北京第二外国语学院《综合考试（英2）》历年考研真题及详解

2010年北京第二外国语学院812综合考试（英2）真题及详解PartOne英美社会文化(50分)I.Fillintheblankswithproperwords:(每题2分)1.In1215,somefeudalbaronsandtheChurchforcedKing_________tosignthe_________toplacesomelimitsontheKing’spower.2.TheBritishConstitutionconsistsofstatutelaw,_________and_________.3.TherearethreemajorpartiesintheUK:_________,theLabourpartyand_________.4.ThetwooldestuniversitiesinBritainare_________and_________.5.TheUSfederalgovernmentconsistsofthefollowingthreebranches:theexecutive,_________and_________.6．“WASP”standsfor_________.7.AccordingtoJohnLocke,therighttogoverncomesfromanagreementor_________voluntarilyenteredintobyfreepeople.8.TheThreeFaithsintheUSrefertoProtestant,_________and_________.9.ThefirstCatholicpresidentintheUSwas_________.10.Someoftheprogramstoequalizeeducationalopportunitiesforallgroupsbygivingspecialpreferencetomembersofminoritygroupsarecalled_________.答案：1.John,MagnaCarta2.commonlaw,conventions3.theConservativeparty,theLiberalDemocraticparty4.Oxford,Cambridge5.thelegislative,thejudicial6.WhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestant7.Socialcontract8.Catholic,Jewish9.J.F.Kennedy10.affirmativeactionprogramsII.Tellwhatyouknowaboutthefollowinginyourownwords:1.TheBillofRightsof1689答案：TheBillofRightsof1689In1688,KingJamesII’sdaughterMaryandherhusbandWilliamwereinvitedbythepoliticiansandchurchauthoritiestotakethethrone,onconditionthattheywouldrespectthefightsofParliament.TheBillofRightswaspassedin1689toensurethattheKingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliament.2.TheCommonwealth答案：TheCommonwealthIntheauthor’sopinion,theCommonwealthisavoluntaryassociationofstateswhichismadeupmostlyofformerBritishcolonies.Thereare50membersoftheCommonwealth:manyofthesearedevelopingcountrieslikeIndiaandCyprus;othersaredevelopednationslikeAustralia,CanadaandNewZealand.TheCommonwealthwassetupasaforumforcontinuedcooperationandasasortofsupportnetwork.3.TheTimes答案：TheTimesTheTimesbeganpublishingin1785anditistheUnitedKingdom’soldestdailynewspaper.4.ThethreetraditionsofChristmasinBritain答案：ThethreetraditionsofChristmasinBritainThreearethreeChristmastraditionswhichareparticularlyBritish:oneistheChristmasPantomime,acomicalmusicalplay.ThemainmalecharacterisplayedbyayoungwomanwhileThemainfemalecharacter,oftenanuglywomancalled“theDame,”isplayedbyaman.AnotherBritishChristmastraditionistoheartheQueengiveherChristmasmessagetoherrealmoverthetelevisionandradio.AthirdBritishtraditionisBoxingDay,whichfallsonthedayafterChristmas.Traditionally,itwasonBoxingDaythatpeoplegaveChristmasgiftsormoneytotheirstafforservants.NowthatmostBritishpeopledonothaveservants,thiscustomisnolongerobserved.However,anewBoxingDaycustomhasemerged,inthecities:shopping.ShopsopenuptoselloffalltheirChristmasstockdecorations,food,cards,andgiftitemsatlowprices.5.Puritanism答案：PuritanismPuritanswerethosewhofollowedthedoctrineofJohnCalvinandwantedtopurifytheChurchofEngland.TheybelievethathumanbeingswerepredestinedbyGodbeforetheywereborn.SomewereGod’schosenpeoplewhileothersweredamnedtohell.Nochurchnorgoodworkscouldsavepeople.ThesignofbeingGod’selectwasthesuccessinhisworkortheprosperityinhiscalling.TheyalsoarguedthateveryonemustreadtheBibleinordertofindGod’swillandestablishadirectcontactwithGod.ThesebeliefshadgreatimpactonAmericanculture.6.TheBillofRights答案：TheBillofRightsTheBillofRightsconsistsofthefirst10amendmentswhichwereaddedtotheConstitutionin1791.TheBillofRightswaspassedtoguaranteefreedomandindividualrightssuchasfreedomofspeech,therighttoassembleinpublicplaces,therighttoownweaponsandsoon.PartTwo翻译(50分)I.英译汉(25分)Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Thetimeforthissectionis30minutes.1.High-speedgroundtransportation(HSGT)representsanewmodeoftransportationfortheUnitedStates,onethatispotentiallysuperiortobothairplanesandautomobilesfortripsbetween100and600miles.答：对于美国来说，高速地面运输是一种新的运输方式。路程在160-960公里之内，这种运输方式比飞机、汽车更有潜在的优势。2.PrincipalherebyappointsagentasitsexclusiveagenttosellProductsinTerritory,withinandtotheextentoftherightgrantedhereunder,onbehalfofPrincipalandAgentacceptsandassumessuchappointment.答：委托人兹委托代理人为其独家代理，代表委托人，在本条款所给予的权利限度内，在所定“地区”销售所定的“产品”，代理人接受并承担该项委托。3.Theresearchfindsthatyoungwomenareheadingforanearlygravethroughsmokingandlackofexercise.答：这项研究发现，由于抽烟和缺少运动，一些青年女性正踏上一条减寿之途。4.Eagertotrustbutdeterminedtoverify,manysinglewomeninanageofriskyromancearehiringprivatedetectivestocheckthebackgroundoftheirsuitors.答：在这个爱情有风险的年代，许多单身女子对求婚的人欲信犹疑，于是就纷纷雇佣私家侦探去查清对方的身世。5.Careercomebacksfromdisasterarebothdifficultand,oddly,easy.Difficultbecauseyourrecordhasbeenblighted;easybecauseifyouhaveachievedtriumphsbefore,youknowhowit’sdone.Whilewearesuspiciousofsomeonewhohassufferedaserioussetback,wealsorespecthard-wonexperience.Moreover,thedoctrineofredemptionisacentralpartofourculture.Theideathatsomeoneisanirredeemablelossseemsincrediblybrutal.Suchajudgmentfeelsasifitshouldbereservedforthosewhohavebeencriminal,repeatedlynegligent,orcreateddamageonagrandscale.答：职场失败后东山再起既困难又容易(后面一点有些奇怪)。困难是因为你的履历上有了污点；容易是因为如果你以前成功过，你就知道如何才能成功。尽管我们对遭受严重挫折的人持怀疑态度，但我们也对来之不易的经验表示尊敬。此外，救赎这个信念是我们文化的核心部分。说某人无可救药似乎相当残忍。这种评价给人的感觉是，它应该仅适用于那些犯下罪行、屡教不改或是造成严重破坏的人。II.汉译英(25分)Directions：TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish．Thetimeforthissectionis30minutes．1．我公司经营各类城市绿化专用树苗几十个品种50万株，完全能达到随来随购、顾客满意的程度。答：Thecompany’sstocksofdozensofspecies(atotalof500,000-oddsaplings)aresufficienttomeetthedemandofurbantreeplanting.2．本合同自签字之日起生效，直至双方间所有的遗留问题，包括财务问题，处理完毕之日止。答：ThisContractshallbecomeeffectiveuponandfromthedatewhenitissignedandshallremainvaliduntilalloutstandingissuesincludingthefinancialmattersbetweenthePartiesheretohavebeenresolved.3．15至55岁的中国女性共约有3.8亿。只要经济条件允许，几乎人人都想把自己打扮得卓约靓丽，这种情况在城市尤为明显。答：Alltold,Chinahasroughly380millionwomenbetweentheagesof15and55,andfewofthem—particularlyinthecities—wanttolookanylessthanthebesttheirbudgetsallow.4．当时，这位年轻的参议员为他亚裔秘书的出众长相所倾倒：她乌发披肩，亮泽飘逸；一双黑眸，顾盼生辉。答：ThethenyoungsenatorwasstruckbythepowerfulprofileofhissecretaryofAsiandescent,herrichblackhairfallingfreelyontohershoulders,theintensityofherdarkeyes.5．作为人生发迹的手段之一，幽默和魅力是一对效力惊人的组合。我遇见过许多凭借风趣机智和好人缘白手起家的企业家。他们谦和自敛，让我们生不起气来；我们与他们相处愉快——所以我们为什么不与他们做生意呢?当然，这里面必须讲求技巧。一味溜须拍马，开一些干巴巴的玩笑，不会产生同样的魔力。英国人认为，人生在世，就得苦中作乐。这似乎是我们心理学和文化的一条基本原则。在伦敦，说一个人缺乏幽默感，等于是说他一无是处。我出席的许多重要会议，都以一些善意的玩笑开场，以此打破沉默。这种惯例提醒我们，我们都是凡人，而不完全是商业机器。答：Humourandcharmareasurprisinglypowerfulcombinationasameansofascentinlife.Ihavemetanumberofentrepreneurswhohavebuiltfortunesonthebackoftheirwitandgeneralpopularity—andnotmuchelse.Theydisarmuswithself-deprecation;weenjoytheircompany—sowhywouldn’twewanttodobusinesswiththem?Ofcourse,itallhastobedonewell;sycophancyandflatjokesdonotweavethesamespell.TheBritishfeelthatsomelightreliefamidthedrudgeryisessentialforexistencetobetolerable.Itseemstobeacornerstoneofourpsychologyandculture.InLondon,tosaysomeonehasnosenseofhumouristocondemnthemutterly.ManyimportantmeetingsIattendstartwithalittlefriendlybantertobreaktheice,aritualtoremindusthatweareallhuman—ratherthansimplyrobotsofcommerce.PartThree写作(50points)Readthefollowingarticlethenfulfillthetasks.TheCultoftheFacelessBossToomanychiefexecutivesareinstantlyforgettable.It’stheflamboyant,visionarybosseswhochangetheworld.（指出现象）THEEuropeanUnionisnottheonlyinstitutionthatprefersfacelesstechnocratstopeoplewithstarpower.Thecorporateworldisincreasinglyrejectingimperialchiefexecutivesinfavourofanonymousmanagers—blandandboringmenandwomenwhocanhardlygetthemselvesnoticedatcocktailparties,letalonestopthetrafficinMoscowandBeijing.（举例说明）Someoftheworld’smostpowerfulbossesarestrikingmainlyfortheirblandness:SamPalmisanoatIBM,TonyHaywardatBP,TerryLeahyatTesco,VittorioColaoatVodafone.Thesemenareattheheadofavastarmyofevenmoreforgettablebosses.WatchtheparadeofchiefexecutiveswhoappearonCNBCeveryday,ordropintoahigh-poweredconference,andyoubegintowonderwhethercloningismoreadvancedthanscientistsarelettingon.Itistruethatthereareafewmorewomenandmembersofethnicminoritiesatthetopofcompaniesthanthereusedtobe.Butphysicaldiversityhasnottranslatedintoculturaldiversityorintellectualvitality.Almostwithoutexception,today’sbossesspout（滔滔不绝地讲）thesametiredoldmanagementclichés—aboutthemeritsofdoingwellbydoingright（为善者，诸事顺）,theimportanceofvaluingyourworkers,thevirtuesofsustainabilityandsoforth.ThewomenwhowereprofiledinarecentarticleintheFinancialTimesaboutthe“top50womeninworldbusiness”wereeverybitasadeptwiththeclichéastheirmalecolleagues.IndraNooyi,thebossofPepsiCo,proclaimedthatshespendsherweekends“doingeverythingthatnormalpeopledo”.AndreaJung,thebossofAvon,saidherbiggestinspirationcamefrom“Avon’ssixmillionsalesrepresentativesworldwide”.（解释原因）Thefashionforfacelesschiefexecutivesispartofanunderstandablereactionagainstyesterday’simperialbosses,manyofwhomwerevividcharacters,capableofholdingtheirowninacocktailpartywithTonyBlair,butwhocollectivelybroughtopprobrium（耻辱；责骂）onthesystemthatletthemshine.Some,suchasJeffSkillingofEnronandTyco’sDennisKozlowski,brokethelawandhelpedinspireadramatictighteningofgovernmentregulation,intheformoftheSarbanes-Oxleylegislation.Others,suchasHomeDepot’sBobNardelliandHewlett-Packard’sCarlyFiorina,paidthemselveslikesuperstarsbutdelivereddismal（凄凉的，惨淡的）results.Theturbulentbusinessclimateisanotherfactorthatencouragestoday’schiefexecutivestokeeptheirheadsdown.Theiraveragetenure（任期）hasdeclinedfromtenyearsinthe1970stosixyearstoday,andboardsarebecomingevermorelikelytosack（开除）bossesiftheygetoutofline,particularlyinEurope.Thefinancialcrisishasalsoproducedawaveofpopularfury（狂怒）aboutover-paidexecutivesandtheirunaccountableways.Inthissortofclimateitisnotjusttheparanoid,butthefaceless,whosurvive.Facelessness—oratleasthumility—isalsotheheightoffashionamongmanagementconsultantsandbusinessgurus（领袖）.Corporateheadhuntersarehelpingfirmsfind“humble”bosses.JimCollins,oneofAmerica’smostpopulargurus,arguesthatthebestchiefexecutivesarenotflamboyant（灿烂的；浮夸的）visionariesbut“humble,self-effacing（抹去。使自己不被注意）,diligentandresolutesouls”.Businessjournalistshavetakentoproducingglowingprofilesofself-effacingandself-denyingbossessuchasHarukaNishimatsu,thebossofJapanAirlines,whotravelstoworkonthebusandpayshimselflessthanhispilots,andMikeEskew,theformerbossofUPS,whoflewcoach（坐经济舱）andsharesanadministrativeassistantwiththreeotherpeople.Itcanonlybeamatteroftimebeforesomebodywrites“TheManagementSecretsofUriahHeep”:be’umble,beeverso’umble.（提出质疑）Yetthereissurelyadangeroftakingallthistoofar.Alowprofileisnoguaranteeagainstcorporatefailure,astheformerbossesoftwocompanieslaudedbyMrCollins,FannieMaeandCircuitCity,cantellyou.Ingeneral,thecorporateworldneedsitsflamboyantvisionariesandragingegomaniacs（极端自我主义者）rathermorethanitshumbleleadersandcorporatecivilservants.Thinkofthepeoplewhohaveshapedthemodembusinesslandscape,and“faceless”and“humble”arenotthefirstwordsthatcometomind.Bebold,notblandThepreviousoutbreakofthecultoffacelessnesswasinthe1950s,whenbookssuchas“TheOrganisationMan”and“TheManintheGrayFlannelSuit”toppedthebestsellerlist,andwhentwoofAmerica’sbiggestfirms,GeneralMotorsandGeneralElectric,werebothrunbymennamedCharlesWilson.Today’sworldisasdifferentaspossiblefromtheonethatproducedorganisationman:anunusualdegreeofturbulencerequiresunusualbosses,ratherthansteady-as-she-goesfunctionaries.Thebestdefenceofthesefacelessbossesliesintherealmof（在……领域里）publicrelations,ratherthanmanagement—theyarehelpingtodefuse（平息）publicangeratcorporateexcesses.Butevenherethecaseisweak.Fewpeoplepayanyattentiontotheidentikit（老一套的）bosseswhokeeppoppingupto（提示）hum（低哼，嗡嗡声）theircorporatemuzakaboutdoingwellbydoingright.Thebestambassadorsforbusinessaretheoutsizedfigureswhohavechangedtheworldandwhofeelnoneedtoapologiseforthemselvesortheircalling.Thereisnolong-termcomparativeadvantageinbeingforgettable.Task1:Explaintheunderlinedwords.(10points)(1)Almostwithoutexception,today’sbossesspoutthesametiredoldmanagementclichés—aboutthemeritsofdoingwellbydoingright,...答：● spout:pourout,repeatthesamething(2)ThewomenwhowereprofiledinarecentarticleintheFinancialTimesaboutthe“top50womeninworldbusiness”wereeverybitasadeptwiththeclichéastheirmalecolleagues.答：● adept:highlyskilled,befamiliarwith(3)Thefashionforfacelesschiefexecutivesispartofanunderstandablereactionagainstyesterday’simperialbosses,manyofwhomwerevividcharacters,...答：● imperial:toocommanding,demandingobediencefromothers(4)Theiraveragetenurehasdeclinedfromtenyearsinthe1970stosixyearstoday,andboardsarebecomingevermorelikelytosackbossesiftheygetoutofline,particularlyinEurope.答：● tenure:periodofholdingaposition,term● getoutofline:doorsaysomethinginappropriately(5)JimCollins,oneofAmerica’smostpopulargurus,arguesthatthebestchiefexecutivesarenotflamboyantvisionariesbut“humble,self-effacing,diligentandresolutesouls”.答：● flamboyantvisionaries:peoplewithstrikingpersonality,visionandinsight● self-effacing:withoutindividualityandstrikingpersonality(6)Alowprofileisnoguaranteeagainstcorporatefailure,astheformerbossesoftwocompanieslaudedbyMr.Collins,FannieMacandCircuitCity,cantellyou.答：● alowprofile:beinghumble,unnoticedbyotherpeople,notaggressive(7)Butevenherethecaseisweak.Fewpeoplepayanyattentiontotheidentikitbosseswhokeeppoppinguptohumtheircorporatemuzakaboutdoingwellbydoingright.答：● humtheircorporatemuzak:repeatingthethingsthattheythinkarebestpracticed(8)Thebestambassadorsforbusinessaretheoutsizedfigureswhohavechangedtheworldandwhofeelnoneedtoapologiseforthemselvesortheircalling.答：● outsized:ofgreatimportance,powerfulandinfluentialTask2:Giveyourcommentsonthearticle.(20points)答案：Thisarticleisgenerallyacritiqueofthetrendprevailingintherealmofmanagementthatfacelessnessandblandnessarebecomingthekeyelementsofaboss,whileflamboyantandboldpeoplearenolongerconsideredasthebestmenforthefirstchair.Theauthorisopposedtothisphenomenonandbelievesthatitistheoutsizedfiguresratherthanthefogettableprofilesthathavecomparativeadvantagesinthelongrun.Thefirstparagraphisastatementaboutthisphenomenon,andtheauthorshowshisattitudeattheverybeginningbydescribingthefacelessbossasboring.Inthenextthereparagraphs,hemakesafurtherdiscriptionofthecultofthehumble