托福独立写作开头段写法课件

独立写作开头段的写法Adrian独立写作开头段的写法Adrian1StructureMainIdeaReasonIReasonIIConclusionStructureMainIdeaReasonIReas2RequirementOG:Score5Anessayatthislevellargelyaccomplishesallofthefollowing:Effectivelyaddressthetopicandtask.Iswellorganizedandwelldeveloped,usingclearlyappropriateexplanations,exemplifications,and/ordetails.Displaysunity,progression,andcoherence.Displaysconsistentfacilityintheuseoflanguage,demonstratingsyntacticvariety,appropriatewordchoice,andidiomatically,thoughitmayhaveminorlexicalorgrammaticalerrors.RequirementOG:3How？Effectivelyaddressthetopicandtask.有效地阐明话题.Letpeopleknowwhatthetopicis.Showyourpersonalopiniononthetopic.Thedetailsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.How？Effectivelyaddresstheto4

ParagraphIParaphrasetheargument改述原题MainIdea发表自己的观点AdverbialofCause用一个原因状语简短地提及论据

ParagraphI5a.WhatthetopicisDisplaysconsistentfacilityintheuseoflanguage,demonstratingsyntacticvariety,appropriatewordchoice.topic一般就在题目中； 为体现句法的多样性和用词的准确性，不能照抄原题；需要对原题进行恰当而准确地改述，即paraphrase.Whatisparaphrase？Aparaphraseofsomethingwrittenorspokenisthesamethingexpressedinadifferentway.——《柯林斯英汉双解大辞典》a.WhatthetopicisDisplaysc6e.gDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Alwaystellingthetruthisthemostimportantconsiderationinanyrelationship.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.e.g7Howtoparaphrasethetopic?形式与内容的严格对应词与词的替换；（synonym）词类替换；（word--phrase）词性替换（noun--verb,adjective--noun）2.意义的对应Howtoparaphrasethetopic?8形式与内容的对应词与词的替换（synonym）133.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Aperson'schildhoodyears(thetimefrombirthtotwelveyearsofage)arethemostimportantyearsofaperson'slife.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.Brainstorming:aperson's--one's,someone'simportant--significant,momentousofaperson'slife--inone'slifetimeParaphrase:One'schildhoodyearsarethemostsignificantyearsinhislifetime.形式与内容的对应词与词的替换（synonym）9词与词的替换（synonym）9.Somepeopleprefertoliveinasmalltown.Othersprefertoliveinabigcity.Whichplacewouldyouprefertolivein?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.Brainstorming:prefertodosth--wouldratherdosthlive--reside,dwellsmall--littlebigcity--metroplisParaphase:Somepeopleprefertoresideinasmalltown.Otherswouldratherliveinametroplis.词与词的替换（synonym）9.Somepeople10词类替换b)word--phrase11. Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Universitiesshouldgivethesameamountofmoneytotheirstudents'sportsactivitiesastheygivetotheiruniversitylibraries.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.Brainstorming:shoulddo--berequiredtodo,besupposedtodothesameamountofmoney--theequivalentmoneyParaphase:Unversitiesaresupposedtorendertheequivalentmoneytotheirstudents'sportsactivitiesastheydototheuniversitylibraries.词类替换b)word--phrase11词性替换c)noun--verb,adjective--noun35. Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Attendingaliveperformance(forexample,aplay,concert,orsportingevent)ismoreenjoyablethanwatchingthesameeventontelevision.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.Brainstorming:attendsth--attendanceinsthbemoreenjoyable--have/bring/producemorejoy/delight/pleasureParaphase:Attendanceinaliveperformancebringsmorepleasurethanwatchingthesameoneontelevison.词性替换c)noun--verb,adjective-12意义的对应9.Somepeopleprefertoliveinasmalltown.Othersprefertoliveinabigcity.Whichplacewouldyouprefertolivein?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.Paraphrase:Nowadays,peopleseldomagreewitheachothereveninsuchtrivialissuesaspreferancebetweenlivinginabigcityandasmalltown.133.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Aperson'schildhoodyears(thetimefrombirthtotwelveyearsofage)arethemostimportantyearsofaperson'slife.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.Paraphrase:Whenlookingbackuponhislifetime,onemayregardhischildhoodasthemostsignificantperiodinhislifetime.意义的对应9.Somepeoplepreferto13SentenceI1.在形式与内容对应的改述中，一般格式较为固定：Nowadays,peopleoftenconsider/regard/holdthat...Nowadays,peopletendto/wouldliketo...Inmostcases,peopleargue/contendthat...Inmodernsociety,thereisatendency/phenomenon/controversythat...Nowadays,somepeople...,whileothers...2.在只有意义对应的改述中，格式较为自由、开放，可以展示更多的语法可能性与表达的多样性。SentenceI1.在形式与内容对应的改述中，一般格14ExamplesDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Onlypeoplewhoearnalotofmoneyaresuccessful.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.SentenceI：Nowadays,peopleoftenconsiderthatonlytheoneswhoearnalargeamountofmoneyaresuccessful.Nowadays,peoplewouldliketoholdtheviewthatonlythosewhoearnmuchmaterialwealthcanbeviewedasthesuccessfulones.Nowadays,manypeoplebelievethatalargeincomeequalssuccess.Practice:175.Somestudentslikeclasseswhereteacherslecture(doallofthetalking)inclass.Otherstudentspreferclasseswherethestudentsdosomeofthetalking.Whichtypeofclassdoyouprefer?Givespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyourchoice.ExamplesDoyouagreeordisagr15b.Showyourpersonalopinion要求：观点鲜明，简明扼要。SentenceII常用句型：前半句：AsfarasIamconcerned/Inmypointofview/Asforme/Formypart/Intermsofme/Personallyspeaking,......后半句：Iwouldsay/assertthat......Itendtoagree/disagreethat......Thereissomethingcertain/wrongtosay/considerthat......Itisnodoubtthat......完整的句子：Itseemstomethat......b.Showyourpersonalopinion要16Examples27.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peopleshouldsometimesdothingsthattheydonotenjoydoing.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.SentenceII：......Inmyopinion,therereallyissomethingwrong,nevertheless,tothinkwecouldbefinallysuccessfulbyonlydoingthingsthatwedoenjoydoing.......AsfarasIamconcerned,itisnodoubtthatinsomecases,peopleshoulddowhattheyinfactdonotenjoyingdoinginordertobesuccessful.......Formypart,Itendtoagreethatundersomecircumstancespeopleoughttodowhattheyarenotgladtodo.Practice:175.Somestudentslikeclasseswhereteacherslecture(doallofthetalking)inclass.Otherstudentspreferclasseswherethestudentsdosomeofthetalking.Whichtypeofclassdoyouprefer?Givespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyourchoice.Examples27.Doyouagreeordi17C.Supportyouropinion对接下来中间段要展开的两至三个分论点用一个原因状语从句或名词短语简要地提及一般接在SentenceII后作状语,不另成句。Why？使作者清楚文章的框架，便于预期和理解加深读者对文章内容的记忆限制思维的广度，使作者能深入思考理由和例证显示语言变化能力增加文章字数C.Supportyouropinion对接下来中间段18常用句型名词短语：……,becauseof/dueto/onaccountof/inviewof/inregardto/intermsof/considering/given/for原因状语从句：……,giventhat/considering(thefactthat)/for/since/seeingthat/nowthat/as/inviewofthefactthat/inthat/forthereasonthat……常用句型19SampleSampleINowadays,peopleoftenconsiderthat…AsfarasIamconcerned,Iwouldsaythat….,becauseof…SampleIINowadays,peopletendto…Formypart,Itendtoagree/disagreethat…,forthereasonthat…SampleSampleI20Example话题：电视已经成为书本更有效的学习方式观点：完全同意理由1：电视画面和声音结合，吸引人，注意