考研英语大作文课件

段落和段落的组成（一）段落的写作步骤（二）段落扩展段落和段落的组成（一）段落的写作步骤1（一）段落的写作步骤首先要思考这一段落的中心思想，用一个完整的句子表达出来(主题句),然后收集能够证明和解释这个中心思想的细节和例子。最后按逻辑顺序组织安排好这些材料，这样就有了一个段落的粗略草案。大学英语作文一般都是说明文或议论文，其段落最常见的框架模式如流程所示:（一）段落的写作步骤首先要思考这一段落的中心思想，用一个完整2TopicSentence（主题句）

SupportingSentence(主要扩展句1)SupportingSentence(次要扩展句1)

SupportingSentence(次要扩展句2)SupportingSentence(主要扩展句2)SupportingSentence(次要扩展句1)

SupportingSentence(次要扩展句2)ConcludingSentence（结尾句）TopicSentence（主题句）3例如Whereveronelives–inthecityorinthecountry,therearesomegoodreasonsforowingacar(topicsentence).First,carsprovidethemostconvenientformoftransportation(developmentsentence1).Second,acarisacomfortablewaytotravel,especiallyinthewintertime(developmentsentence2).例如Whereveronelives–inthe4例如

Finally,adriverisusuallysafeinhiscarwhenheisoutatnight(developmentsentence3).Therefore,manypeoplefavorowningacar(concludingsentence).Back例如Finally,adriverisusuall5段落的组成主题句(topicsentence)扩展句(developmentsentence)结论句(concludingsentence)（二）段落扩展段落的组成（二）段落扩展6主题句主题句就是提出段落主题，它是一个段落的中心，要求全段其他所有的文字都围绕它展开。它指出了这段内容的主导思想。主题句既可以用在段落的开始或中间,也可以用在段落的末尾,但是对于我们的考试来说,我们应该尽量把主题句放置于一个段落的开始,这既有助于组织材料,也可以使文章结构清楚。写好段落的主题句是写好作文的关键。主题句主题句就是提出段落主题，它是一个段落的中心，要求全段其71．一个好的主题句首先应该紧扣文章的中心思想,把该段落的内容限定在文章的中心内容之内。例如:pollution是一个比较大的题目，一篇100多字的短文根本不可能容纳它的全部内容，但是，通过各个段落的主题句把内容限定在一定的范围之内，各段的主题句都是该段落的第一句。我们不难看出，文中三个段落的主题句都紧扣文章的标题，并很好地限定了段落的内容。例文：1．一个好的主题句首先应该紧扣文章的中心思想,把该段落的内8pollution１．污染对人类有害２．为防止污染，近年来采取了一些措施。３．然而，污染问题尚未完全解决。

Pollutionisharmfultohumanbeings.Pollutedwatercausesmanykindsofdiseaseseventakeman’slife.Dirtyairandpoisonousgascausestingingeyesandrunningnose.Pollutantserodemetalandbuildings.

pollution9Measureshavebeentakentocontrolpollution.Inrecentyears,legislativestepshavebeenintroducedtocontrolpollution.Riversarebeingcleaned,airispurified,andpollutantsarebeingtrappedbeforetheyarepouredoutofchimneys.However,pollutionproblemshavenotbeencompletelysolved.Somefactoriesarestillusingairasadumpingplaceforwastes.Somelakesarestilldirtyandthedirtywatercausesfishestodie.Quiteafewchimneysarestillpouringsmokeintotheairandnoisepollutionremainsserious.Alltheseproblemsarewaitingtobesolved.（文章通过列举法论证各段主题句。）Measureshavebeentakent102.好的段落主题句必须完整，即能表达一个完整的思想，该段落将围绕这一主题句逐步展开，或定义，或论述，或分类,或解释，或举例说明。因此，段落主题句中必须包含段落的主旨，必须包含一个等待发展的思想。3.一个好的段落主题句应该具有一定的限定性，它应该限定该段落的内容不至于偏离全文的中心内容，而且，一个段落的容量是很有限的，如果主题句限定的范围太宽，主题句的内容就无法在该段落内得以阐述清楚。2.好的段落主题句必须完整，即能表达一个完整的思想，该段落11例如：CheatingontheCampus为题的作文,用Cheatingispopular,或者Cheatingisbad或者Cheatingisunderstandable就过于笼统了,Cheating指的是什么?即便是在大学校园里,cheating可以表现在考试,爱情,图书馆等各个方面,不确定具体的范围,主题句就形同虚设,等于还是停留在题目上。因此,一个好的主题句,不仅要表达作者的态度,还需要根据内容和字数方面的要求,对题目的范围进行控制和确定。例如:Cheatingontheexamispopularonthecampustodaybecauseofacademicandprofessionalpressures.例如：CheatingontheCampus为题的作文124.主题句也不能太具体,如果主题句太具体,作者就无法在文字上加以展开。例如:Americansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.上述句子作主题句显然不合适,因为它讲述得太具体了,最好应改为:Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.4.主题句也不能太具体,如果主题句太具体,作者就无法在135.我们在设计主题句时还应该注意不要把太多不相关的观点包括在一个主题句中，否则，整个段落就会缺乏统一性。例如:Shanghaiisfamousforitstemperateclimate,itslargepopulation,anditsrapidindustrialdevelopment.上句包括了三个方面的内容，难以在一个段落中同时讲述，因此，最好只是取其中之一，三个观点放在三个段落中论述。5.我们在设计主题句时还应该注意不要把太多不相关的观点包括146.写主题句一般是将提示句翻译出来，但是如果要求句是英语就可以把它扩充成主题句。例如这样的一篇作文：

GoodHealth

（1）Importanceofgoodhealth（2）Waystokeepfit（3）Myownpractice

这样的作文的要求句就可以扩展成主题句。扩展后三段的主题句分别为：

☆Itisveryimportanttohavegoodhealth.(将名词importance变成形容词important)☆Therearefourwaystokeepfitforme.(用therebe句型)☆Myownpracticesarethefollowing.（采用原词）6.写主题句一般是将提示句翻译出来，但是如果要求句是英语就157.已经给出主题句的就不要重抄一遍了,紧接着往下扩展。怎么扩展呢？请看例文：TheGameILikeBest

ThegameIlikebestisplayingfootball.Asaschoolpupil,Iusedtoplayitwithmyclassmatesafterschooleveryday.Nowasacollegestudent,IstillplayitwheneverIcanfindtimealthoughIambusywithmystudies.Furthermore,InevermissanyimportantmatchshownonTV.Sometimes,Igetupevenatthemiddleofthenightinordertowatchaninternationalgame.(描述法)7.已经给出主题句的就不要重抄一遍了,紧接着往下扩展。怎么16

Playinggamesrequiresbothagoodphysicalbodyandrealskill.Tobeginwith,toplayfootballwell,youshouldbeverystrongandhavealotofmuscles.Thenyoushouldbeskillfulintacklingtheball,bringingitalong,passingittoandcatchingitfromothersand,aboveall,scoringagoal.Inshort,itisphysicalstrengthandskillthatmakeagoodfootballplayer.（列举法）

Playinggamesrequiresboth17

Playinggamesbringsmemanybenefits.First,itcantrainmymindandteachmetothinkquickly.Second,byplayingfootball,Ilearntoperseverewhenfacedwithdifficulties.However,themostimportantbenefitofallisthatplayingfootballcancultivatemyspiritofteamwork.Forallthesereasons,Ienjoyplayingfootballverymuch.（列举法、转折法）backPlayinggamesbringsmemany18扩展方法下面我们着重讲一讲常见的扩展方法：第一种：列举法(Listing)。列举法是一种最为常见的段落发展方法,用这种方法发展段落,首先要写出主题句,然后列举一系列的论据对主题句所陈述的主题内容进行陈述和解释,列举的顺序可以按照各点内容的相对重要性,时间的先后或地理位置的远近等关系来进行。线索是：主题句－first－扩展句－second－扩展句－etc－扩展句－连接词－结论句扩展方法下面我们着重讲一讲常见的扩展方法：19例如:(Topicsentence)Advertisementcanbebeneficialtopeople.(Argument1)First,itisinformativeandcanhelppeoplebuyandsellgoods.(Argument2)

Second,itcanwidenpeople'sknowledge,andmakepeoplemoreexperienced.(Argument3)Finally,peoplecanenjoythemselvesinwatchingthosefunnyandinterestingadvertisementprograms.例如:(Topicsentence)Advertisem20列举常用的表达方法有:A.三点法：1)First…Second…Third…2)Firstly…Secondly…Thirdly…Lastly(Finally)…3)1.Firstofall,tobeginwith;2.next,then,besides,inaddition,what’smore,moreover,furthermore;3.mostimportantofall,lastbutnottheleast,finally,eventually,etc．B.两点法：用于较短的段落，只陈述两点。常用关联词语有：1.Foronething,…Foranother,…2.Inthefirstplace,…Inthesecondplace,…3.Ontheonehand,…Ontheotherhand,…列举常用的表达方法有:21第二种：举例法(Exemplification)。为了阐明或支持一个观点,举例说明是一个常用而且有力的工具。在采用举例法发展段落时,作者往往在主题句中开门见山地摆出自己的观点,然后举出具体的事例来对其进行说明。所举的例子一般可按照时间顺序或重要性等来进行安排。关键在于各个实例都要于主题密切相关,具有典型性和说服力,或者能够不断地深入说明,或反映主题各个侧面。线索是：主题句－forexample－扩展句－foranother－扩展句－连接词－结论句第二种：举例法(Exemplification)。为了阐明22例如:(Thegeneralpoint)Pollutionisbecomingmoreandmoreseriouslyallovertheworld.(example1)Forexample,thepoisonousgassentoffbyfactoriesandautomobileshasmadetheairunhealthyforpeopletobreathe.(example2)Foranotherexample,wastewaterkeepspouringintoriversandlakes;asaresult,manywaterlivesaredyingout.(example3)Furthermore,everywherewegotoday,wecanfindrubbishcarelesslydisposed.(结论句)Pollutionis,infact,threateningourexistence.例如:(Thegeneralpoint)Pollutio23举例法常用的表达方法有:asanillustration,suchas,namely,thatis,like,say.1)Forexample…2)Forinstance…3)Take…forexample（forinstance）4)Totake/citejustoneexample,…Motherloveisgreatandselfless.Tocitejustoneexample,athinandweakmother,asitwasreported,financedherchildthroughcollegebysellingherblood.举例法常用的表达方法有:245)…isjustacaseinpoint相关的，适用的

6)…canserveasanexample7)(Just)Consider/Lookatsb.,forexample/instance,doingthis,doingthat,anddoing…

就拿某人来说／为例吧,他／她做······，做······，做······

8)Aninteresting/striking/typicalexampleof…isprovidedbythestoryofsb.who…有个故事是说明······的有趣／突出／典型的例子：某人······5)…isjustacaseinpoint相关25应用：就拿孔繁森为例吧，他始终视人民的利益高于一切，他从不徇情枉法，他身体力行。他被视为清正廉洁的典范。ConsiderKongFansen,forinstance,alwaysvaluingthepeople’sinterestsaboveeverythingelse,neverbendingthelawforthebenefitofhisrelatives,andearnestlypracticingwhatheadvocates.Heisseenasthemirrorofhonestyanduprightness.应用：就拿孔繁森为例吧，他始终视人民的利益高于一切，他从不徇26Knowledgeseekingandromancehuntingcannotgohandinhand.Astrikingexampleoftheviewisprovidedbythestoryofmyformerdesk-matewho,oncethoughtofasthemostexcellentstudentinmyclass,begantosteerhisboatofpromise希望intotheharborofagirl’sloveasearlyaswhenhewasstillinthejuniormiddleschool.Nowheisdrowninghimselfindeep-feltregret.下一页应用：Knowledgeseekingandromance27第三种：因果法(CauseandEffect)。在人类的思维活动中,人们常常会根据事物的原因推断其结果,或者根据某一结果分析其原因。写作中的因果法正是这种思维方式在写作过程中的具体体现。所谓因果法,就是通过分析事物发生的原因,自然地说明由此而产生的各种结果,或者通过分析某一结果,推断导致这一结果的原因。线索是：主题句－first－扩展句－扩展句－besides－扩展句－moreover－扩展句－连接词－结论句

第三种：因果法(CauseandEffect)。28例如:

(Thetopicsentence)Nowadaysthereisoftenamisunderstandingbetweenparentsandchild.(cause1)Themostobviousreasonforthislackofcommunicationisthattheygrewupatdifferenttimesandthereforehavedifferentlikesanddislikesforthethingsaroundthem.(cause2)Alsotheparentisoftentoobusytolistenpatientlytotheexplanationofthechildwhenthereisamisunderstanding.（结论句）Bothofthemtakeitforgrantedthatthereisagenerationgap.例如:

(Thetopicsentence)Nowad29常用原因结果句型：表示原因的表达方式有：becauseof,because,as,for,owingto,dueto,thanksto表示结果的表达方式有：so,therefore,asaresult,consequently,accordingly,forthisreason常用原因结果句型：30第四种：描写与叙述法(DescriptionandNarration)。段落还可以用描述与叙述的方法来发展。描写是指作者对某人、某物或事件的感觉和印象,而叙述则指作者对某个故事和事件的讲述。描述和叙述一般按照时间和空间的次序,而这种次序关系在很大程度上体现在它们所特有的过渡连接词上。用这种方法发展段落,作者能够清楚而连贯地交代事物的本末,从而使读者可以清晰完整地理解文章的含义。第四种：描写与叙述法(DescriptionandNar31例如：Thefirstthingtodotomaketeaistostartboilingsomewater.Whilewaitingforittoboil,yougetyourteapotready,makingsuretoputtherightamountoftealeavesintoit.Whenthewaterhasboiled,youpouritintothepotandbringtheteapotandsomecupstotheguests.Everyoneenjoystheconversationuntiltheteaiscoolenoughtodrink.例如：Thefirstthingtodotoma32第五种:定义法(definition)就是通过对某一个事物，某一个词或某一个思想等下定义来发展段落，这是扩展段落的诸多方法之一，也是写说明文常用的方法，因为说明文常常涉及到某一个术语、专业性词汇或抽象的概念。例：第五种:定义法(definition)33例如：“Honestyisthebestpolicy”isawell-knownproverb,butitisnotsoeasyforeveryonetokeep.Honestymeansfairnessanduprightnessinourwordsanddeeds.Itisalsoregardedasaveryimportantvirtueinoursocialbehavior,andinourdailylife.Ifyouarehonesttoothers,theywillbekindtoyou.Theywillcometocomfortyouwhenyouareinneedofhelp.Peoplealwaysrespectthosewhoarehonestandalienate(疏远)thosewhoaredishonest.作者在这段文章中用定义法解释了诚实的内涵。例如：“Honestyisthebestpoli34第六种：转折对照法这种方法用于阐述两种相反或相对立的观点、态度或事实。线索是：主题句－ontheonehand－扩展句－ontheotherhand－扩展句－连接词－结论句第六种：转折对照法35其扩展模式为：表示对照的表达方式有：

1)Incontrast

2)Contraryto

3)Inopposite

4)Onthecontrary

5)Ontheonehand…Ontheotherhand,…

6)Everycoinhastwosides表示转折的表达方式有：

1)But

2)However

3)While

4)Nevertheless其扩展模式为：表示对照的表达方式有：

1)Incont365)Weshouldalsotaketheothersideofthecoinintoconsideration．6)Therearealsosomedisadvantages／problemsin…

例如，IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary？5)Weshouldalsotaketheoth37AmajorityofpeopleconsideritveryimportanttoholdaspokenEnglishtest.TheyarguethatspokenEnglishisasimportantaswrittenEnglish,fortheabilityofspeaking,listening,reading,andwritingarefourindispensableelementsinjudgingifapersonhasproficiencyinEnglish(观点A).Buttherearestillsomepeoplewhoarenotinfavorofthiskindoftestatall.(转折过渡)Theybearsuchathoughtinmindthatsincethey'renotgoingtogoabroad,it'snotnecessaryforthematalltomasterspokenEnglish.(与观点A相反的观点)当然，我们在运用扩展方法的时候，不要仅仅局限于一种，也可以几种方法相结合。backAmajorityofpeopleconsi38段落扩展的常见方法

扩展方法有六种，谨请大家记心中：列举、举例和因果，描述、定义与对照。切记勿用一种法，根据提示去变化。主题、扩展、结论句，启承转合用于内。衔接得当不晦涩，你就能把高分得。back段落扩展的常见方法

back39三、过渡词过渡词（transitionalwords）：它是一种关系指引词，是连接句与句、段与段的纽带，能使文章的启、承、转、合融为一体。例:Thereare,ontheotherhand,manygoodreasonsagainstowningacar.First,itcanbeveryexpensivetopurchaseandrunacar.Thegasshortagehascausedabigproblemfordrivers,andthepriceoffuelcontinuestogoupeachyear.Inaddition,itcostsagreatdealto三、过渡词过渡词（transitionalwords）：它40组段

maintain,repairandinsureacar.Second,owningacarcanalsocauseworryandstress.Itisexhaustingtodriveacarinheavytraffic.Itoftenhappensthatadrivercanbehelduponhiswaybecauseofatrafficjam.Whatisworse,carsareresponsibleformostofthesmogincities,whichpollutestheenvironmentseriously.组段maintain,repairandinsu41组段过度词的分类根据过渡词在文章中的作用，大致可分为四类：A.表达“启”的常用词语：用于引导主题句，或用于主题句的后面，引导第一个扩展句：

first,firstofall,atfirst,inthefirstofplace,firstly,tobeginwith,tostartwith,recently,now,atpresent,inrecentyears,etc.组段过度词的分类根据过渡词在文章中的作用，大致可分为四类：42复合句开启论述话题

1.1Withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomy,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourculturalandsociallife.复合句开启论述话题1.1431.2Whenaskedaboutwhatisthebiggestproblemtoday,manypeoplesaythatitistheseriousenergy.Theyareafraidthattheworldwillsoonrunoutofoilandrunshortoffood.1.2Whenaskedaboutwhatist441.3WhenitcomestointernationalsportsuchastheOlympicandtheWorldCupsoccergame,somepeoplebelievethatitcreatesgoodwillbetweennationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogether,theywilllearnhowtolivetogether.1.3Whenitcomestointernatio451.4Recently

theproblemofdevelopmentvs.environmenthasnowbeenbroughtintowidefocus/hasnowbeeninthelimelight.NowhereistheclashmorevisiblethaninChina,wheretheworld’slargestpopulationfacespollution,deforestationandacidrainonalargescale.1.4Recentlytheproblemofde461.5Recently,

thealarmabout

theproblemoftheuseofgenetictechnologiesonhumanbeingshascausedwidepublicconcerns.1.5Recently,thealarmabout471.6Oneofthemostpopulartopicsmanycityresidentstalkaboutnowisthetideoftheruralpoorfloodingthecities.1.6Oneofthemostpopulartop481.7Nowthereisagrowingawarenessoftheimportanceofacquiringamasteryofaforeignlanguage.Tothem,theknowledgeofaforeignlanguage,sayEnglish,oftenmeansagoodopportunityforone’scareer,evenapassporttoaprosperousfuture.1.7Nowthereisagrowingawar49组段B.表达“承”的过渡词:用于承接主题句或第一个（或前一个）扩展句:

second,secondly,similarly,inaddition,besides,then,furthermore,moreover,whatismore,whatisworse,forexample,forinstance,certainly,surely,obviously,inotherwords,especially,particularly,inparticular,indeed,still,thirdly,truly,infact,inplainterms=simplyspeaking,inpractice,forthemostpart(基本上),atthesametime,nodoubt,etc.组段B.表达“承”的过渡词:用于承接主题句或第一个（或前50有关“承”的常用词语和句型（1）列举的承接second,secondly,inthesecondplace,next,then,foranother,also,too;third,thirdly,besides,besides,besidesthis,inaddition,inadditionto,furthermore,moreover,whatismoreimportant,asanotherexample,有关“承”的常用词语和句型（1）列举的承接51(2）论证的递进namely,then,inotherwords,inthesameway,inparticular,afterthat,afterwards,atthesametime,inthesamemanner…..,Anotherequallyimportantaspectis….(2）论证的递进52(3)进一步提出观点：...butthatisonlypartofthehistory.Anotherequallyimportantaspectis...Aisbutoneofthemanyeffects.Anotheris...Besides,otherreasonsare...

(3)进一步提出观点：53（3）例证的引出（原因的阐述）2.3.1Noonecandenythefactthatoursocietyforthepast30yearshasbeencaughtupinastormofchange.（3）例证的引出（原因的阐述）542.3.2Thereissufficientevidencetoshowthatparentsareparticularlyinfluentialinthedecisionsoftheirchildrenaboutcollege.

2.3.2Thereissufficientevide552.3.3Toillustratehowacademicpressurecancontributetoteenagesuicide,letusconsiderthecompetition,thepreparation,andtheanxietydifferentkindsoftestsandexams.2.3.3Toillustratehowacademi562.3.4.Teachersplayanimportantroleintheshapingofstudent’scharacter.Astudyoftheinfluenceofateacheronchildrenwillmakemypointclear.2.3.4.Teachersplayanimporta572.3.5.forexample/instance,suchas,Letussuppose/Supposethat…..Agoodcaseinpointis….2.3.5.forexample/instance,58组段C.表达“转”的过渡词:用于表示不同或相反的情况:

however,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,incontrast,inanycase,atanyrate(无论如何),conversely(相反地),nevertheless(虽然如此),otherwise,or,orelse,while…,but,despite…,inspiteof…,yet,instead,etc.组段C.表达“转”的过渡词:用于表示不同或相反的情况:59三、有关“转”的常用语和句型

（1）意义的转折

but,yet,afterall,however,nevertheless,inspiteofthat,onthecontrary,butontheotherhand,atthesametime,inotherwords,infact三、有关“转”的常用语和句型

（1）意义的转折

but,60

三、有关“转”的常用语和句型

(2）利弊类文章的开始、转折与评价Obviously,ithasnegativeeffectsandpositiveeffects……Asacoinhastwosides,italsohasitsnegativeaspects.Likeanythingelse,televisionalsohasaharmfuleffectonchildren.

三、有关“转”的常用语和句型

(2）利弊类文章的开始、61三、有关“转”的常用语和句型

(3）利弊类文章的开始、转折与评价Inspiteofalltheadvantagesdiscussedabove,thecomputeralsohasitsdisadvantages.Tomostcollegestudents,theadvantagesoftakingupajobimmediatelyaftergraduationfaroutweighthoseofcontinuingtheirstudies.三、有关“转”的常用语和句型

(3）利弊类文章的开始、转折与62三、有关“转”的常用语和句型

(4）进行对比：TheadvantagesforAforoutweighthedisadvantagesof...AlthoughAenjoysadistinctadvantage...Indeed,AcarriesmuchweightthanBwhensth.isconcerned.Amaybe...,butitsuffersfromthedisadvantagethat...三、有关“转”的常用语和句型

(4）进行对比：Theadv63组段D.表达“合”的过渡词语：用于总结段落中上文的内容，引导一个扩展句或结论句，也可以用于文章的最后一段:

consequently,asaconsequence,therefore,asaresult,aboveall=mostimportant,thus,afterall(毕竟),generallyspeaking,finally,atlast,eventually,hence,inshort(总之),inconclusion,inaword,insum,onthewhole(就总体而言),tosumup,etc.组段D.表达“合”的过渡词语：用于总结段落中上文的内容，引64四、有关“合”的常用词语和句型（1）列举的终结last,lastly,finally,inthelastplace,lastofall,四、有关“合”的常用词语和句型（1）列举的终结65四、有关“合”的常用词语和句型

（2）观点的总结aboveall,shortly,briefly,inshort,inbrief,inaword,inconclusion,inall,tosumup,therefore,四、有关“合”的常用词语和句型

（2）观点的总结above66四、有关“合”的常用词语和句型

（2）观点的总结Forallthesereasons,…..Ashasbeensaidabove…..Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecan(conclude/makeaconclusion/drawaconclusion/reachaconclusion/cometoaconclusion)that…..四、有关“合”的常用词语和句型

（2）观点的总结Fora67四、有关“合”的常用词语和句型

（3）“采取措施”的表达Itishightimethat

effortsshouldbemadetoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Hereareafewofexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.四、有关“合”的常用词语和句型

（3）“采取措施”的表达It68四、有关“合”的常用词语和句型

（3）“采取措施”的表达Thereisnodoubtthatadequateattentionmustbepaidtotheimprovementof/stepsshouldbetakentoimproverecreationalfacilitiesintheneighborhoodofthehome,andtheurbanenvironmentmustofferasmanyrecreationactivitiesaspossible.四、有关“合”的常用词语和句型

（3）“采取措施”的表达Th69组段启、承、转、合的表达实例:(Topicsentence)(Effect启)Ingeneral/Generallyspeaking/Onthewhole,studyingtoohardmaybeharmfultostudents.(启)Lately/Currently/Atpresent/Now/Recently,manyteachersexpecttheirpupilstodomoreworkthantheycanhandle.(承)Moreover/Also/Furthermore/Meanwhile/Whatismore,parentsdonotrealizethatpressingtheirchildrento组段启、承、转、合的表达实例:70组段study

harderthancalledforcaninjuretheirhealth.(承)Certainly/Infact/Obviously/Ofcause,mostparentsknowthatgrowingboysandgirlsneedrelaxationaswellasexercise.(转)Nevertheless/However/Ontheotherhand/Unfortunately,manystudentshavenochoicebuttoburnthecandleatbothends过分耗费inordertogetgoodgradesandpleasetheirparents.Butaphysicallyweakorsociallydeprivedchildmaynotbeabletokeep组段studyharderthancalledfor71组段

upwithsuchahurriedpace.(合)(result)Asaresult/Consequently/Thus/Therefore/Hence/Inbrief/Inconclusion,somestudentsmayverypossiblyfailinschoolbecauseofthispressuretostudyinexcessof超过

whatisrequired.back组段upwithsuchahurriedpa72写作练习Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:ItPaystoBeHonest.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1)当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象2)诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实写作练习Directions:Forthispart,73现象解释型范文（套用模版一）ItPaystoBeHonest1.Recently,weoftenhearcomplaintsaboutdishonesty.2.Whatamazesusmostisthatalotofstudentscheatinexams.3.Itistruethattherearedishonestpracticesinallwalksoflife.4.Therearemanyreasonsexplainingthesedishonestbehaviors.5.Themainreasonisthatcountlesspeopleneglectthemoralvaluesinpursuitoftheirowninterests.6.Whatis点评1.引起主题内容，使用often一词表示这种现象较普遍2.是第一句的展开句，说明表现较为典型的一个方面3.进一步做出结论：不诚实这一现象很普遍

4.承上启下，说明原因5.指出主要原因：人们在重视自身利益的同时却忽略了道德价值6.进一步细说原因：缺乏法规现象解释型范文（套用模版一）ItPayst74more,welackeffectivelawsandregulationsofsupervision.7.Thirdly,agreatmanydishonestpeoplecanescapepunishment.8.Asaresult,theproblemofdishonestybecomesveryserious.9.Consideringallthese,Istillwanttoarguethatitpaystobehonestinthelongrun.10.Foronething,honestyisatraditionalvirtueofChinese.11.Foranother,evendishonestpeoplelikemakingfriendswithhonestpeople.12.Inconclusion,weshouldbehonest.7.说明不诚实现象有症结所在8.讲述导致的结果9.表述个人的观点，同时也起到了承上启下的作用10.个人观点的理由一11.个人观点的理由二12.总结全文，做人应该诚实现象解释型真题范文（套用模版一）more,welackeffectivelawsa75现象解释型模板二Topic1.Asisknowntoall,___.2.___seemtogetaccustomedto___.3.Infact,___.4.Thereasonsof___lieinseveralaspects.5.Firstly,___.6.Secondly,___.7.Thirdly,____.8.Finally,___.9.Asamatteroffact,___.10.Ontheonehand,____.11.Ontheotherhand,____.12.Therefore,____

信息提示1.摆明现象2.讲明事实，空格内填People/

Students等3.说明发生的实质变化

4.引起下文，讲明原因5.原因一6.原因二7.原因三8.原因四或总结全段9.说明作者的观点10.支持这一观点的理由一11.理由二12.得出结论现象解释型模板二Topic76

ItPaystoBeHonest

1.Asisknowntoall,weoftenhearcomplaintsaboutdishonesty.2.Peopleseemtogetaccustomedtomanydishonestbehaviors.3.Infact,therearedishonestpracticesinallwalksoflife..4.Thereasonsofsocialdishonestylieinseveralaspects.5.Firstly,countlesspeopleneglectmoralvaluesinpursu