考研英语真题及答案(共31年合集)1

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

In1924America，sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineersto

superviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-parts

factorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywould

learnhowstop-floorlighting1workers，productivity.Instead,

thestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect”,

theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3tobeing

experimenteduponchangedsubjects，behavior.

Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomeninthe

Hawthorneplant.Accordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourly

outputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.

Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwas

changed,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeing

experimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers'behavior

10itself.

Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometric

theanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12

thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevels

ofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.

Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybe

haveletto14interpretationofwhathapped.15,lighting

wasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output

16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17torise

forthenextcoupleofdays.18,acomparisonwithdataforweeks

whentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentupon

Monday,workers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysofthe

weekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.This

suggeststhatthealleged''Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown.

1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored

2.[A]at[B]up[C]withED]off

3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof

4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous

[D]ambiguous

5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[Caccounts

assessments

6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work

7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat

[D]solongas

8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion

9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant

10.[A]about：B]for[C]on[D]by

11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed

12.[A]contraryto[B]consistentwithLC]parallelwith

CD]peculiarto

13.[A]evidence：B]guidance[C]implication[D]source

14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable

[D]misleading

15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual

16.[A]duly-[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably

LD]suddenly

17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued

20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hitting

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts,Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40

points)

Text1

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEng1ish-1anguage

newspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemost

far-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousness

oftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereader

undertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticism

couldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumber

ofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20：，

centuryconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbooks

todayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereonce

deemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.

Weareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviews

publishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe2O'hcenturyandtheeveof

WorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylisharts

criticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichit

appeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecritics

ofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventsthey

covered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhowore

theirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,could

betrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalism

asacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress."So

fewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirown

endupinjournalism,“Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine

'journalism'as'atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenot

readtowriterswhoare.'"

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.Neville

Cardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortly

beforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessayson

thegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneof

EnglandJsforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmired

thathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin

1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooks

isnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsave

tospecialists.

IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?

Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbefore

hisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichly

upholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,the

amateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.

21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that

[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.

[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.

EC]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.

[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.

22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterized

by

[A]freethemes.

[B]casualstyle.

[C]elaboratelayout.

[D]radicalviewpoints.

23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?

[A]Itiswriters，dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.

[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.

EC]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.

[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwo

paragraphs?

[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.

[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.

25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays

[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers

EC]MournfulDeclineofJournalism

[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory

Text2

Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhat

arecalledbusinessmethods.Amazon,comreceivedoneforits"one-click”

onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanasset

allocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.

Nowthenation，stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscale

backonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialever

sincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathas

intellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthe

federalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroad

reviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBi1ski,asthecaseisknown,

is〃averybigdeal”,saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouri

Schooloflaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassof

patents.zz

Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,

becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatents

withis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approving

apatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproduced

anexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerging

internetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypes

ofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoadd

suchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivals

thatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfiling

thatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespite

thefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,

someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsfor

financialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposing

thepractice.

TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedging

riskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorder

statingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt，sjudges,

ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantsto

evaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsstatestreetBankruling.

TheFederalCircuit，sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecent

decisionsbythesupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotections

forpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthat

toomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious.

ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare''reactingtotheanti-patenttrend

attheSupremeCourt”,saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyand

professoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.

26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof

[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness

[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation

[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting

[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization

27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions

[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction

[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit

[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.

28.Theword"about-face”(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans

[A]lossofgoodwill

[B]increaseofhostility

[C]changeofattitude

[D]enhancementofdignity

29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents

[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges

[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued

[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders

[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks

30.Whichofthefollowingwou1dbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents

[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders

[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents

[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents

Text3

InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwel1arguesthatsocial

epidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityof

specialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusually

informed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitively

compelling,butitdoesn，texplainhowideasactuallyspread.

Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible

soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"twostepflowof

communication'':Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsand

fromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflow

becauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencethe

influentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.

Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularity

ofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursory

searchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,

promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.

Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonly

certainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends

Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwith

thefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemics

thanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon，tseemtoberequiredof

all.

Theresearchers，argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocial

influence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey

—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,not

interpersonal,influence-eventhemostinfluentialmembersofa

populationsimplydon，tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitis

preciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothe

two-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsby

influencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemic

tooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisor

herownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;and

justhowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittle

todowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwo

degreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,for

examplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethe

cascadeofchangewon，tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.

BuiIdingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,the

researchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumber

ofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariables

relatingtopeople，sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencyto

beinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhat

wecall"globalcascades"-thewidespreadpropagationofinfluence

throughnetworks-isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,

ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,say,

alookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.

Regardlessofhowinfluentialanindividualislocally,heorshecan

exertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscriticalmassisavailableto

propagateachainreaction.

31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto

[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics

[B]discussinfluentialsJfunctioninspreadingideas

[C]exemplifypeople，sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics

[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.

32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe，ztwo-step-flowtheory”

[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems

[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends

[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials

[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity

33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat

[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions

[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia

[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic

[D]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention

34.Theunderlinedphrase"thesepeople"inparagraph4referstothe

oneswho

[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence

[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence

EC]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers

[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential

35.whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?

[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted

[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers

[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced

[D]Theinclinationtorelyonothers

Text4

Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.

Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:the

accountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforced

themtoreportenormouslosses,andit'sjustnotfair.Theserulessay

theymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,not

thepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.

Unfortunately,banks，lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetails

maybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essential

totheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,

unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,reviving

thebankingsystemwillbedifficult.

AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancial

AccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.These

gavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmore

flexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincome

statement.BobHerz,theFASB，schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho

,"questionourmotives.Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhat

onelobbygrouppolitelycalls〃theuseofjudgmentbymanagement.z/

EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternational

AccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)do1ikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnot

wanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenit

completesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.Charlie

McCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid"notlive

inapoliticalvacuum"but〃intherealword"andthatEuropecouldyet

developdifferentrules.

Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastly

overvaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,

becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,not

thelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.

Butbank，ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestors

areskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbanks

whichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctant

tobuyallthosesupposedbargains.

Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealt

with.America，snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanks

markassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarkets

requireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBand

IASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsand

pensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.Butby

givingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemore

concessions.

36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto

[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules

[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties

[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers

[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.

37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresult

in

[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement

[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem

[C]thebanks，long-termassetlosses

[D]theweakeningofitsindependence

38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB，sattemptto

[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.

[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.

[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.

[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.

39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere〃onthewrongplanet〃inthatthey

[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators

[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets

[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.

[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.

40.Theauthor，sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof

[A]satisfaction.

[B]skepticism.

[C]objectiveness

[D]sympathy

PartB

Directions:

ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelist

A-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.

ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoes

notfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer，sgrowingpreference

foreatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthan

homeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to

35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.This

developmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegment

by4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretail

demandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,

peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheir

purseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.

[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope，slargestmarketsare

atastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryfor

opportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytried

e-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostall

haveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:the

wholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindof

marketretailersneed.

[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverall

structureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioning

ofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.

Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseller,todecide

whattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedby

anever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,

regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.

[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbig

retailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirscale,existinginfrastructure

andprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,and

marketingintelligence.Retailersthatmastertheintricaciesof

wholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofits

thereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspection

revealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,

especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswell

asthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.Big

retailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythe

segmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilities

mightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsand

unfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.

[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountries

thathavebeencloselyexamined-France,Germany,Italy,andSpain-

aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwo

sources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelarge

retailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfood

serviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon，teatathome.

Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolarge

institutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknown

inthetradeas"horeca〃：hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,

Europe，swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesame

sluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,

masktwoopposingtrends.

[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billion

inFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000-more

than40percentofretailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsare

higherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefood

servicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;

andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryare

atlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate.

[G]However,noneoftheserequirements