchedWhatisproper?Decorum?Thestyleshouldbeproper.Byproper,hemeansthatthetrivialandseriousmattersshouldnotbewritteningrandstyle.Andinthesameway,thetreatmentofseriousmattershouldnotbeintrivialform.Therefore,formandcontentshouldbematched.Poetsandpaintersshouldnotcreatemonotonybyshowingdolphinintheforestandelephantinthesea.Suchunnaturalcombinationfailstoteachandgivethedelight.FormandcontentmatchedWhati10AppropriateuseofwordsThewordscomeandgoliketheleavesofatree.Thewordsneedtobeusedinproperplacesaccordingtothenatureofthewords.Clichéshouldnotbeusedandthelanguageofcommonpeopleshouldbemagnified.Poetsshouldusefamiliarwordsinquitedifferentway.IfcharacterswanttospeakwordsthenitisokaybutitshouldhaveitsorigininGreek.AppropriateuseofwordsThewo11AppropriatenessofmeterHoraceprefersVirgil'sopinionthattofollowHomeristofollownature.Homersaysitisappropriatetousehexameterinepic,iambicpentameterintragedyandhexameterandiambicpentameterinelegy.

AppropriatenessofmeterHorace12ConsistencyofcharactersThecharactersshouldbeconsistentandlifelike.HisviewsoncharactersareidenticaltoAristotle.Charactertraitsshouldbebasedonage,thereshouldnotbeanyexaggeration,thatiswhichisnotpossibletothecharactermustnotbepresented.Therefore,charactersshouldbeconvincing,probableandconsistent.ConsistencyofcharactersThec13Style(Startingandending)Thewritercantakeoneofthefollowingtechniquestopresentthecontent.

Prolepsis(flashback):Whathappenedbeforetheactiontakesplace.

Analepsis(foreshadowing):Whathappensnexttoongoingaction.

Anachronistic(random):Mixtureofalltechniques.

Style(Startingandending)The14Whateverthetechniquethereis,theendofpoetryshouldteachanddelight.Toteachactionsshouldbephysicalthanverbalbecausewhateverpeoplesee,theyarelikelytobelieve.Therefore,itisbettertoperformeverything.Butscenesofmurder,violenceetcshouldnotbeshownonthestage.Deuxexmachine(performingofGodonthestage)istobehidden.Whateverthetechniquetherei15《诗艺》的主要文艺思想继承了古希腊模仿说的传统：合理性与可信性接受艺术模仿自然的观点，并从“适度”、“合理”这个思想出发，强调作家应有生活经验、真实感情，主张作家到生活中去观察，到风俗习惯中去寻找模型，从那里汲取活生生的语言。明确提出艺术可以创造，但创造要“合式”真正的艺术作品既要大胆创造，又要和谐统一艺术可以虚构，但虚构要“合理”《诗艺》的主要文艺思想继承了古希腊模仿说的传统：合理性与可信16提出了古典主义的诗学原则：借鉴原则和合适原则继承了柏拉图的“有机统一说”和亚里士多德关于悲剧情节“整一性”的原则创作性的借鉴：内容上，对古典传统题材要要经过一番改造和创新，同时要重视罗马帝国的现实题材；形式上强调语言文字的新陈代谢合适原则：贺拉斯文艺理论的主导思想，即从形式到内容都应当和谐统一、合情合理；作品总体方面要求和谐统一，注意作品的整体美和总效果，在人物性格方面要求自相一致提出了古典主义的诗学原则：借鉴原则和合适原则17阐述了寓教于乐的艺术功用：诗人创作的目的在于“给人益处和乐趣”强调了诗人的基本修养：培养正确的判断力加强人格修养：作家首先应当有高尚的灵魂强调天才与苦练相结合端正创作态度：善于听取有益的批评，不被假意的捧场所迷惑阐述了寓教于乐的艺术功用：诗人创作的目的在于“给人益处和乐趣18GroupdiscussionProposeexamplestoillustratethetheoryofdecorumPleaseuseJaneAusten’snovelsasthecasetointerpretHorace’sliterarytheoryTakePrideandPrejudiceasthecaseWhatisyourimpressionofMr.Darcy?Readchapter10,canyoudrawanyfeaturesofdecoruminthediscourseandactionofMr.Darcy?GroupdiscussionProposeexamp19《诗艺》对后世的影响“合式”原则：中世纪神学家对现实生活的肯定，对普遍人性的肯定：文艺复兴时期的作家和评论家对理性原则的肯定：17世纪古典主义批评家和作家寓教于乐：启蒙运动《诗艺》对后世的影响“合式”原则：中世纪神学家20LonginusandhisOntheSublimeTheliterarypositionofsublimeThedefinitionofsublimethefeaturesofsublimeCasestudyLonginusandhisOntheSublim21GroupdiscussionWhatissublime?Whatelementsshouldbeinvolvedtoachievetheeffectofsublime?GroupdiscussionWhatissublim22TheliterarysituationofOntheSublimeOntheSublimeisbothatreatiseonaestheticsandaworkofliterarycriticism.Itiswritteninanepistolaryformandthefinalpart,possiblydealingwithpublicspeaking,hasbeenlost.Longinussetsoutfivesourcesofsublimity:"greatthoughts,strongemotions,certainfiguresofthoughtandspeech,noblediction,anddignifiedwordarrangement"TheliterarysituationofOnt23ThedefinitionofSublimeLonginusdefinessublimeasakindofloftinessandexcellenceinlanguageraisingthestyleoftheordinarylanguage.Sublimityspringsfromagreatandloftysoul,therebybecoming"oneechoofagreatsoul".崇高是“伟大心灵的回声”，有五个方面：庄严伟大的思想、慷慨激昂的感情、辞格的藻饰、高雅的措辞和尊严的结构

ThedefinitionofSublimeLongi24Itshouldnotonlybedistinctandexcellentincompositionbutalsomovethereadersalongwiththeeffectsofpleasureandpersuasion.Sucheffectsshouldbesubtle,flashingattherightmoment,scatteringeverythingbeforeitlikeathunderboltandatoncedisplayingthepowerofplentitude.Itshouldnotonlybedistinct25sublimeisloftyandexcellentpoeticcreationwithpowertoplease,persuadeandmovethereadersthroughtheupliftmentoftheirsouls.Sublimityisthustheaestheticupliftmentofthesoulthroughthereconciliationofthepoeticinspirationandrhetoricalmasteryofthewriters.LonginusbelievesthatsublimityisachievedbyadefthandlingofNatureandArt,whichisinborngeniusandlearnedskills.Thefivesourceshementionsforthesublimeareeitherrelatedtoauthororpoem.

sublimeisloftyandexcellent26ThefeaturesofSublimePowerofforminggreatconceptionsVehementandinspiredpassionThedueformationanduseoffiguresofspeechNobledictionDignifiedandelevatedcompositionThefeaturesofSublimePowero27PowerofforminggreatconceptionsItisconcernedwiththegrandeurofthoughtinwritersandisthefirstessentialsourceofsublime.Loftyandnaturalexpressionispossiblewhentherearenobleandloftythoughts.Suchelevatingthoughtsthatremainasthe“echoofgreatsoul"arepossiblewhentheauthorhaspowerofforminggreatconceptions.Meanandignorablethoughtscanneverenergiesaloftyutterance.孟子把他所强调的人格美称为“浩然之气”。在对个体人格的评价中，他提出善、信、美、大、圣、神六个等级，提到“充实之谓美，充实而有光辉之谓大”。他所说的“大”，比一般的美在程度上更鲜明强烈，在范围上更广阔宏伟，是一种辉煌壮观的美。

Powerofforminggreatconcept28Thegreatthoughtscomefromtheimaginationofagreatcreativegeniusandfromasoundinterpretationoftheimitationofnatureandofthegreatpredecessors.Thedetailsoftheconceptionsshouldbesochosentoformanorganicwholebeingheightenedbyamplificationofallthedetailsofagivensubjectthroughthevividuseofimageryandrhetoric.文章要靠布局才能达到高度的雄伟，正如人体要靠四肢五官的配合才能显得美。整体中任何一部分如果割裂开来孤立的看，是没有什么引人注意的，但是把所有各部分综合在一起，就形成一个完美的整体”。

朗吉弩斯把“崇高”导向的不是近代意义上的崇高，而是导向了和谐。

Thegreatthoughtscomefromt29VehementandinspiredpassionThesecondsourceofsublimeisthegenuineemotion.Theemotionshouldbestrongandnaturalexpressedinloftyandelevatedlanguagesothatitcanmovethereaderswithpleasureandpersuasion.Itshouldmatchwiththegrandeurofsubject,thoughtandloftystyle.VehementandinspiredpassionT30ThedueformationanduseoffiguresofspeechThethirdsourceofsublimeisthepoeticuseoflanguage.Theformationanduseoffiguresboosttheelevatedexpressioniftheyareproperlyused.Suchauseoffiguresshouldnotbemechanicalandforceful.Theyshouldbeusedgenuinelyandasperthedemandsofthecontextualenvironment.

Longinusdealswithsomemajorfiguresofspeech-tohim;theproperuseofrhetoricalquestionmakesanimmediateappealtotheemotions.Itisastatementinquestionformthatsuggestsitsownanswer.Theuseoffiguresmustbephysicalandintimatelyconnectedwiththoughtsandemotions.Readchapter10ofPrideandPrejudice,canyoudrawanyevidencesofthisfeatureinthediscourseandactionofMr.Darcy?Thedueformationanduseoff31NobledictionThefourthsourceofsublimeisdictionthatincludeschoiceandarrangementofwords.Longinussaysthattheuseofproperandstrikingwordsenthrall(holdattention)thehearers.Thewords,tohim,shouldbenoblecorrespondingtothesubjectmatterandemotion.Soastoimpartgrandeurandbeauty,givingbreathintodeadthings.

NobledictionThefourthsource32DignifiedandelevatedcompositionThelastsourceofsublimeisthedignifiedandelevatedarrangementofthedictionforthegrandeurofcomposition.Theverbalordershouldberhythmicandharmoniouswhichhelpspulloffpersuasionandpleasure.Suchacompositionappealstothesoulandenablesthereaderstoparticipateintheemotionsoftheauthor.Similarly,whilediscussingthesourcesoftruesublime,Longinusalsodealswiththefactorsofthefalsesublime.Tohim,thevicesofthesublimeemergeoutofthelackofpassionsincerelyandinadequacyofcommunicationcausedbyfaultytechniques.

Dignifiedandelevatedcomposi33ThefalsesublimeConceitofturgidity:Itisatypeoftimidityorbombastinguseoflanguage,whichhethinks,isdrierthandropsy.

Puerility:Theuseofpuerilityspoilsthesublimity.Itisapedantictypeofconceitaddingtoapompousandfrigidstyle.Parentheses:Itisapassionoutofplaceandmeaning,wherethereisnocauseforpassionorunrestrainedwhererestraintisneeded.Hereunrestrainedpassiondoesnotmakesublimeforthegreatnessofsoul,place,manner,occasion,andpurposesareessential.

Defectsofstyle:Thefalsesublimityevenarisesoutofthedefeatsofstyle,especiallywhensincerityissidelinedinfavorofthecrazeforfashionablestyle.Here,hesuggeststhatthesameelementsoftruesubl