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EnglishLexicology(III)EnglishLexicology(III)EnglishLexicology(II)2ContentsWord-FormationI:theMajorProcessesWord-FormationII:theMinorProcessesMotivationTobecontinuedEnglishLexicology(II)2ContentChapter5Word-FormationI:

TheMajorProcesses5.1GeneralRemarks5.2Prefixation5.3Suffixation5.4Conversion5.5CompoundingChapter5Word-FormationI:

TEnglishLexicology(II)45.1GeneralRemarksThethreemajorprocessesaffixationorderivation(17.5%)Prefixationsuffixationconversion(10.5%)compositionorcompounding(27%)EnglishLexicology(II)45.1GenEnglishLexicology(II)55.2PrefixationThedefinitionofprefixationPrefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,thereisaninsignificantnumberofclass-changingprefixesNon-class-changingprefixes:natural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfair

Class-changingprefixes:force-enforce,danger-endanger,form-deform,little-belittle,war-postwar,college-intercollege

EnglishLexicology(II)55.2PreEnglishLexicology(II)65.2PrefixationTheclassificationofprefixesInsomereferencebooks,prefixes(andsuffixes)areclassifiedaccordingtotheirsource,butthisdoesnotseemtohelpfromapracticalpointofview.Itseemsmorehelpfultoclassifythemostimportantproductiveprefixesbytheirmeaningintothefollowingtencategories:EnglishLexicology(II)65.2PreEnglishLexicology(II)75.2Prefixation1)Negativeprefixesa-/an-amoral,asexual,atheism,anacid,anarchy,dis-dishonest,discontent,discover,disobey,disagreein-Incomplete,inconsistent,incorrect,invulnerable,illogical,illegal,impolite,immoral,imbalance,irrational,irregularnon-nonviolent,non-cooperation,nonautomatic,nonadjustable,

un-uninformative,unexpected,unease,unrestEnglishLexicology(II)75.2PreEnglishLexicology(II)85.2PrefixationOrderLiterateSymmetryGovernmentalRelevantProductiveBelievableVulnerableSaneRelatedAlignedMatureDisorderIlliterateAsymmetryNongovernmentalIrrelevantUnproductiveUnbelievableInvulnerableInsaneUnrelatedNonalignedImmatureEnglishLexicology(II)85.2PreEnglishLexicology(II)95.2Prefixation2)Reversativeorprivativede-defrost,deregulation,degeneration,deformed,denationalizeun-undo,unpack,untie,unwrap,unmaskdis-disconnect,dishearten,disinterestedEnglishLexicology(II)95.2PreEnglishLexicology(II)105.2PrefixationCentralizePlaneInfectZipRegulatePossessPolluteDecentralizeDeplaneDisinfectUnzipDeregulateDispossessDepolluteEnglishLexicology(II)105.2PrEnglishLexicology(II)115.2Prefixation3)Pejorativeprefixesmis-misguide,misapplication,misbehavior,mischoice,misgivingmal-maladjustment,maldigestion,malfunction,maldevelopmentpseudo-pseudonym,pseudoscience,pseudoclassic,pseudo-friendEnglishLexicology(II)115.2PrEnglishLexicology(II)125.2Prefixation4)Prefixesofdegreeorsizehyper-hyperactive,hypercritical,hyperaggressive,hypercautiousultra-ultramodern,ultrasecret,ultraclean,ultrasonic,ultraconservativemini-minibus,minicamera,miniskirtout-outdo,outgrown,outliveover-overwork,overestimate,overemphasize,overabundance,overburdenunder-underdeveloped,underpopulation,undergraduatesuper-supermarket,superpower,superstarsub-subadult,subtitle,subbreed,subatomEnglishLexicology(II)125.2PrEnglishLexicology(II)135.2PrefixationComputerCriticalConsciousNaturalSensitiveSimpleNumberStatementcultureMinicomputerUltracritic/hypercriticSubconsciousSupernaturalHypersensitive/ultrasensitiveOversimpleOutnumberUnderstatementSubcultureEnglishLexicology(II)135.2PrEnglishLexicology(II)145.2Prefixation5)Prefixesoforientationandattitudeco-Co-author,co-star,co-prosperity,cooperationcounter-Counterexample,counterclaim,counteractive,counterattack,counterculture,countermeasureanti-anti-abortion,anti-art,antiwar,antibacterial,antisocial,anticancer,antibodypro-pro-American,pro-revolutionary,pro-Fascism,pro-student,proslaveryEnglishLexicology(II)145.2PrEnglishLexicology(II)155.2Prefixation6)Locativeprefixesfore-forearm,foreleg,forename,forewordinter-international,intergovernmental,intertwine,interdisciplinary,intercollegetrans-transatlantic,transoceanic,transform,transplanttele-telephone,telegram,telecommunicationEnglishLexicology(II)155.2PrEnglishLexicology(II)165.2PrefixationViewConferenceContinentalGroundCastPacificRacialShoreInterviewteleconferenceIntercontinentalForegroundTelecastTranspacificTransracialForeshoreEnglishLexicology(II)165.2PrEnglishLexicology(II)175.2Prefixation7)Prefixesoftimeandorderex-ex-husband,ex-president,ex-colony,ex-convictfore-foresee,foretell,forefather,forewarnpre-premature,prewar,prehistoric,prepay,premaritalpost-post-election,postwar,postgraduate,postdoctoralEnglishLexicology(II)175.2PrEnglishLexicology(II)185.2Prefixation8)Numberprefixesuni-/mono-unilateral,unicell,unicircuit,unicolor,unicycle,unidimensional,uniform,unipolar,monoxide,monocrystal,monogamy,monologuebi-/di-bicycle,bilingual,bimonthly,dioxide,dialogue,dichotomy,disyllabletri-triangular,triatomic,trimonthly,trilateral,trilingualmulti-/poly-multipurpose,multipolar,multiangular,multilingual,polyatomic,polycrystal,polygamysemi-semicircle,semiliterate,semivowel,semiannual,semicolony,semiautomaticEnglishLexicology(II)185.2PrEnglishLexicology(II)195.2PrefixationLingualLateralPolarDimensionalUnilingual,bilingual,trilingual,multilingualUnilateral,bilateral,trilateral,multilateralUnipolar,bipolar,tripolar,multipolarUnidimensional,bidimensional,tridimensional(three-dimensional),multidimensionalEnglishLexicology(II)195.2PrEnglishLexicology(II)205.2Prefixation9)Conversionprefixesa-aloud,asleep,aglow,awashbe-belittle,bestir,befriend,bewitchen-endanger,enforce,enable,embody,embitter,empowerEnglishLexicology(II)205.2PrEnglishLexicology(II)215.2Prefixation10)MiscellaneousprefixesExtra-Extralinguistic,extraordinary,extraterrestrialNeo-Neo-classicism,neo-colonialism,neo-fascism,NeolithicPan-Pan-Pacific,Pan-Arabism,Pan-Africanism……………..EnglishLexicology(II)215.2PrEnglishLexicology(II)225.3SuffixationThedefinitionofsuffixationSuffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangethemeaningofthestem,suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.Inotherwords,theymainlychangethewordclass.However,theymayalsoaddattachedmeaningtothestem.EnglishLexicology(II)225.3SuEnglishLexicology(II)235.3SuffixationTheclassificationofsuffixesSincesuffixesmainlychangethewordclass,weshallgroupsuffixesonagrammaticalbasisinto1)nounsuffixes2)adjectivesuffixes3)adverbsuffixes4)verbsuffixesEnglishLexicology(II)235.3SuEnglishLexicology(II)245.3Suffixation1)NounsuffixesNounsuffixesmaybesubdividedintothefollowingfivekinds.Denominalnouns(concreteorabstract)DeverbalnounsDe-adjectivalnounsNounandadjectivesuffixesEnglishLexicology(II)245.3SuEnglishLexicology(II)255.3Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDenominalnouns(concrete)-eerauctioneer,engineer,mountaineer,pamphleteer,profiteer,racketeer-erLondoner,teenager,villager-essactress,waitress,stewardess,hostess,lioness-letbooklet,leaflet,piglet,starletEnglishLexicology(II)255.3SuEnglishLexicology(II)265.3Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDenominalnouns(abstract)-agebaggage,luggage,mileage,percentage-domfreedom,kingdom,stardom,officialdom-ery/-rydrudgery,slavery,nunnery,nursery,machinery-ismidealism,optimism,individualism,consumerism-shipdictatorship,scholarship,friendship,sportsmanship-ocracyaristocracy,democracy,meritocracy-hoodboyhood,brotherhood,neighborhood,adulthood-fulhandful,mouthful,plateful,tubfulEnglishLexicology(II)265.3SuEnglishLexicology(II)275.3Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDeverbalnouns-antcontestant,inhabitant,assistant,informant-eeinterviewee,addressee,appointee,nominee,employee-er/-ordriver,employer,interviewer,computer,silencer,accelerator,supervisor,actor,window-shopper-ationfoundation,exploration,nomination,starvation-ingbuilding,dwelling,earnings,savings,clothing,stuffing-alrefusal,revival,survival,arrival,dismissal-mentamazement,arrangement,movement,government-agebreakage,coverage,shrinkage,drainageEnglishLexicology(II)275.3SuEnglishLexicology(II)285.3Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDe-adjectivalnouns-itydiversity,equality,rapidity,verbosity,responsibility,actuality,regularity,popularity,respectability-nessaccurateness,falseness,kindness,selfishness,happiness,largeness,frankness,unexpectedness,thickness,goodnessEnglishLexicology(II)285.3SuEnglishLexicology(II)295.3Suffixation1)NounsuffixesNounsandadjectivesuffixes

-eseBurmese,Chinese,Cantonese,officialese,journalese-(i)anDarwinian,republican,Elizabethan,Shakespearean,Indonesian,Russian-istcommunist,pianist,specialist,socialistEnglishLexicology(II)295.3SuEnglishLexicology(II)305.3Suffixation2)AdjectiveSuffixesDenominalsuffixes-eddogged,rugged,pointed,chocolate-flavored-fuldelightful,successful,faithful,meaningful-ishchildish,foolish,snobbish,Irish,Turkish-lesshomeless,hopeless,merciless,harmless-likechildlike,ladylike,statesmanlike-lyfriendly,cowardly,motherly,daily,weekly-ymilky,sandy,hairy,meatyEnglishLexicology(II)305.3SuEnglishLexicology(II)315.3Suffixation2)AdjectiveSuffixesDenominalsuffixes-ic(-atic)ethnic,economic,historic,problematic-ous(-ious,-eous)ambitious,desirous,marvelous,courageous,erroneous,courteous-al(-ial,-ical)accidental,professional,residential,musical,philosophicalEnglishLexicology(II)315.3SuEnglishLexicology(II)325.3Suffixation2)AdjectiveSuffixesDeverbalsuffixes-able(-ible,-uble)debatable,drinkable,changeable,perishable,permissible,visible,dissoluble,soluble-ive(-ative,-sive)attractive,reflective,productive,negative,decorative,talkative,affirmative,expansive,explosive,decisiveEnglishLexicology(II)325.3SuEnglishLexicology(II)335.3Suffixation3)AdverbSuffixes-lysmoothly,personally,extremely,publicly,naturally-ward(s)downward,eastward,homeward,forward-wiseclockwise,lengthwise,weatherwise,educationwise,taxwise,moneywiseEnglishLexicology(II)335.3SuEnglishLexicology(II)345.3Suffixation4)Verbsuffixes-ateOriginate,hyphenate-enDeepen,harden,strengthen,hasten-ifySolidify,modify,beautify,classify,identify-ize(-ise)Symbolize,computerize,legalize,publicize,specializeEnglishLexicology(II)345.3SuEnglishLexicology(II)355.3SuffixationFalseSterileIntenseFatHorrorMemoryApologyFalsifySterilizeIntensifyFattenHorrifyMemorizeApologizeEnglishLexicology(II)355.3SuEnglishLexicology(II)365.4ConversionThedefinitionofconversionConversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation(零位派生).EnglishLexicology(II)365.4CoEnglishLexicology(II)375.4ConversionMajortypesofconversionNoun-verbconversionVerb-nounconversionAdjective-nounconversionEnglishLexicology(II)375.4CoEnglishLexicology(II)385.4ConversionNoun-verbconversionHeelbowedhiswaythroughthecrowd.Problemssnowballedbythehour.Thenewspaperheadlinedhislongrecordofaccomplishments.KissingergottheplansandhelicopteredtoCampDavid.EnglishLexicology(II)385.4CoEnglishLexicology(II)395.4ConversionAbuseAdviceHouseUseBeliefGriefShelfmouthAbuseAdviseHouseUseBelieveGrieveShelveMouthChangesofpronunciationandspellingEnglishLexicology(II)395.4CoEnglishLexicology(II)405.4ConversionVerb-nounconversionHewasadmittedtotheuniversityafterathree-yearwait.Thislittlerestaurantisquiteafind.Itisagoodbuy.Hetookacloselookatthemachine.doubt,smell,desire,want,attempt,hit,reply,divideEnglishLexicology(II)405.4CoEnglishLexicology(II)415.4ConversionVerb-nounconversionPhrasalverb-nounconversionRightbranchingLeftbranchingBreakdownBreakdownBreakoutOutbreakPickupPick-upSpilloverOverspillTakeoverTake-overStartupUpstartGettogetherGet-togetherPutinInputBreakthroughBreakthroughKeepupupkeepEnglishLexicology(II)415.4CoEnglishLexicology(II)425.4ConversionConflictAbstractContrastDecreaseDiscountExportRebelPermitProgressProtestTransferTransplantSurveyTormentShiftofstressEnglishLexicology(II)425.4CoEnglishLexicology(II)435.4ConversionAdjective-nounconversionPartialconversionCompleteconversionEnglishLexicology(II)435.4CoEnglishLexicology(II)445.4ConversionAdjective-nounconversionPartialconversionDenotingaqualityorastatecommontoagroupofperson:thedeaf,theblind,thepoor,thewoundedDenotingpeoplesofanation(endingin–sh,-se,-ch):theEnglish,theChinese,theDanish,theScotchDenotingaqualityintheabstract:astrongdislikeforthesentimental,todistinguishthefalseandthetrue,fromthesublimetotheridiculousDenotingasingleperson(convertedfromparticiples):theaccused,thedeceased,thedeserted,thecondemnedEnglishLexicology(II)445.4CoEnglishLexicology(II)455.4ConversionAdjective-nounconversionCompleteconversionAnative,twonatives,areturnednativeHeisanaturalforthejob.Tomisoneofourregulars,hecomesinforadrinkaboutthistimeeverynight.Tothemsheisnotabrusquecrazy,butappropriatelypassionate.Theyarethecreativesintheadvertisingdepartment.EnglishLexicology(II)455.4CoEnglishLexicology(II)465.5CompoundingThedefinitionofcompoundingCompositionorcompoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.ItisacommondevicewhichhasbeenproductiveateveryperiodoftheEnglishlanguage.Todaythelargestnumberofnewwordsareformedbycompounding.

EnglishLexicology(II)465.5CoEnglishLexicology(II)475.5CompoundingFormsofcompoundsSolid:bedtime,honeymoonHyphenated:above-mentioned,town-planningOpen:readingmaterial,hotlineEnglishLexicology(II)475.5CoEnglishLexicology(II)485.5CompoundingTypesofcompoundsNouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompoundsEnglishLexicology(II)485.5CoEnglishLexicology(II)495.5CompoundingNouncompoundsHeadache,housekeeping,hotline,swimmingpool,raindrop,breakdown,biologicalclock,identitycrisisEnglishLexicology(II)495.5CoEnglishLexicology(II)505.5CompoundingAdjectivecompoundsWeather-beaten

rocks,peacelovingpeople,

everlastingfriendship,adifficult-to-operatemachine,amade-upstory,anonthespot

inspection,taxfree

products,fire-proof

dressEnglishLexicology(II)505.5CoEnglishLexicology(II)515.5CompoundingVerbcompoundsFormedbyback-formationhouse-keepfromhousekeeper

windowshopfromwindow-shopping

massproducefrommassproduction

hen-peckfromhen-pecked

spoon-feedfromspoon-fed.EnglishLexicology(II)515.5CoEnglishLexicology(II)525.5CompoundingVerbcompoundsFormedbyconversiontoblue-print,tocold-shoulder,tooutline,tohoneymoon,tosnowball,tochain-smoke,tosweet-talk,tojob-hop.EnglishLexicology(II)525.5CoChapter4Word-FormationII:

TheMinorProcessesBlendingBackformationShorteningAnalogyChapter4Word-FormationII:

EnglishLexicology(II)546.1BlendingThedefinitionofblendingBlending（拼缀法）isaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningpartsoftwowords.Theresultofsuchaprocessiscalledablendortelescopicwordorportmanteauword.Blendingisthusaprocessofbothcompoundingandabbreviation.Structurallyblendsmaybedividedintofourtypes.EnglishLexicology(II)546.1BlEnglishLexicology(II)556.1BlendingExamplesnewscast(news＋broadcast)

brunch(breakfast＋lunch)

smog(smoke＋fog)

talkathon(talk＋marathon)

slimnastics(slim＋gymnastics)

videophone(video＋telephone)EnglishLexicology(II)556.1BlEnglishLexicology(II)566.1Blendingsci-fihi-fiworkaholicstagflationUnicomsitcommoteldawkscience＋fictionhigh＋fidelitywork＋alcoholicstagnation＋inflationUnited＋Communicationssituation＋comedymotor＋hoteldove＋hawkEnglishLexicology(II)566.1BlEnglishLexicology(II)576.2BackformationThedefinitionofbackformationBack-formation（逆成法）

isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedsuffix.Itisalsoknownasareversederivation.

EnglishLexicology(II)576.2BaEnglishLexicology(II)586.2BackformationExampleseditfromeditorautomatefromautomationenthusefromenthusiasmgloomfromgloomydonatefromdonationbrainwashfrombrainwashingsleep-walkfromsleep-walkingEnglishLexicology(II)586.2BaEnglishLexicology(II)596.3ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation（缩略法）1)clippedwords（剪切词）:thosecreatedbyclippingpartoftheword(usuallyanoun),leavingonlyapieceoftheoldword.Theclippedformisnormallyregardedasinformal.EnglishLexicology(II)596.3ShEnglishLexicology(II)606.3ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation（缩略法）2)initialisms（首字母连写词）:

atypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase;aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter.EnglishLexicology(II)606.3ShEnglishLexicology(II)616.3ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation（缩略法）3)acronyms（首字母拼音词）:wordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords.Acronymsdifferfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.EnglishLexicology(II)616.3ShEnglishLexicology(II)626.3Shortening1)Clippedwordsad=advertisementexpo=expositionphone=telephonepro=professionalmemo=memorandumtec=detectiveheliorcopter=helicoptercomfy=comfortableEnglishLexicology(II)626.3ShEnglishLexicology(II)636.3ShorteninggymnasiumdormitoryhandkerchiefgasolinekilograminfluenzabusinessparachuterefrigeratortaxicabgymdormhankyGaskiloflubizchutefridgetaxiorcabGiveclippingsforthefollowingwordsEnglishLexicology(II)636.3ShEnglishLexicology(II)646.3Shortening2)InitialismsIOC=InternationalOlympicCommitteeBBC=BritishBroadcastingCorporationISBN=InternationalStandardBookNumberCAD=computerassisteddesigncm=centimeterTB=tuberculosisEnglishLexicology(II)646.3ShEnglishLexicology(II)656.3ShorteningCPUDIYCEOITAISOSIDDGMTVIPP.S.a.m.p.m.centralprocessingunitDoityourselfChiefExecutiveOfficerInformationtechnologyartificialintelligenceSaveourshipinternationaldirectdialGreenwichMeanTimeveryimportantpersonpostscriptantemeridiempostmeridiemWriteoutinfullthefollowinginitialismsEnglishLexicology(II)656.3ShEnglishLexicology(II)666.3Shortening3)AcronymsBasic=Beginner’sAll-purposeSymbolicInstructionTEFL=teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguageUNESCO=theUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationSars=SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndromeEnglishLexicology(II)666.3ShEnglishLexicology(II)676.3ShorteningTOFELROMNATOFIFAAidsradarTestofEnglishasaforeignlanguagereadonlymemoryTheNorthAtlanticTreatyorganizationFederationInternationaledeFootballAcquiredImmuneDeficiencysyndromeRadiodetectingandrangingWriteoutinfullthefollowingacronymsEnglishLexicology(II)676.3ShEnglishLexicology(II)686.4AnalogyThedefinitionofanalogy（类比）Theprocessbywhichwordsorphrasesarecreatedorre-formedaccordingtotheexistingpatternsinthelanguageEnglishLexicology(II)686.4AnEnglishLexicology(II)696.4AnalogyExamplesMarathon-----telethon,talkathonblue-collarworkers-----white-collarworkers,gray-collarworkers,pink-collarworkers,gold-collarworkersenvironmentalpollution-----visualoreyepollution,noisepollution,culturalpollution,graffitipollutionFirstFamily-----FirstLady,FirstDogLandscape-----moonscape,marscapeBird’seye------fish-eye,worm’s-eye,cat’s-eyeEnglishLexicology(II)696.4AnChapter7Motivation7.1ConventionalityandMotivation7.2Onomatopoeicmotivation7.3Morphologicalmotivation7.4Semanticmotivation7.5Logicalmotivation7.6MotivationandCultureChapter7Motivation7.1ConvenEnglishLexicology(II)717.1ConventionalityandMotivationMeaning(Concept)WordTriangleofsignificance（词义三角）FormReferent………….EnglishLexicology(II)717.1CoEnglishLexicology(II)72MeaningasconceptOgdenandRichardssuggestedamodeltoillustratetheviewofmeaningasconcept.ThesemantictriangleproposedbyOgdanandRichardsThoughtReferent(theobject)Symbol(concept)

[tri:]symbolizerefertoEnglishLexicology(II)72MeaninEnglishLexicology(II)73EnglishLexicology(II)73EnglishLexicology(II)747.1ConventionalityandMotivationThedebateovertheconnectionbetweensoundandmeaningThenaturalistsmaintainthereisanatural/intrinsicconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.TheConventionalists,ontheotherhand,holdthattherelationsbetweensoundandmeaningareconventionalandarbitrary.Themeaningofawordisakindoflinguisticsocialcontract.

EnglishLexicology(II)747.1CoEnglishLexicology(II)757.1ConventionalityandMotivationConventionality（约定俗成）

What’sinaname?ThatwecallaroseByanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.-----Shakespeare:RomeoandJulietWordshavenomeaning,peoplehavemeaningforthem.------EricPartridgeEnglishLexicology(II)757.1CoEnglishLexicology(II)767.1ConventionalityandMotivationConventionality树---Chinese木---Japanesearbre---Frenchbaun---GermanyEnglishLexicology(II)767.1CoEnglishLexicology(II)777.1ConventionalityandMotivationMotivation（理据）Motivationdealswiththeconnectionbetweenname(word-symbol)anditssense(meaning).Itistherelationshipbetweenthewordstructureanditsmeaning.EnglishLexicology(II)777.1CoEnglishLexicology(II)787.1ConventionalityandMotivationNon-motivatedandmotivatedFromthepointofviewofmotivation,thegreatmajorityofEnglishwordsarenonmotivated,sincetheyareconventional,arbitrarysymbols.However,thereisasmallgroupofwordsthatcanbedescribedasmotivated,thatis,adirectorsomewhatconnectionbetweenthesymbolanditssensecanbereadilyobserved.EnglishLexicology(II)787.1CoEnglishLexicology(II)797.1ConventionalityandMotivationExamplesofmotivationThepigeoncoos.airmail,miniskirt,hopelessacoatofpaintHehasastonyheart.ThequestionwasliketheSphinx’sriddletothem.EnglishLexicology(II)797.1CoEnglishLexicology(II)807.1ConventionalityandMotivationTypesofmotivationOnomatopoeicmotivationMorphologicalmotivationSemanticmotivationLogicalmotivationMotivationandCultureEnglishLexicology(II)807.1CoEnglishLexicology(II)817.2OnomatopoeicmotivationOnomatopoeicmotivation（拟声理据）meansdefiningtheprincipleofmotivationbysound.Wordsmotivatedphoneticallyarecalledonomatopoeicwords,whosepronunciationsuggeststhemeaning.Theyshowacloseconnectionbetweensoundandsense.EnglishLexicology(II)817.2OnEnglishLexicology(II)827.2OnomatopoeicmotivationPrimaryonomatopoeiaPrimaryonomatopoeiameanstheimitationofsoundbysound.Herethesoundistrulyan“echotothesense”.EnglishLexicology(II)827.2OnEnglishLexicology(II)837.2OnomatopoeicmotivationPrimaryonomatopoeiacatsmew,purrlionsroareaglesscreammicesqueakfrogscroakSnakeshisshenscluckwolveshowlEnglishLexicology(II)837.2OnEnglishLexicology(II)847.2OnomatopoeicmotivationSecondaryonomatopoeiaSecondaryonomatopoeiameansthatcertainsoundsandsound-sequencesareassociatedwithcertainsenses.Inotherwords,certainsoundsevokesymbolicconnotations,suggestingparticularsenses.EnglishLexicology(II)847.2OnEnglishLexicology(II)857.2OnomatopoeicmotivationSecondaryonomatopoeia-aresuggests“biglightornoise”Blare,flare,glare,stare-umpsuggests“protuberance”Plump,chump,rump,hump,stump,dump,mumpsk-suggests“touchingormovingonthesurface’Skate,skim,skin,ski,sketch,skidh-suggests“movingwithgreatspeed,force,orviolence”Heavy,haste,hurry,hit,hurl,hammer,hinderEnglishLexicology(II)857.2OnEnglishLexicology(II)867.2OnomatopoeicmotivationButithastobepointedoutthatonomatopoeicwordsconstituteonlyasmallpartofthevocabulary;someonomatopoeicwordsarenotcompletelymotivatedphoneticallyandareconventionaltoquitealargeextent.Ifyouthrowastoneintowater,thesoundyouhearisbynomeansthesameaswhenyousaysplash.Fliesdonotexactlymakethesoundofbuzz.EnglishLexicology(II)867.2OnEnglishLexicology(II)877.3MorphologicalmotivationWesaythewordismorphologicallymotivated,foradirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.Thisiscalledmorphologicalmotivation(形态理据）EnglishLexicology(II)877.3MoEnglishLexicology(II)887.3MorphologicalmotivationDerivationalwordsaremorphologicallymotivated.Ifoneknowsthemeaningoftheaffixandthebase,thenonecanimmediatelytellthemeaningoftheword.Compoundswordsmaybemorphologicallymotivatedtoo.Themeaningsofwordslikegood-looking,spaceman,moonscape,daydreamandmanyothersderivefromthecombinedmeaningofthecomponentparts.Onethingworthpointingoutisthatthemorphemes,thecomponentpartsofthesewordsarethemselvesconventional.EnglishLexicology(II)887.3MoEnglishLexicology(II)897.4SemanticmotivationSemanticmotivation（语义理据）referstothementalassociationsuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningof