初中地理第一章地球和地图知识点

初中地理第一章地球和地图知识点Chapter1:EarthandMapKnowledgeSection1:EarthandGlobe1.TheshapeoftheEarthisasphere.TheprocessofhumanunderstandingoftheEarth'sshapeisshowninFigure1.1onpage2.PortuguesenavigatorMagellanledafleetthatprovedforthefirsttimethattheEarthisasphere.2.ThesizeoftheEarth:averageradiusof6371kilometers;maximumcircumferenceof40,000kilometers;surfaceareaof510millionsquarekilometers.3.ThemodeloftheEarthiscalledaglobe.Peopleusecolors,symbols,andtextontheglobetorepresentgeographicalphenomenaonEarth.4.Latitudeandlongitude,parallelsandmeridiansShapecharacteristics:parallelsandmeridiansareperpendiculartotheEarth'saxis,andthecirclesthatsurroundtheEarthconnecttheNorthandSouthPoles.Thesemicirclesthatintersectperpendiculartotheparallelsindicatethedirectionsofeast,west,north,andsouth.Length:parallelshavedifferentlengths,withtheequatorbeingthelongest(40,000kilometers),andtheirlengthdecreasestowardsthepoles.Allmeridianshavethesamelength.Startingline:theequator(Quito,Ecuador)andthePrimeMeridian(Greenwich,UK).Degreesaredividedinto90degreesnorthandsouthfromtheequator,and180degreeseastandwestfromthePrimeMeridian.Codes:southlatitude(S),northlatitude(N),eastlongitude(E),westlongitude(W).Thehemisphereisdividedbytheequatorintothenorthernandsouthernhemispheres,andbythe20°Wand160°Emeridiancirclesintotheeasternandwesternhemispheres.Speciallines:equator,TropicofCancer,TropicofCapricorn,NorthandSouthPoles,andPrimeMeridian(20°W).Section2:Earth'sMovement1.ComparisonofRotationandRevolutionRotation:fromwesttoeast(counterclockwisewhenviewedfromabovetheNorthPole).Revolution:aroundthesun.Rotationcenter:Earth'saxis;Revolutioncenter:Sun.Period:oneday(24hours);oneyear(about365days).Phenomena:dayandnightalternation,timedifference;fourseasons,fivezones(duetotheEarth'saxialtiltduringrevolution,andthedifferentspatialorientationsoftheEarth'ssurfaceunderthesun'sillumination,resultingindifferentheatingeffectsindifferentlatitudes).2.EquinoxesandSolstices(Figure1.19onpage11)Solarzenithpositionsforthefourseasons(intheNorthernHemisphere):SpringEquinox:Equator.SummerSolstice:TropicofCancer.AutumnEquinox:Equator.WinterSolstice:TropicofCapricorn.3.FiveZones(Figure1.20onpage12)Name:Tropics,NorthTemperateZone,SouthTemperateZone,NorthFrigidZone,SouthFrigidZone.Boundary:TropicsbetweentheTropicofCancerandtheTropicofCapricorn;NorthTemperateZonebetweentheTropicofCancerandtheArcticCircle;SouthTemperateZonebetweentheTropicofCapricornandtheAntarcticCircle;NorthFrigidZonewithintheArcticCircle;SouthFrigidZonewithintheAntarcticCircle.Features:presenceorabsenceofdirectsunlight,presenceorabsenceofpolardayandnight.Section3:Map1.Thethreeelementsofamaparethescale,direction,andlegend(Figure1.22onpage13).2.Thethreewaysofexpressingthescalearethelinearscale,thenumericalscale,andthetextualscale.3.Whenthemapsizeisthesame,thelargerthescale,themoredetailedthecontentreflected,andthesmallertherangerepresented(detailed,brief).4、在地图上确定方向的方法有三种：指向标、经纬网和“上北下南，左西右东”规则。如果前两种方法不可用，可以按照后一种规则确定方向。5、地图上常用的图例有许多种。可以参考图1.24（第14页）。6、计算地面高度的方法有两种：海拔高度和相对高度。等高线是连接海拔高度相等的点的曲线。等高线的密集程度反映了地面的高低起伏或坡度的大小。坡度陡峭的地方，等高线比较密集；坡度缓和的地方，等高线比较稀疏。山地不同部位，等高线的形态也不同。可以参考图1.29（第16页）。7、常见的地形图有三种：等高线地形图、等深线地形图和地形剖面图。其中，地形剖面图能最直观地反映地表的起伏情况。在分层设色的地形图上，通常用蓝色表示海洋，用绿色表示平原。地形的基本类型有五种，分别是高原、平原、山地