英国文学史复习资料、《英美文学史及作品选读》复习资料合并版

PAGEPAGE4英国文学史资料BritishWritersandWorks=1\*ROMANI.OldEnglishLiterature&TheLateMedievalAges<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-SaxonsEpic:longnarrativepoemsthatrecordtheadventuresorheroicdeedsofaheroenactedinvastlandscapes.Thestyleofepicisgrandandelevated.e.g.Homer’sIliadandOdysseyArtisticfeatures:UsingalliterationDefinitionofalliteration:arhetoricaldevice,meaningsomewordsinasentencebeginwiththesameconsonantsound（头韵）

SomeexamplesonP5UsingmetaphorandunderstatementDefinitionofunderstatement:expressingsomethinginacontrolledwayUnderstatementisatypicalwayforEnglishmentoexpresstheirideasGeofferyChaucer杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（JohnDryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.Itis____alonewho,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,presentedtousacomprehensive(综合的，广泛的)realisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife.(A)A.GeoffreyChaucerB.MatinLutherC.WilliamLanglandD.JohnGowerwritingstyle:wisdom,humor,humanity.=1\*GB3①<TheCanterburyTales>坎特伯雷故事集：firsttimetouse‘heroiccouplet’(双韵体)bymiddleEnglish=2\*GB3②<TroilusandCriseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③<TheHouseofFame>声誉之宫MedievalAges’popularLiteraryform:Romance(传奇故事)Famousthree：KingArthurSirGawainandtheGreenKnightBeowulf=2\*ROMANIITheRenaissancePeriodAperiodofdramaandpoetry.TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.Renaissance:theactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevivalofart,literature,andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcentury,markingthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.ThreehistoricaleventsoftheRenaissance–rebirthorrevival:newdiscoveriesingeographyandastrologythereligiousreformationandeconomicexpansionrediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekcultureThemostfamousdramatists:ChristopherMarloweWilliamShakespeareBenJohnson.EdmundSpenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。）Thepoets’poet.ThefirsttobeburiedinthePoet’scornerofWesterminsterAbbey12.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisnotthereasonforthatEdmundSpenserisfamousfor“thepoet’spoet”?(B)A.Spenser’sidealismB.hisstruggleforcriteriaC.hisloveofbeautyD.hisexquisitemelody

=1\*GB3①

<TheFaerieQueene>仙后(forQueenElizabeth)Thethemeisnot“Armsandtheman”,butsomethingmoreromantic“Fiercewarsandfaithfullloves”.Artisticfeatures:UsingSpenserianStanzaDefinitionofSpenserianStanza:astanzaofninelinesababbcbcc.Eightlinesiniambicpentameter,andlastlineiniambichexameter.=2\*GB3②<TheShepherdsCalendar>牧人日历ThethemeistolamentoverthelossofRosalind.③<Amoretti>爱情小唱2.

ThomasMore托马斯•莫尔1478~1535OneofthegreatestEnglishhumanists=1\*GB3①<Utopia>乌托邦3.

FrancisBacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）Philosopher,scientist,laythefoundationformodernscience.ThefirstEnglishessayist.Writingstyle:brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandphilosophytoman’sreason.=1\*GB3①<TheAdvancementofLearning>学术的推进=2\*GB3②<Essays>随笔(famousquotas:<Ofstudies>)ThethemeofOfStudies:usesandbenefitsofstudyanddifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies.4.

BenJonson=1\*GB3①<ComedyofHumours>=2\*GB3②<Volpone,orthefox>狐狸（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家amastersatirist。）

=1\*GB3①<Gulliver’sTravels>格列佛游记(fictionalwork)Fourparts:Lilliput小人国Brobdingnag大人国FlyingIsland飞岛Houyhnhnm马岛<AModestProposal>一个小小的建议=2\*GB3②<TheBattleofBooks>书战=3\*GB3③<ATaleofaTub>木桶的故事④<TheDrapper’sLetters>一个麻布商的书信4.DanielDefoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）Heisthefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular,andheisthefounderofrealisticnovel.=1\*GB3①<RobinsonCrusoe>鲁宾逊漂流记ItpraisethefortitudeofthehumanlaborandthePuritan.Robinsongrewfromanaiveandartlessyouthintoashrewdandhardenedman,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.Itisanadventurestory,Robinson,narrateshowhegoestosea,getsshipwreckedandmaroonedonalonelyisland,strugglestolivefor24-yearsthereandfinallygetsrelievedandreturnstoEngland.=2\*GB3②<MollFlanders>=3\*GB3③<ColonelJacque>④<Captainsingleton>5.HenryFielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”。）Heiscalled“FatherofEnglishnovel”.Hewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”(散文体史诗),andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.=1\*GB3①novels:<TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling>弃婴汤姆•琼斯<TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrews>约瑟夫•安德鲁<TheLifeofMrJonathanWild,theGreat>大诗人江奈生•威尔德<Amelia>爱米利亚=2\*GB3②plays:<TheHistoricalRegisterfor1736>一七三六年历史记事<DonQuixoteinEngland>堂吉柯德在英国6.OliverGoldsmith奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯1730~1774=1\*GB3①poems:

<TheTraveller>旅游人

<TheDesertedVillage>荒村=2\*GB3②novel:

<TheVicarofWakefield>威克菲尔德牧师传7.

RichardBrinsleySheridan理查德•布林斯利•施莱登1751~1816=1\*GB3①<TheRivals>情敌=2\*GB3②<TheSchoolforScandal>造谣学校8.WilliamBlake威廉•布莱克1757~1827=1\*GB3①<SongsofInnocence>天真之歌Ahappyandinnocentworldfromchildren’seye.=2\*GB3②<SongsofExperience>经验之歌Awordofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytonefrommeneyes.Include:

<TheChimneySweeper><London><TheTyger>LambisasymbolofpeaceandpurityTygerisasymbolofdreadandoiolence=3\*GB3③

<TheMarriageofHeavenandHell>天堂与地狱的婚姻9.RobertBurns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796ThegreatestScottishpoetinthelate18thcentury.PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗①<JohnAnderson,MyJo>约翰•安德生，我的爱人②<ARed,RedRose>一朵红红的玫瑰③<AuldLongSyne>往昔时光④<AMan’saManforA’That>不管那一套⑤<MyHeart’sintheHighlands>我的心在那高原上⑥<BruceAtBannockburn>⑦<TheTreeOfLiberty>=5\*ROMANVTheRomanticPeriodTheromanticperiodbeganin1798thepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’s<LyricalBallads>,andendin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeath.Romanticism:Itemphasizethespecialqualitieofeachindividual’smind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)Init,emotionoverreason,spontaneousemotion,achangefromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,imagination,nature,commonplace.TwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic).“TheLakePoets”湖畔诗人，wholivedinthelakedistrict.WilliamWordsworth;SaamuelTylorColeridge;RobertSouthey1.WilliamWordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。TheLakePoets）①<LyricalBallads>抒情歌谣集(withSamuelTaylorColeridge)②<IWonderedLonelyAsACloud>Theme:1.Natureembodieshumanbeingsintheirdiversecircumstance.Itisnaturethatgivehim“strengthandknowledgefullofpeace”2.Itisblisstorecolledthebeautyofnatureinpoetmindwhileheisinsolitude.Comment:Thepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthebeautifulsights.Inthepoemonthebeautyofnature,thereaderispresentedavividpictureoflivelyandlovelydaffodils(水仙)andpoet’sphilosophicalideasandmysticalthoughts.③LinesComposedAFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey④TheSolitaryReaper孤独的割麦女②<ThePrelude>序曲2.

SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834

TheLakePoets①<TheRimeoftheAncientMariner>古舟子颂②<Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔③<KublaKhan>忽必烈汗Artisticfeatures:mysticism,demonismwithstrongimagination,astrangeterritory④<FrostatNight>半夜冰霜⑤<Dejection,anOde>忧郁颂⑥<LyricalBallads>抒情歌谣集(withWilliamWordsworth)3.

GeorgeGordonByron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824（拜伦式英雄Byronicheroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）“Byronichero”isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin,againsttyrannicalrulesormoralprinciples.=1\*GB3①<DonJuan>唐•璜<ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage>恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记<Cain>该隐 =2\*GB3②<WhenWeTwoParted>当初我们俩分别<SheWalksInBeauty>4.

PersyByssheShelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822=1\*GB3①PoeticDrama：<PrometheusUnbound>解放了的普罗米修斯Theme:thedramacelebraiesman’svictoryovertyrannyandoppression=2\*GB3②<QueenMab>麦布女王<RevoltofIslam>伊斯兰的反叛<TheCenci>钦契一家<ADefenceofPoetry>诗辩<TheNecessityofAtheism>无神论的必要性③Lyrics:<OdetotheWestWind>西风颂Theme:Theauthorexpresshiseagernesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromthereality.Comparethewestwindtodestroyeroftheoldwhodrivesthelastsignsoflifefromthetrees,andpreserverofthenewwhoscattertheseadsshichsillcometolifeinthespring.Thisisapoemaboutrenewal,aboutthewindblowinglifebackintodeadthings,implyingnotjustanarcoflife(whichwouldendatdeath)butacycle,whichonlystartsagainwhensomethingdies.Comment:PercyByssheShelley's"OdetotheWestWind"iswritteniniambicpentameter.Itcontainsfivesonnetlengthstanzas,eachwithaclosingcouplet.Therhymingschemeformisababcbcdcdedee.Thetoneispoignant.Manywillagreethatthispoemisaninvocationforanunseenforcetotakecontrolandrevivelife.Artisticfeatures:Usingrerzarima(三行诗ababcbcdcdedefe…)<ToaSkylark>致云雀

5.

JohnKeats约翰•济慈1795~1821(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。)

=1\*GB3①Fourgreatodes:<OdeonaGrecianUrn>希腊古瓮颂<OdetoaNightingale>夜莺颂<OdetoPsyche>心灵颂<OdeOnMelancholy>忧郁颂=2\*GB3②<ToAutumn>秋颂Theme:ThethemeofJohnKeats'poem,"ToAutumn",isthatchangeisbothnaturalandbeautiful.Thepoempraisesthegloriesofthefallseasonbyusingalmosteverytypeofimagerytobothcharmandappealtothereader.Comment:Thespeakerinthepoemacknowledgesthattimepassesby,butalsoassertsthatthischangeusuallyyieldssomethingnewandbetterthanwhatcamebefore.Eachofthepoem'sthreestanzasrepresentstheevolvingoftwodifferenttypesofchange.Onetypeofchangeshowninthepoemisthechangeofperiodsinaday.6.

JaneAusten简•奥斯丁1775~1817Shecomparedherworkstoafineengravinguponaliterarypieceofivoryonlyinchessquire.=1\*GB3①<SenseandSensibility>理智与感情<PrideandPrejudic>傲慢与偏见(chapterI)【ElizabethBennet&Darcy】intheendfalseprideishumbledandprejudicedissolved【Collins&CharlotteLucas】seetherealityofmarriageasanecessarystepifawomanistoavoidthewretchednessofagingspinsterhood【Lydia&Wickham】shownthedangersoffecklessrelationshipsunsupportedbymoney.【Mr.&Mrs.Bennet,Mr.Collins,LadyCatherinedeBurgh】comiccharacters<MansfieldPark>曼斯菲尔德庄园<Emma>爱玛<NorthangerAbbey>诺桑觉寺<Persuasion>劝导7.WalterScott沃尔特•斯科特1771~1832(历史小说之父”)Fatherofhistorynovels=1\*GB3①<RobRoy>罗伯•罗伊=2\*GB3②<Ivanhoe>艾凡赫

=6\*ROMANVITheVictorianPeriod1832-1900Commonsenseandmoralpropreity,againbecamethepredominantpreoccupation.Criticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleandeverydayevents.1.

CharlesDickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812~1870（批判现实主义小说家）criticalrealistwriter①<ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub>匹克威克外传②<OliverTwist>奥利弗•特维斯特（雾都孤儿）③<TheOldCuriosityShop>老古玩店④

<AChristmasCarol>圣诞颂歌⑤<DombeyandSon>董贝父子⑥

<DavidCopperfield>大卫•科波菲尔⑦<BleakHouse>荒凉山庄<HardTimes>艰难时世⑧<ATaleofTwoCities>双城记(London&Paris)⑨<GreatExpectations>远大前程⑩<OurMutualFriend>我们共同的朋友

是英国19世纪小说繁荣时期最杰出的代表作家，影响遍及欧美以及世界各国。他那富有社会批判意义的现实主义小说不仅使英国文坛焕然一新，而且对世界文学的发展也产生了深远的影响。2.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray威廉•麦克匹斯•萨克雷1811~1863①<VanityFair>oraNovelwithoutaHero名利场(thenameisanexcerptfrom<ThePilgrim’sProgress>byJohnBunyan)②<TheBookOfSnobs>

3.CharlotteBronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855①<JaneEyre>简•爱JaneEyre,aplainlittleorphan,wassenttoLowood,acharityschool.Thereshesufferalotand8yearslatersheleftschoolandbecameabovernessatThornfieldHall.Thereshefallsinlovewiththemaster,Mr.Rochester.Itisnotedforitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsociety,e.g.charityinstitutionsuchasLowoodSchoolItisasuccessfulintroductiontothefirstgovernessheoineintheEnglishnovel,whomrepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenstrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrightsandequalityasahumanbeing.②<Shirley>雪莉③<Professor>教师

4.

EmilyBronte艾米莉•勃朗特1818~1854①<WutheringHeights>呼啸山庄Astoryabouttwofamilieandanintrudingstranger.【TheEarnshawFamily】Mr.Earnshaw,hiswife,thesonHindley,thedaughterCatherine,Heathcliff【TheLintonFamily】Mr.Linton,hiswife,sonEdgar,daughterIsabella②<OldStoic>5.GeorgeEliot乔治•艾略特1819~1880①<TheMillontheFloss>弗洛斯河上的磨坊②<AdamBede>亚当•比德③<SilasMarner>织工马南④

<Middlemarch>米德尔马契6.AlfredTennyson阿尔弗莱德•丁尼生1809~1892（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）PoetLaureate（桂冠诗人）①<InMemoriam>悼念Tomemorializehisfriend②<Break,Break,Break>③<IdyllsoftheKing>国王叙事诗7.

RobertBrowning罗伯特•白朗宁1812~1889

①<MyLastDutchess>我已故的公爵夫人②<HomeThoughtsFromAbroad>海外乡思ElizabethBarrettBrowing:①<SonnetfromthePortuguese>葡萄牙十四行诗8.RobertLouisStevenson①<TreasureIsland>金银岛9.ThomasHardy托马斯•哈代1840~1928（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessexnovels;novelsofcharacterandenvironment）

=1\*GB2⑴Novels①<TessOfTheD’Urbervilles>德伯家的苔丝Theme:experienceisastointensity,andnotastoduration②<JudeTheObscure>无名的裘德③<UnderTheGreenwoodTree>绿荫下④

<FarFromTheMaddingCrowd>远离尘嚣⑤<TheMayorOfCasterbridge>卡斯特桥市长⑥

<TheReturnoftheNative>还乡=2\*GB2⑵

PoemsWessexPoemsAndOtherVersesPoemsOfThePastAndPresentTheDynasts列国=7\*ROMANVII1900~1950The20thCenturyPlaywrights=1\*GB3①OscarWilde=2\*GB3②GeorgeBernardShaw1.OscarWilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900

（TheAestheticMovement:ArtforArt’sSake）

=1\*GB3①4Comedies:<TheImportanceOfBeingEarnest>认真的重要<LadyWindermere’sFan>温德米尔夫人的扇子

<AWomanOfNoImportance>一个无足轻重的女人<AnIdealHusband>理想的丈夫=2\*GB3②Novel:<ThePictureOfDorianGray>多利安•格雷的画像=3\*GB3③FairyStories:<TheHappyPrinceAndOtherTales>快乐王子故事集2.GeorgeBernardShaw乔治•伯纳•萧1856~1950(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）criticalrealisticdramatist

=1\*GB2⑴Plays=1\*GB3①PlaysUnpleasant<MrsWarren’SProfession>华伦夫人的职业<Widowers’Houses>鳏夫的房产=2\*GB3②PlaysPleasant<ArmsAndMan>武器与人<TheManOfDestiny>左右命运的人③Plays<ManAndSuperman>人与超人<Pygmalion>匹格玛利翁<TheAppleCart>苹果车<SaintJoan>圣女贞德Novelists(Realists)1.JosephConcrad=1\*GB3①<LordJim>吉姆爷=2\*GB3②<HeartOfDarkness>黑暗的心1.Whythebook’stitleisHeartofDarkness?ThestoryhappenedinCongo,theheartofAfrica,andthecolorofpeople’sskininthereisblack.Mostimportantpointaboutthetitleistotheevilinhumans’heart.2.Whatisthesymbolismofblackandwhite【Black/dark-】death,evil,ignorance,mystery,savagery,uncivilizedMiddleAges,whenscienceandknowledgewassuppressed,astheDarkAges.AccordingtoChristianity,inthebeginningoftimeallwasdarkandGodcreatedlight.AccordingtoHeartofDarkness,beforetheRomanscame,Englandwasdark.Inthesameway,Africawasconsideredtobeinthe“darkstage”.【White/light】life,goodness,enlightenment,civilized,religion.Yet,inConcrad,theusualpatternisreverseanddarknessmeanstruth(Thetruthwithin,thereforedarkandobscure.),whitenessmeansfalsehood.ThiscontrasttellsapoliticaltruthaboutcolonialismintheCongo.ThecontrastalsosuggestsapsychologicaltruthaboutMarlowandtheEuropeansmind.Whitealsosuggestsanynumberofunpleasantmoraltruths.Thetradeinivoryiswhiteanddirty.Kurtzthewhitemanistotallycorrupt3.CommentThebookimpliesthatcivilizationsarecreatedbythelawsandcodesthatencouragementoachievehigherstandards.Thelawactsasabuffertopreventmenfromrevertingbacktotheirdarkertendencies.Civilization,however,mustbelearned.Londonitself,inthebookasymbolofenlightenment,wasonce"oneofthedarkerplacesoftheearth"beforetheRomansforcedcivilizationupontheBritons.Butcivilizedsocietydoesnotgetridofprimevalsavagetendencieswhichlurkinthebackground.ThissavageryisseeninKurtz.MarlowmeetsKurtzandhefindsamanthathastotallythrownofftherestraintofcivilizationandhasde-evolvedintoaprimitivestate.4.Character【Kurtz】representswhateverymanwillbecomeiflefttohisownintrinsicdesireswithoutaprotective,civilizedenvironment.【Marlow】representsthecivilizedsoulthathasnotbeendrawnbackintosavagerybyadark,alienatingjungle.5.NarrativeStructureInHeartofDarkness,wehaveanoutsidenarratortellingusastoryhehasheardfromMarlow.ThestoryMarlowtellscentersaroundKurtz.However,mostofwhatMarlowknowsaboutKurtz,hehaslearnedfromothers.TheyhavegoodreasonfornotbeingtruthfultoMarlow.ThereforeMarlowhastopiecetogethermuchofKurtz’sstory.2.WilliamSomersetMaugham<OfHumanBondage>人性的枷锁3.EdwardMorganFoster(E.M.Foster)<APassageToIndia>印度之行<HawardsEnd>霍华兹别墅

Modernists=1\*GB2⑴3Novelists=1\*GB3①JamesJoyce=2\*GB3②DavidHerbertLawrence=3\*GB3③VirgirniaWoolf

1.DavidHerbertLawrence戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯1885~1930①<SonsAndLovers>儿子与情人(autobiographical)【Mrs.Morel】,daughterofamiddle-classfamily,is"awomanofcharacterandrefinement",astrong-willed,intelligentandambitiouswomanwhoisfascinatedbyawarm,vigorousandsensuouscoalminer,WalterMorel,andmarriedbeneathherownclass.Then,shewasdespondedatherhusbandandputherlovetohersons.Shehopesthattheywillbecomeoutstanding【PaulMorel】dependsheavilyonhismother’sloveandhelptomakesenseoftheworldaroundhim.Hestruggletofreefromhismother’sinfluence,buthefailed.Afterhismotherhasdiedandheisleftalone,indespair.Theme:Lawrencewasoneofthefirstnoveliststointroducethemesofpsychologyintohisworks.Hebelievedthatthehealthywayoftheindividual’spsychologicaldevelopmentlayintheprimacyofthelifeimplulse,orinanotherterm,thesexualimpulse.huamansexualitywas,toLawrence,asymboloflifeforce.bypresentingthepsychologicalexperienceofindivudualhumanlifeandofhumanrelationships,LawrencehasopenedupawidenewterritorytothenovelOedipusComplexisathematicfeatureofD.H.Lawrence’sSonsandLovers②<TheRainbow>虹③<WomenInLove>恋爱中的女人④

<LadyChatterley’sLover>查特莱夫人的情人2.JamesJoyce詹姆斯•乔伊斯1882~1941（爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness<Ulysses>尤利西斯(S_O_C)<APortraitOfTheArtistAsAYoungMan>一个青年艺术家的肖像<FinnegansWake>芬尼根的苏醒<Dubliners>都柏林人

3.VirginiaWoolf弗吉尼娅•沃尔芙1882~1941（意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness=1\*GB3①Novels<MrsDalloway>达洛维夫人<ToTheLighthouse>到灯塔去<TheWaves>浪<TheLighthouse><Jacob’sRoom>雅各布的房间<Orlando>奥兰朵<BetweenTheActs>幕间=2\*GB2⑵2Poets=1\*GB3①W.B.Yeats(WilliamButlerYeats)=2\*GB3②T.S.Eliot(ThomasSternsEliot)1.WilliamButlerYeats威廉•勃特勒•叶茨1865~1939（爱尔兰诗人，剧作家；TheIrishnationalistmovement爱尔兰独立运动；TheIrishLiteraryRevival爱尔兰文艺复兴；TheIrishLiteraryTheater,ortheAbbeyTheater爱尔兰民族剧团）=1\*GB2⑴collections=1\*GB3①<TheWindAmongTheReeds>苇风<Responsibilities>责任=2\*GB3②<TheTower>塔<TheWindingStair>旋转的楼梯=2\*GB2⑵Poems<Easter1916>复活节，1916<TheSecondComing>第二次来临/再世<SailingToByzantium>到拜占庭航行2.ThomasSternsEliot（诗人，剧作家，批评家）=1\*GB2⑴Poems=1\*GB3①<TheWasteLand>=2\*GB3②<FourQuartets>四个四重奏③<TheLoveSongOfJ.AlfredPrufrock>=2\*GB2⑵Plays=1\*GB3①<MurderInTheCathedral>大教堂谋杀案10对外《英美文学史及作品选读》期末考试复习材料一、名词解释1.

Enlightenment:

With

the

advent

of

the

18th

century,

in

England,

as

in

other

European

countries,

there

sprang

into

life

a

public

movement

known

as

the

Enlightenment.

The

Enlightenment

on

the

whole,

was

an

expression

of

struggle

of

the

then

progressive

class

of

bourgeois

against

feudalism.

They

fought

against

inequality,

stagnation,

prejudices

and

other

survivals

of

feudalism.

They

attempted

to

place

all

branches

of

science

at

the

service

of

mankind

by

connecting

them

with

the

actual

deeds

and

requirements

of

the

people.（启蒙运动）

2.

Ode:

A

complex

and

often

lengthy

lyric

poem,

written

in

a

dignified

formal

style

on

some

lofty

or

serious

subject.

Odes

are

often

written

for

a

special

occasion,

to

honor

a

person

or

a

season

or

to

commemorate

an

event.（赋；颂歌；颂诗）

3.

Romanticism:

A

movement

that

flourished

in

literature,

philosophy,

music,

and

art

in

Western

culture

during

most

of

the

19th

century,

beginning

as

a

revolt

against

classicism.（浪漫主义）

4.

Epic:

A

long

narrative

poem

telling

about

the

deeds

of

a

great

hero

and

reflecting

the

values

of

the

society

from

which

it

originated.

Many

epics

were

drawn

from

an

oral

tradition

and

were

transmitted

by

song

and

recitation

before

they

were

written

down.（史诗）

5.

Romance:

Any

imagination

literature

that

is

set

in

an

idealized

world

and

that

deals

with

a

heroic

adventures

and

battles

between

good

characters

and

villains

or

monsters.（冒险故事；传奇）

6.

Sonnet:

A

fourteen-line

lyric

poem,

usually

written

in

rhymed

iambic

pentameter.

A

sonnet

generally

expresses

a

single

theme

or

idea.（十四行诗）7.

Iambic

pentameter:

A

poetic

line

consisting

of

five

verse

feet,

with

each

foot

an

iamb—that

is,

an

unstressed

syllable

followed

by

a

stressed

syllable.

Iambic

pentameter

is

the

most

common

verse

line

in

English

poetry.（抑扬格五音步）8.

Couplet:

Two

consecutive

lines

of

poetry

that

rhyme.

A

heroic

couplet

is

an

iambic

pentameter

couplet.（两行诗；对句）9.

Conceit:

A

kind

of

metaphor

that

makes

a

comparison

between

two

startlingly

different

things.

A

conceit

may

be

a

brief

metaphor,

but

it

usually

provides

the

framework

for

an

entire

poem.

An

especially

unusual

and

intellectual

kind

of

conceit

is

the

metaphysical

conceit.（奇喻）10.

Alliteration:

The

repetition

of

the

initial

consonant

sounds

in

poetry.（头韵）二、考试大纲PartITheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(449—1066)1.LiteraturecharacteristicsLiterarydivisions:pagan&Christian2.RepresentativeachievementofAnglo-Saxonperiod—TheSongofBeowulf(了解Beowulf的文学地位，主题，故事梗概等内容。)（1）Literaryposition:①anationalepicoftheEnglishpeople.②ThefirstmajorpoeminaEuropeanvernacularlanguage;（2）MajorThemes：①Goodnessconquersevil.②Menagainstnature③Tojudgethegreatnessofahumanbeingbythegreatnessofhisdeedsandhisnobleancestry.④Helpyourneighbor.⑤Forcesofalwaysatworkinsociety.（3）故事内容：第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王宏伟的宫殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格兰戴每晚出没捉食霍格的战士。此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访，协助除害。国王当晚设宴款待，孰料妖怪格兰戴又复出现，捉食一名济兹战士，贝奥武夫与之格斗，贝奥武夫扭断其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重伤致死。第二天晚上，格兰戴的母亲前来为其子复仇，其后贝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中杀死。第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国，被拥为王，前后五十年，举国大治。最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年，杀一喷火巨龙，但其个人亦因而身受重创，终於身死。诗末叙其葬礼，并有挽歌。3.definetheterms:epic,alliterationPartIITheAnglo-NormanPeriod1.了解中世纪文学特点：传奇文学（romance）特点及其题材（1）Specialfeaturesofromance：A).Tosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeedsinverseorprose.B).Motifsofthequest,challenge,test,andmeetingwiththeevilgiant.C).Theheroistheknight,settingoutonajourneytoaccomplishsomegoal--toprotectthechurchandthepoor,toattackinfidelity,torescueamaiden,tomeetachallenge,ortoobeyaknightlycommand.D).Mysteriesandfantasies(improbable,supernatural)E).RomanticloveF).StandardizedcharacterizationHeroes,heroinesandwickedstewardscanbeeasilymovedfromoneromancetoanother.G).LooseandepisodicstructureH).Thelanguageandstylearesimpleandstraightforward.I).Theromancereflectsachivalricage.（2）Thethreemajorsubjects:A.TheMatterofFrance(aboutCharlemagneandhispeers)B.TheMatterofGreece&Rome(storiesabouttheancientRomans,andtheGreeks)C.TheMatterofBritain(aboutKingArthurandhisround-tableknights2.了解SirGawainandtheGreenKnight的故事梗概、写作特点、主题。（1）《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》故事梗概：某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。一位绿衣骑士前来向圆桌骑士挑战：有谁敢当场砍下他的头，并让他一年后回敬一斧。高文接受挑战，砍下了绿衣骑士的头。那具依然活着的躯体捡起头颅，回到绿色的教堂。一年以后，高文践约去寻找绿衣骑士，来到一座城堡。城堡女主人趁丈夫外出狩猎耍尽花招引诱高文；高文不为所动。最后高文在向导的陪同下离开城堡前往绿色教堂。绿衣骑士原来就是城堡的男主人，他举斧向高文进攻三次，前两次落空，第三次在他的脖子上划出轻伤。绿衣骑士向他解释：落空的两斧是对他两次不受女主人诱惑并如实交换所得之物的回报，第三斧则是对高文隐瞒女主人送他腰带的惩罚。高文辞别绿衣骑士返回亚瑟王的宫廷，将自己的历险告诉众人，骑士们一致认为他为圆桌骑士争了光。那根女主人送他的腰带成了纯洁的道德的象征。（2）写作特点：故事的结构极为完整而集中，形成一个有机整体。第三部分故事双管齐下，有条不紊，而不显重复。作者善于运用悬念，善于烘托气氛，尤其是四季的景色、宫廷的华丽、奇异的冒险,富于浪漫主义色彩。对话流畅自然,尤其高文与城堡主妇的对话，有攻有守，十分生动。从结构、叙事、心理描写、对话等方面看，已有点象近代小说。从诗歌形式讲，它和《珍珠篇》等诗有异曲同工之妙,全诗共分101段,每段20、30行不等，都是双声体,但每段结尾都有“轮”，指用两个音节作一行打住，下面是四短行押韵诗，非常工整。（3）Majorthemes：A.Naturevs.humansocietyB.ThefutilityofhumanconstructionsC.TheviabilityofchivalricvaluesD.ThefallofmanandlossofinnocenceE.FaithinGodF.CelticPaganSourcesandChristianoverlay3.definetheterm:romancePartIIIGeoffreyChaucer1.了解Chaucer文学地位、文学贡献，掌握其写作特点及代表作。（1）乔叟地位与贡献：①founderofEnglishpoetry.②founderofEnglishrealism.③thefirstgreatpoetwritingintheEnglishlanguage.④introduced(fromFrance)therhymedstanzaofvarioustypesesp.therhymedcoupletof5accentsiniambicmeter(heroiccouplet)insteadoftheoldalliterativeverse.（五音步抑扬格的双行押韵体;英雄双韵体）⑤establishedEnglishastheliterarylanguageofthecountry.⑥madethedialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglishspeech.（2）ArtisticFeatures：①MessengerofHumanismAffirmman'srighttopursueearthlyhappinessPraiseman'senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflifeExposeandsatirizethesocialvices,includingreligiousabuses②ThefirstimportantrealisticwriterPresentacomprehensiverealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyCreateawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeExplorethethemeoftheindividual'srelationtothesociety ③“Father”ofEnglishpoetryIntroducetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetry(e.g.heroiccouplet)DevelophisartofpoetryMasteroftheEnglishlanguage（3）代表作TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》、BookoftheDuchess《公爵夫人之书》、TheHouseofFame《声誉之宫》2.掌握TheCanterburyTales的故事梗概、写作特点、主题。熟悉、掌握并学会分析GeneralPrologue的内容及结构特点。（1）故事梗概：叙述朝圣者一行30人会聚在泰巴旅店，这些朝圣者有骑士、僧尼、商人、手工艺者、医生、律师、学者、农夫、家庭主妇等当时英国社会各个阶层的人士，他们准备前往坎特伯雷去朝拜圣托马斯。店主爱热闹，自告奋勇为他们担任向导，并提议在往返圣地的途中每人来回讲两个故事，以解旅途中的寂寥，并由店主做裁判，选出讲故事最好的人，回到旅店后大家合起来请他吃饭。众人接受了店主的建议，于是次日一同踏上朝圣之途，并开始讲故事。（2）features:①Alltalesbuttwoarewritteninverse(poetry);②Connectedintwoways:thehost’scriticizing;intimateconnectionbetweenthetalesandthePrologue.③inordertogetabetterunderstandingofeachtale,readershavetoread