英语段落写作方法与技巧课件

Ⅰ.段落的主题与主题句II.段落的扩展III.段落的结尾

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TheStructureofaParagraphⅠ.段落的主题与主题句II.段落的扩展III.段落的结1Ⅰ.段落的主题与主题句1. 段落的主题2. 段落的主题句Back

ParagraphⅠ.段落的主题与主题句1. 段落的主题2. 段落的主题句Ba21.段落的主题

通常一篇文章只有一个中心思想，这个中心思想可以分为几个主题，每个主题由一个段落来完成。 段落的组成通常包含三个要素：主题句(topicsentence)、扩展句(supportingsentence)和结尾句(concludingsentence)。BackParagraphⅠ.段落的主题与主题句1.段落的主题 通常一篇文章只有一个中3

一个段落只表达一个主题思想（主题句）,一个段落内的其它句子（扩展句）必须从属于这一思想，一个段落通常还有一个结尾局与主题句相呼应，这就是段落的统一性(TheUnityofaParagraph)。不同的主题思想应放在不同的段落中表达，否则容易枝杈横生，使人不得要领。

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Back一个段落只表达一个主题思4例如：主题句：Beijingisfamousforitstemperateclimate,itslargepopulation,anditsrapidindustrialdevelopment.

该主题句有三个不同的观点揉在一起，如果作为一个段落的主题句则不符合要求，该主题句可分解为三个主题句，由三个段落分别来完成。Paragraph

Back例如：该主题句有三个不同的观5请看下面的段落有什么问题：

MynameisRoseanna,andIliketokeepphysicallyfit.Iusedtoweightwohundredpounds,butIjoinedtheYMCA（Youngmen’sChristianAssociation基督教青年会）foranexerciseclassanddietprogram.InoneyearIlosteightypounds.Ifeelmuchbetterandneverwanttohavethatmuchweightonmyfive-feetframe（身躯）again.Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek.EverydayIpracticejoggingthreemiles,swimmingfifteenlaps,liftingtwenty-poundweightsandplayingtennisforonehour.Mymotherwasaprematurebaby(早产儿）.Paragraph

Back请看下面的段落有什么问题：

MynameisRos6

本段的主题句是“Iliketokeepphysicallyfit”，段中所有的句子应围绕这一主题。但段中有两个irrelevantsentences，一个是Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek，另一个是Mymotherwasapremature

baby.

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Back本段的主题句是“Iliketokeep7

主题句是一个段落中最具概括性的句子。一般包含两个基本内容：1）本段要讨论的中心人物或事物——即主题词；2）作者对这个中心人物或事物的态度、观点或见解——即扩展范围或关键词。 主题句既不能过于概括，也不能过于具体。主题句过于概括（即过于笼统或题目太大），很难用几句话说清楚，通常会因为得不到应有的充实而显得空泛无力，从而造成不能有效地表达主题思想。主题句过于具体（即缺乏概括性的观点），则无法展开段落，作者的思想就没有发挥的余地，容易造成对一个意思的重复描述。Paragraph

2.段落的主题句Back 主题句是一个段落中最具概括性的句子。一般包含两个基本内容：8

例如主题句：“Americanfoodisterrible”和“Pollutionisaseriousproblem”就过于概括；而主题句：“HespeaksEnglish”和“Iboughtacarlastweek”就过于具体。

主题句可放在句首、句中和句尾。主题句放在句首是一种好的写作方法，可以时刻提醒作者不要跑题，而且便于读者阅读理解。主题句放在句中，对段落的组织较困难，一般用在记叙和描述文体中。主题句放在句尾通常是段落的开始列举事例或事实，最后总结归纳，引出段落的主题思想。有时作者为强调起见，在段落的开头点明了主题，结尾又会重复主题，不过不是简单的重复，而是在意思上与开头相呼应，或者对段落内容进行总结。

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Back 例如主题句：“Americanfood9

其次，一个段落必须有若干扩展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是段落的完整性(TheIntegrityofaParagraph)

。扩展句和主题句之间，一要形成意义的相关性——即所有的扩展句都必须是主题句的延伸或证明，对主题句起支持的作用；二要具有逻辑的合理性——即句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅，这就是段落的连贯性(TheCoherenceofaParagraph)。Paragraph

BackII.段落的扩展

其次，一个段落必须有若干扩展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从10

在一个段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并且逻辑顺序排列正确，但是如果缺乏句与句之间的恰当的过渡，整个段落的连贯性仍会受到影响。一般使用合适的过渡词语来加强句与句之间的衔接或连贯。一个段落通常由“启”、“承”、“转”、“合”这样的一些环节构成，也就是说要正确使用启、承、转、合的词或词组，这样的段落才会既有统一性、完整性，又有连贯性。下面是一些常用的“启、承、转、合”过渡词语：Paragraph

Back 在一个段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并111.“启”即开启，开始，引出主题句或引导第一个扩展句atfirst首先atpresent当今currently最近；现在first首先；第一

firstly首先firstofall首先generally一般说来generallyspeaking一般说来inthebeginning首先inthefirstplace首先Paragraph

Back1.“启”即开启，开始，引出主题句或引导第一个扩展句at121.“启”即开启，开始，引出主题句或引导第一个扩展句Paragraph

itisclearthat…显然itisself-evidentthat…不言而喻lately最近presently此刻；现在recently最近thereissomeevidencethat…现有证据表明thereisnodoubtthat…毫无疑问tobeginwith…首先tostartwith…首先Back1.“启”即开启，开始，引出主题句或引导第一个扩展句Pa132.“承”即承接，用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句also又；并且asamatteroffact事实上atthesametime同时besides另外；此外certainly必然地；肯定地consequently结果；因此especially特别是forexample例如forinstance例如fromnowon从此furthermore此外；而且inaddition此外inadditionto…除……之外ineffect事实上infact事实上inotherwords换言之inparticular特别是inthesameway同样地indeed确实likewise同样地Paragraph

Back2.“承”即承接，用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句also14moreover此外；而且morethanthat再者；更重要的是nodoubt无疑or即；也就是说namely即；也就是说particularly特别是second第二secondly第二similarly同样地so所以soon不久suchas例如Paragraph

Backmoreover15Paragraph

take…forexample以……为例thatis,…即；也就是说thatistosay,…即；也就是说therearemanyreasonswhy………的原因有许多third第三thirdly第三themostimportant再者；更重要的是truly事实上；其实是what’smore再者；更重要的是what’smoreimportant再者；更重要的是BackParagraphtake…forexample16although虽然asopposedto与……相反but但是conversely相反地despite尽管fortunately幸运地however无论如何；然而inoppositionto与……相反inotherwords换言之inspiteof尽管insteadof相反luckily幸运地3.“转”即转折，用来表示语气的转折Paragraph

Backalthough173.“转”即转折，用来表示语气的转折Paragraph

nevertheless然而；不过onthecontrary相反地ontheotherhand另一方面otherwise不同样地unfortunately不幸地unlike不同于regardlessof不管；不顾thedifferencesareasfollows区别如下whereas然而while然而；另一方面yet然而；但是Back3.“转”即转折，用来表示语气的转折Paragraph18accordingly于是tosumup总之asaconsequence因此asaresult结果atlast最后atlength最后briefly简言之consequently因此finally最后hence因此inall总之inaword简言之inbrief

简言之inconclusion

最后；总之

4.“合”即合拢，总结，表示段落的结束Paragraph

Backaccordingly19Paragraph

inconsequence结果inshort简言之insum总之insummary总之last最后一点lastly最后一点inthelastplace最后shortly简言之so因此therefore因此thus因此tosumup总之tosummarize总之BackParagraphinconsequence20例如：

Manystudentshavedifficultytakingtest.Asaresult,theygetpoorgradesontheirquizzes.Theymust,therefore,workharderinclasstocommunicatetheirunderstandingofthecourse.Inaddition,theyusuallydevotegreatperiodsoftimetowritingassignmentsinthehopethattheseassignmentswillraisetheiraverages.Finally,manyoffertodoextraassignmentsduringvocationsinanefforttoraisetheirgrades.Theeffectsofdoingpoorlyonevenonequizcanbestressfultomoststudents.

在本段落中，作者使用了一系列的合适的过渡词语使得文章衔接自然、字句通顺、内容连贯。Paragraph

Back例如：ParagraphBack21

结尾句通常是对段落的归纳总结和概括，也可以是对主题加以评论。在论述性较强的议论文体中，一般都有结尾句。例如：1)Forthepasttenyears,trafficjamsinBeijinghavebeenmoreandmoreserious.(2)Therearemanyreasonsbutingeneraltheycomedowntothreemaincauses.(3)First,withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomyinBeijing,toomanytransportationtoolsarebroughtintouse,especiallytaxisandprivatecarswhichcountforaremarkablenumberoftrafficjams.

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III.段落的结尾Back结尾句通常是对段落的归纳总结和概括，也可以是22(4)Next,thetrafficsysteminBeijingwasestablishedmainlyinthe1940’s.theroadsarestillnarrowthattheycannotbearsuchheavytraffic.(5)ThefinalreasonisthatthepopulationofBeijinghasbeenincreasingsofastthattherearemanypedestriansonthestreets.(6)Fromtheforegoing,itisclearthatthetrafficsysteminBeijingmustbere-establishedassoonaspossible.分析上面段落，我们可以看出：(1)是引入句，（2）是主题句，（3）（4）（5）是扩展句，（6）是结尾句。

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Back(4)Next,thetrafficsystemin23Online

shoppingAdvantages:1.It

is

convenient

to

shop

without

going

out.2.Customers

have

a

variety

of

choices

and

can

easily

decide

on

best

buys.3.The

price

of

online

goods

are

usually

much

cheaper

than

those

in

stores.OnlineshoppingAdvantages:24DisadvantagesPeople

cannot

try

on

the

clothes

so

they

usually

return

the

goods

because

of

size.In

some

cases,

the

quality

of

online

goods

is

poorer

compared

with

those

in

stores.It

is

unsafe

for

some

people

to

have

an

online

bank

account.Disadvantages25方法2.过程法(Process)1.时空顺序法(TimeandSpaceSequence)3.举例和归纳法(Example

&

Generalization)4.比较对照法(Comparison&Contrast)6.分类法(Classification)

5.因果分析法(Cause

and

Effect)

段落的展开，有很多方法和模式，下面介绍最常用的几种：Paragraph

7.定义法(Definition)8.结合几种方式(Combination)

方法2.过程法1.时空顺序法3.举例和归纳法4.比较对照261.时空顺序法(TimeandSpaceSequence)——Todescribeaseriesofactionsorasituationaccordingtothetimeorspacesequence

时空顺序法是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次、分步骤地表达主题的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义。

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Back1.时空顺序法(TimeandSpaceSequen27例如：

YesterdaywasoneofthoseawfuldaysformewheneverythingIdidwentwrong.First,Ididn'thearmyalarmclockandarrivedlateforwork.Then,Ididn'treadmydiaryproperlyandforgottogettoanimportantmeetingwithmyboss.Duringthecoffeebreak,Idroppedmycoffeecupandspoiltmynewskirt.Atlunchtime,Ileftmypurseonabusandlostallthemoneythatwasinit.Afterlunch,mybosswasangrybecauseIhadn'tgonetothemeeting.ThenIdidn'tnoticeasignonadoorthatsaid"WetPaint"andsoIspoiltmyjackettoo.WhenIgothomeIcouldn'tgetintomyflatbecauseIhadleftmykeyinmyoffice.SoIbrokeawindowtogetinandcutmyhand.

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Back例如：ParagraphBack28

本段采用的是时间顺序法，根据本段主题句中的关键词组everythingIdidwentwrong，作者按时间顺序列举了他所做的8件错事，分别由first,then,duringthecoffeebreak,afterlunch等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、内容连贯。

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Back本段采用的是时间顺序法，根据本段主题句中的关29

再看一例：

Intheflatopposite,awomanheardthenoiseoutside.Whenshelookedoutthroughthewindow,shediscoveredthatherneighborwasthreatenedbysomeone.Sheimmediatelycalledthepolicestation.Inanswertothecall,apatrolpolicecararrivedatthesceneofthecrimequickly.Threepolicemenwentinsidetheflatatonce,andothersguardedoutsidethebuildingtopreventanyonefromescaping.

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Back再看一例：ParagraphB30

本段是按照事物发展的空间和先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。作者采用了许多表示空间位置的词汇，如：Intheflatopposite,outside,lookoutthroughthewindow等等，使读者仿佛身临其境。

常用于时间顺序法段落的过渡连接词有：first,atthebeginning,tostartwith,afterthat,later,then,afterwards,intheend,finally等可以表示时间先后的词汇。

常用于空间顺序法段落的过渡连接词有：fromhere,inside,outof,infrontof,behind,atthebackof,nextto,beside,on,over,above,under,beneath,beyond,ontheright/left-handside,onthecorner,ontheoppositesideof,between等可以表示空间位置的词汇。

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Back本段是按照事物发展的空间和先后顺序，叙述从31Homework:

MyDormitoryisaLarge,SpaciousandComfortableRoomwithFourBeds参考范文：

Mydormitoryisalarge,spaciousandcomfortableroomwithfourbeds.Asyouwalkintotheroom,youarefacedwithalargewindowonthesouthernsideoftheroom.Belowthewindowisalargedeskonwhichthereisaclock,atelephoneandacomputer.Aroundthedeskarefourchairsforustositonduringourstudy.Thefourbedsarelocatedinthefourcornersoftheroom.Betweenthetwobedsontheeastsideoftheroomisalargewardrobeforhangingclothesandstoringbedding.Oppositeto

itisalargebookcasewithneatlyarrangedbooks.

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BackHomework:MyDormitoryisaL323.举例法(Exemplification)——Ageneralstatementsupportedbysomeexamples

作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。

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Back3.举例法(Exemplification)——Agene33

我们来看看下面这个用举例法展开的段落：

Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportsthataresuitabletothem.

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Back我们来看看下面这个用举例法展开的段落：

34

本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句，分别由连接词forexample,foranotherexample和besides引出，最后由Inshort引导的结尾句总结全段内容。

常用于举例法段落的句型、句式和词语有：Forexample/instance,Therearemanyexamplestoshowthat…Thiscanbeillustrated/shownbythefollowingexamples/instances.Oneexampleis….Anotherexampleis…Anexampleofthisis/involves…

运用举例法展开段落的写作模式如下：Topicsentence——oneormoreexamples——Concludingsentence.

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Back本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句，分别由连接词f35Homework:KnowingAforeignLanguageisHelpful

参考范文：

Knowingaforeignlanguageishelpful.Ihavegotabetterunderstandingofthiswithmyownexperience.Yesterdaymorning,Iwenttothebookstoretobuysomebooks.WhenIgotthere,Isawaforeignladytalkingtoasalesgirl.Butthesalesgirlcouldnotunderstandwhatshewassaying.Iwentuptothem.ShetoldmesheneededapocketEnglish-Chinesedictionary.SoItoldthesalesgirlwhattheforeignerwantedtobuy.Inamomenttheforeignladygotthedictionaryandshewasveryhappy.Bothsheandthesalesgirlthankedmealot.

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BackHomework:KnowingAforeignL36Homework:KnowingAforeignLanguageisHelpful

参考范文：

Knowingaforeignlanguageishelpful.Firstly,ifyouknowaforeignlanguageyoucancommunicatewithit'snativespeakersthusenablingyoutomakealotmorefriends.Secondly,itwillhelpyoutoknowaboutanothercultureandopenyourmindtonewwasofseeingthings.Thirdly,itmayofferyoumorechancestofindagoodjobinajointventureenterprise

oranforeign-fundedenterprise.So,knowingaforeignlanguageisveryimportant,wecollegestudentsmustworkhardtomasteraforeignlanguage.

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BackHomework:KnowingAforeignL374.比较对照法(Comparison&Contrast)—Compare

thesimilaritiesanddifferencbetweentwopersonsorthings

比较和对照都是通过把两个事物放在一起相比来展开段落、说明问题。比较着重于相比事物的相同点和相似处。对照则着重于相比事物的不同点甚至是相反的方面。两种方法既可单独使用，也可根据需要一起使用。常用的结构有两种：

第一种结构称之为块式结构，假如比较的事物为A和B，文章首先把有关事物A的全部要讨论的内容讨论完，再转入B事物。

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Back4.比较对照法(Comparison&Contrast38例如：

ProfessorWright,whoteachesEnglishpoetry,isaboutforty.Hehasaneasy-goingpersonality.Heislivelyandfriendly.Hemixesmorewiththestudents.However,hedoesn’tworkhard.ProfessorHunter,ontheotherhand,isalsoaboutforty.Heteachesmanagement.Hehasadignifiedpersonalityandisalwaysserious-looking.Ineverseehimsmile.Thereisalwaysasorelookonhisfacewhenastudentislateorwhenastudentmakesamistake.Butheworkslikeabeaver.

本段为块式结构，先集中叙述了Prof.Wright的特点，再叙述Prof.Hunter的特点与之相对照。

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Back

（可参见《新视野大学英语》第一册183页的SampleParagraph和第二册247页的SampleParagraph）例如：本段为块式结构，先集中叙述了Prof.39

第二种结构称之为点式结构，即首先就事物A和事物B的要比较的内容的第一方面进行比较或对照，然后再比较或对照A和B的第二个方面。

例如：

(1)Ifmychoicewererestrictedbetweendoingscienceandgoingintobusiness,theformerwouldholdmoreattractionforme.(2)Foronething,abusinessmanhastowastehisprecioustimebeatingonebargainafteranotherwithhiscounterparts.(3)Bycontrast,ascientistcanalwaysspendhisvaluabletimeattackingoneprofoundproblemafteranotherinscience.(4)Foranother,abusinessman,onceinvolvedinadirtyorillegaldeal,tendstoplacehimselfontheroadtocrime.

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Back第二种结构称之为点式结构，即首先就事物A40(5)Incontrasttothat,ascientist,onceinvolvedinapotentialorlandmarkresearch,ismorelikelytoputhimselfonthewaytosuccess.(6)Andthemoststrikingdifferencebetweenbothliesintheircontributionstosociety.(7)Whatabusinessmanhasachievedmaybeofmuchprofittohisfirmorhiscircleswhilewhatascientisthasfulfilledwillbeofgreatbenefittohisfieldorthewholehumansociety.8)Fromthecomparisonsandcontrastsabove,therefore,anyonecanconcludethatmypreferencefordoingscienceismorereasonableandmoreacceptable.

本段为点式结构。段中（1）为主题句，（2）、（4）、（6）为A事物的三个方面，（3）、（5）、（7）则为与之相对照的B事物的三个方面，（8）为结尾句。

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Back(5)Incontrasttothat,asci41常用于比较法段落的过渡连接词有：Therearesome/many/afewsimilaritiesbetween…BothAandBare…AandBseemtohavemuchincommon.AandBseemtohavesomefeaturesincommon.AissimilartoBin…AhassomethingincommonwithB.

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BackParagraphBack42AandBsharesimilar…AsharessomecommonfeatureswithB.AislikeBin…AisthesameasBin…Both,too,comparewith,similarly,likewise,also,incomparison,justlike,justas,also,both…and,similarto

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BackAandBsharesimilar…Para43常用于对照法段落的过渡连接词有：Therearesome/many/afewdifferencesbetween…AisdifferentfromBin…AdiffersfromBin…Ahasnothing(little)incommonwithB.ThedifferencebetweenAandBliesin…ComparedwithA,B…Unlike,onthecontrary,incontrast,ontheotherhand,while,whereas,however,although

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Back常用于对照法段落的过渡连接词有：Paragraph44Homework:TheSimilaritiesandDifferencesBetweentheComputerandtheHumanBrainBaseyourwritingonthesimilaritiesordifferencesgiven:Similarities:Bothcanreadandfollowinstructions;performcomplexmathematicalcomputations;translatelanguages.Differences:Thebraincanmakevaluejudgments;thecomputercan’t.Thebraincanrespondtoemotions;thecomputercan’t.Thebraincanfunctionindependently;thecomputerdependsonhumanbeings

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BackHomework:TheSimilaritiesand45参考范文：Thecomputerandthehumanbrainarebothsimilaranddifferent.First,boththecomputerandthehumanbraincanreadandfollowinstructions;bothofthemcanperformcomplexmathematicalcomputations;andeven,bothcantranslatelanguages.Ontheotherhand,thecomputerandthehumanbraindifferinseveralways:Thebraincanmakevaluejudgments;butthecomputercan’t.Whilethebraincanrespondtoemotions;thecomputerhasnoemotionatall.Thebraincanfunctionindependently;butthecomputercannotworkwithouthumanbeings’programandinstruction.

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Back参考范文：ParagraphBack465.因果分析法(CauseandEffect)——Toanalyzethe

causesofsthortheeffectsofsth

因果分析法是通过分析事物的因果关系来展开段落。我们可以先提出某种现象，然后分析导致这种现象的原因，这就是一果多因（例1）；也可以先给出原因，然后再说明原因导致的结果，这就是一因多果（例2）。运用因果分析法展开段落最好把主题句放在句首，即一果或一因放在开头。

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Back5.因果分析法(CauseandEffect)——To47

例1:

(1)Nowthere’salargegapbetweenrichandpoorinChina.(2)Thecauseliesinthreeaspects.(3)Firstthegapistheresultoftheeconomicreform.(4)Somebecomemillionairesbyworkinghardandseizingtheopportunities.(5)Meanwhiletheslowdevelopmentinagricultureandtheclosedownofmanystate-ownedenterpriseshinderthefarmersandworkersfromgreatlyraisingtheirlivingstandards.(6)Second,thecurrentdistributionofincomeisnotscientificenough,thuswideningtheincomedifference.(7)Third,whilemostmakemoneyhonestly,therearesomedishonestbusinessmenandgovernmentagentswhohaveaccumulatedlargefortunesthroughillegalways.

（一果多因）此段中，（1）是引导句，（2）是主题句，（3）、（6）、（7）是扩展句，（4）、（5）句是（3）句的二级扩展句。

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Back例1:Paragraph48例2：(1)WheneverweturnonTV,wewillseeadvertisements.(2)Advertisementsareoneofthemostfrustratingpartsofwatchingtelevision.(3)Inthefirstplace,theadvertisementswastetime.(4)Forinstance,inordertoseea90-minutemovie,wehavetospendanother20to30moreminuteswatchingadvertisements.(5)Inthesecondplace,theadvertisementsinterrupttheviewers.(6)Forexample,theviewersmayforgettheplotofashowduringtheadvertisements.(7)Inthethirdplace,theymakepeopleunderconstanteconomicpressure.(8)Theadsmakemanyproductslookmoreattractivethantheyreallyare.(9)Theyalwaysmakepeoplespendmorethantheycanafford.(10)SinceadscouldnotdisappearfromTVscreen,thetelevisionviewersmustbeawareandcriticaloftheadvertisementsinordertoendurethem.（一因多果）此段中，（1）是引导句，（2）是主题句，（3）、（5）、（7）是扩展句，（4）、（6）、（8）、（9）分别是（3）、（5）、（7）句的二级扩展句，（10）是结尾句。

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Back例2：(1)WheneverweturnonTV49

试分析上述段落的展开方式和因果关系。因和果是相对而言的，有时一个原因导致的结果又会成为导致另一种结果的原因，从而形成一系列的因果关系。请看下例：

Asthepriceofeverythingincreases,workersdemandhigherwagestokeepupwithrisingcosts.Thiscanproducesfurtherincreasesinpricesoradecreaseddemandformanufacturedgoods,orboth.Sinceproductiontriestokeeppacewithdemand,decreaseddemandisfollowedbydecreasedproduction.This,inturn,canleadtolayoffs(下岗)

andunemployment,whichfurtherthedemandforgoods.

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Back试分析上述段落的展开方式和因果关系。50上面三段的展开模式为：

模式1Cause——Effect1——Effect 2,…ConcludingSentence模式2Effect——Cause1——Cause2,…Concluding Sentence模式3Cause1——Effect1（Cause2）——Effect2 (Cause3)——Effect3…ConcludingSentence

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Back上面三段的展开模式为：模式1Cause——Effect51常用于因果分析法段落阐述原因的句型和词语有：Theexplanationisthat…Thereareseveralreasonswhy/for…Thecauseof…is…Thereasonsfor…are……istheresultof……iscausedby/dueto/becauseof…because,since,nowthat,becauseof,asaresultof,onaccountof,forthisreason,owingto,dueto,for,as,thanksto,resultfrom

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Back常用于因果分析法段落阐述原因的句型和词语有：Theexpl52常用于因果分析法段落阐述结果的句型和词语有：Theresult/effect/consequenceof…is……willresultin…Therefore,…Asaresult(of),…Leadto,resultin,contributeto,sothat,thus,hence,consequently,so,accordingly,inviewof…

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Back常用于因果分析法段落阐述结果的句型和词语有：Theresu53Homework:

SmokingResultsinaSeriesofNegativeEffects参考范文：

Smokingresultsinaseriesofnegativeeffects.Tobeginwith,ithasbeenprovedthatpoisonousnicotinecontainedincigarettescanreduceyourfitness.Andwhatisworse,itcanevencauselungcancerifyousmokeconstantly.Thatiswhysuchwarningas“smokingisharmfultoyourhealth”mustbeprintedonthecoverofthecigarettecaseinwesterncountries.Furthermore,passivesmokingoccursinyourfamilymembersandotherpeopleasaresultofyoursmokingathomeorinpublicplaces.Consequently,theirhealthwillbeunfavorablyinfluenced.点击继续

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BackHomework:

SmokingResultsin54Inaddition,smokingaddstoyourfinancialdifficultyifyouhappentobeshortofmoney.Evenifyouarerich,youareencouragedtospendyourmoneyonvaluablebooks,nutritiousfood,highqualityTVsets,etc.,notonmeaninglesssmoking.Therefore,givingupsmo