中国人民大学考博英语历年真题及详解

2010年中国人民大学考博英语真题及详解PartI Vocabulary(20%)Directions:Choosethebestanswer(fromA,B,CandD)tocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.MarkyourchoicewithasinglebatacrossthesquarebracketsonyourMachining-scoringAnswerSheet.1.Todayscientistshaveagreaterunderstandingofgeneticsanditsrolein______organisms.A.live B.life  C.living D.alive【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：现在，科学家对基因学和它对在生物的作用有了更好的理解。living现存的；活着的。alive活着的。live活的，有生命的；真正的。life生命，生物。2.Thenewscommentatorsaysthattheargumentthespeakerhaspresenteddoesnot______water.A.haveB.contain C.includeD.hold【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：新闻评论员说发言者的观点不和情理。toholdwater：（理论、计划等）证明合理，说得通。3.Terroristsmurderandkidnappeople,______bombs,hijackairplanes,setfires,andcommitotherseriouscrimes.A.lightupB.setoff C.plantinD.ignite【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：恐怖犯有分子谋杀绑架，爆炸袭击，劫持飞机，纵火以及其他严重罪行。setoff出发，动身；（使）开始；引起；点燃，爆炸。lightup照亮，亮起来；点烟，开始吸烟；(使)变得喜悦，（使）兴奋起来。plantin（把…）种入（安置在）…中；把…灌输给…。ignite点燃；引发。4.Televisionhasbecomequitethevigorousactivity.Sittingupisexhaustingsomostpeople______downwhilewatchingtelevision.A.layB.lieC.lyingD.lied【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：……熬夜很累，所以很多人躺着看电视。so作为连词，表示结果，从句与主句时态相同。liedown躺着。5.Ifeachofusdoesourpartlittlebylittle,wecan______thelifespanofourplanetandourselves.A.enlargeB.expand C.increaseD.grow【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：如果我们每个人都一点一滴地尽到我们应有的责任，我们就能延长我们这个星球以及我们自己的寿命。increase应用范围最广，指使（体积，数量，强度，程度，力量，权威，名声，财富等）增大或增长。enlarge 指在大小、程度、容量或范围等方面的扩大。expand指在大小、面积、容积、体积或范围等方面的增长。grow成长：自然进程中体积的增加。6.TheroleofAmericanwomen______significantlyfromthetimethenationwasborn,tothemoderneraofthe1950sand1960s.A.haschangedB.hasbeenchangedC.changed D.hadbeenchanged【答案】D查看答案【解析】过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，也可能是早已完成或结束，即“过去的过去”；也可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某个时刻。本题中中的动作是从过去的某一刻到过去的另一时刻（from…to…）。7.Financialstatementisafinancialreportorrecord______usuallyonaquarterlyandannuallybasiswhichprovidesanindividual’s,anorganization’s,orbusiness’sfinancialstatus.A.competedB.compiledC.collated D.contested【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：财政决算是通常每季度或每年编辑的财政报告或者记录，能提供个人、组织或者行业财政情况。compile收集;编辑,编制。compete竞赛;竞争。collate校对,整理。contest争夺,竞争。8.Managementoperatesthroughvarious______,oftenclassifiedasplanningorganleading/motivatingandcontrolling.A.foundationsB.functions C.rolesD.relations【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：管理行使多种职能，通常可分为策划、领导、激励、控制。function职能，作用。foundation基础,基本原理,根据；建立,设立,创办。role（个人在某种组织中的）作用，职责。relation关系，交往。9.TheJatakanacultureencompassesevery______oflifefrombeliefs,superstitions,andpracticestoart,educationandtourism.A.respectB.inspectC.aspectD.suspect【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：Jatakana文化包括了生活的方方面面，从信仰、迷信、实践到艺术、教育和旅游。aspect是指事态、想法、计划等的某个方面，e.g.Thetrainingprogramcoverseveryaspectofthejob.训练计划的范围包括了这个工作的各各方面。respect是指某一细节的方面，e.g.Inmanyrespects,thenewversionislessgoodthantheoldone.从许多方面来看，新的版本并不比旧的强。inspect检查,检验。suspect怀疑;不信任。10.Organizationalculturecanbedefinedasasystemofsharedbeliefsandvaluesthatdevelopswithinanorganizationand______thebehaviorofitsmembers.A.guidesB.indicatesC.controlsD.supervises【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：组织文化可以定义为一个组织内部发展起来的共享的信仰和价值观系统，并对成员行为具有指导作用。guides引路;指导；影响,支配。indicates标示,指示,指出。controls支配，控制。supervises管理，监督。11.EveryoneinAmericathesedaysseemstobe______withhisorherphysicalfitness,andeveryoneistalkingaboutgettinginshape.A.concernedB.alluredC.connectedD.attracted【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：最近，美国的每个人都似乎很关心他或者她的体型，每个人都在谈论锻炼体型。beconcernedwith关心，关切；关于。allure诱人。beconnectwith有关。attract（to）吸引。12.TheInternethasbeenaroundforanalmostequalamountoftimeasmostofformofmedia,butonlyrecentlyapopularwayofretrievinginformation. A.hasitbecomeB.ithasbecome C.itbecomesD.doseitbecome【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：因特网几乎和大多数媒体同时出现在人们的生活中，只是最近才成为获取信息的流行方式。以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely,hardly,little,seldom,scarcely…when,never,nosooner…than,rarely,nomore,notnearly,notonly等以及only。recently表明动作是从过去的某时刻延续到现在，该剧强调了过去动作对现在造成的影响，故用完成时。13.Censorshipawordthatseemstobe______quitesomecontroversyovercertainpeople,maynotbesuchabadidea.A.arguingB.attackingC.causingD.discussing【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：审查这个词，看起来会引发某些人的争议，也许并不是那么糟糕。cause引起。argue争论，辩论。attack攻击，进攻；抨击。discuss谈论，讨论；论述。14.Wearelivinginthemidstofagreatchemicalexperimentandsome______consequencesarebecomingapparenttoscientists.A.cerealB.serial C.seriesD.serious【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：我们居住在一个巨大的化学实验中，一些严重的后果开始显现在科学家面前。serious严重的,非同小可。cereal谷类植物,谷物。serial连续的,一系列的。series连续的同类事物,系列。15.Forthelast20yearsorsothesubjectofglobalwarminghas______heateddebateamongtheworld’sbrightestminds.A.spawnedB.injected C.modeledD.moved【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：在差不多过去的二十年里，全球变暖这个话题已经在世界最顶级的人才里引发了激烈的讨论。spawn大量生产；引发，导致，造成。Thecomputerindustryhasspawnedalotofnewcompanies.由于电脑工业的发展，许多新公司纷纷成立。inject注射,注入。model制作模型;塑造；制作模型;塑造。move使感动，使打动；移动，搬动。16.Intoday’smodernsocietyalcoholaddictionandalcohol______hasbecomeoneofthemostcomplex,life-threateningissues.A.infuseB.abuse C.reduceD.refuse【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：现代社会，酒瘾和酗酒已成为最复杂、威胁生命的问题之一。alcoholabuse酗酒。infuse沏（茶），泡（草药）。reduce缩减，减少；降低。refuse拒绝。17.Hearguedthatthe______offirearmsinAmericaisanillegalact,anddegradesthevaluesthiscountrywasfoundedon.A.banningB.prohibit C.vetoD.forbid【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：他表明，在美国禁止枪械是违法的，有辱这个国家立国的观念。banning禁止，禁令。prohibit(vt.)禁止；阻止。veto否决权，否认权。forbid(vt.)禁止。18.Advocatesofprivateschoolarguethattheeducationreceivedinoneofthesefacilitiesismorevaluableandthananyothereducationalopportunity.A.awardedB.awardingC.rewardedD.rewarding【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：私立学校的支持者称私立学校的教育比其他任何一种教育机会更有价值、回报率更高。rewarding报答的，值得做的。awarded和awarding是award的两种形式，不用作形容词。rewarded是reward的另一种形式。19.Childrenareoften______sportsatanearlyage.Astheygetolderandstartschooltheyoftenparticipateinsportsasawaytobothmakenowfriendsandbeactive.A.exposedtoB.spoiledbyC.indulgedinD.worriedabout【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：孩子很小时经常会接触到运动，当他们大一些开始上学时他们经常参加运动，作为一种结交新友、活跃主动的一种方式。beexposedto接触。bespoiledby被宠坏。beindulgedin沉浸于。worryabout担心。20.Althoughthestudyofgeneticsisanentirelynewfield,it______mankindformanyyears.A.hascombinedB.hasinterestedin B.hasinvolvedD.hasfascinated【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：虽然基因学是个全新的领域，但它使人们着迷多年了。fascinate使着迷,使极感兴趣。combine（使）联合。interestin对…有兴趣。involve使某事物成为必要条件或结果;需要；使参与,牵涉。PartII ReadingComprehension(30%)Directions:Readthefollowingpassagesandthenchoosethebestanswer(fromA,B,CandD)tocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.MarkyourchoicewithasinglebatacrossthesquarebracketsonyourMachine-scoringAnswerSheet.Passage1In1987,H.I.V/AIDSjoinedalistofdiseasesthatcouldkeepapersonoutoftheUnitedStates.Thegovernmentlatertriedtocancelitsdecision.ButCongressmadethetravelbanapartofimmigrationlaw.PeoplewithH.I.V.,thevirusthatcausesAIDS,couldseekanexception,butthatmeantextrawork.Lastyear,CongressandPresidentGeorgeW.Bushbegantheprocessofendingthetravelban.NowPresidentObamaisfinishingthatprocess.BARACKOBAMA:“Wetalkaboutreducingthestigmaofthisdisease,yetwehavetreatedavisitorlivingwithitasathreat.WeleadtheworldwhenitcomestohelpingstemtheAIDSpandemic,yetweareoneofonlyadozencountriesthatstillbarpeoplewithH.I.V.fromenteringourowncountry.”AfinalrulepublishedMondaywillendthetravelbaneffectiveJanuaryfourth.H.I.V.willnolongerbeaconditionthatcanexcludepeople.AndH.I.V.testingwillnolongerberequiredforthosewhoneedamedicalexaminationforimmigrationpurposes.AIDShaskilledmorethantwenty-fivemillionpeoplesincetheearly1980s.InSeptember,therewasnewsthatavaccineshowedsomeabilitytopreventH.I.V.infectioninhumansforthefirsttime.ThefullresultsofthevaccinestudywerepresentedinlateOctoberataninternationalconferenceinParis.TheywerealsoreportedintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.TheresearchersconfirmedthatthestudyinThailandproducedonly“modest”results.TheUnitedStatesArmysponsoredthevaccinetrial.Thestudycombinedtwovaccines,usingversionsofH.I.V.commoninThailand.Neithervaccinealonehadshownsuccessinearlierstudies.Thairesearcherstestedthecombinationinmorethan16,000volunteers.Halfofthevolunteersgotthevaccine.Theothersgotaplacebo,aninactivesubstance.AllweregivencondomsandcounselingonAIDSpreventionforthreeyears.Thestudyfound31percentfewercasesofinfectioninthevaccinegroupthanintheplacebogroup.Butcriticssaidthefindingscouldpossiblyhaveresultedfromchance.TheannouncementinSeptemberwasbasedonall16,000volunteers.Almostone-thirdofthem,however,didnotfollowalltherequiredstepsinthestudy.Resultsjustfromthosewhodidweresimilartothelargergroup,buttheinfluenceofchancewasmoreofapossibility.Still,theresearcherssaidthestudyproducedenoughvaluableinformationtooffernewhopeforAIDSresearch.21.Accordingtothearticle,______didnotwantpeoplewithH.I.VvirustoseekentrytoAmericatwentyyearsago.A.GeorgeBush B.ObamaC.theCongress D.theSenate22.Accordingtothisarticle,itwas______whosponsoredthatmedicalexperimenttofindvaccineforH.I.Vcarriers.A.theThaiGovernmentB.theFrenchGovernmentC.thescientistfromNewEnglandD.theUniteStatesArmy23.Fromthearticlewecaninferthat8,000volunteersin______weregiventhevaccine.AThailand B.UnitedStatesofAmericaC.FranceD.Canada24.Accordingtothearticle,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.AmericawastheonlycountrythatpreventedpeoplewithH.I.VfromenteringthecountryB.OnlyafewcountriesrefusedtoissueentryvisatopeoplewithH.I.V.C.TheconferenceheldinPariswasonAIDSprevention.D.ThevaccinetestconductedinThailandproducedimportantresults.25.Accordingtothecritics,thefindingsofthetest______.A.hasproducedenoughvaluableinformationB.shouldnotbetakenseriouslyC.hasproducedreliablestatisticsD.haspavedasolidfoundationforfurtherresearch【答案与解析】21.C 根据第一段Thegovernmentlatertriedtocancelitsdecision.ButCongressmadethetravelbanapartofimmigrationlaw可知二十年前，政府希望取消对H.I.V携带者的禁令，而国会则将因此产生的禁止过境作为移民法的一部分。A、B项是当前的人物，与二十年前的决定无关。22.D 根据第六段第一句话TheUnitedStatesArmysponsoredthevaccinetrial可知选D项。23.A 根据第五段最后一句话TheresearchersconfirmedthatthestudyinThailandproducedonly“modest”results和第六段第二句话Thestudycombinedtwovaccines,usingversionsofH.I.V.commoninThailand.可知这项研究是在泰国做的，可推测其中涉及到的志愿者也是在泰国。24.B 根据第三段最后一句话weareoneofonlyadozencountriesthatstillbarpeoplewithH.I.V.fromenteringourowncountry可知世界上只有少数国家禁止艾滋病毒携带者入境，美国是其中一个，可知B项正确，A项不正确。根据第五段第二句ThefullresultsofthevaccinestudywerepresentedinlateOctoberataninternationalconferenceinParis可知这个会议是个国际会议，研究结果在会上公布，但并没有说明这个会议是关于艾滋病防治的，故C项不正确。根据第五段最后一句话TheresearchersconfirmedthatthestudyinThailandproducedonly“modest”results以及后文中对结果可靠性的争论可知这个研究结果并不是十分可信，故D项不正确。25.B 根据倒数第二段第一句话Butcriticssaidthefindingscouldpossiblyhaveresultedfromchance可知，批评者认为结果具有偶然性，故不应该认真对待。Passage2“Twohundredeightmillion,twohundredninemillion,twohundredtenmillion....”ThatisthesoundofsolidwastehittingthebottomofgarbagecansalloverUnitedStatesin1996.Solidwastesarematerialsthatarediscardedorthrownawayafterusebyconsumersandbusinesses.Thisdoesnotincludefluidmaterials.Duringthatyear,Americansthrewaway210milliontons（about4.3pounds/2kilogramsperpersondaily）ofgarbage.Wethrewaway12.4milliontonsofglassandabout80milliontonsofpaperproducts.Americansalsothrewawaylargeamounts（intons）offoodscraps,yardwastes,plastics,sludgefromsewagetreatmentplants,andothermaterials.Thatisalmostamountainofgarbage!Eventhoughwemakeanefforttorecycleandcompostoursolidwaste,theamountofwastekeepsincreasingeachyear.Ourbiggestproblemiswheretoputthesolidwasteandhowtokeepitfrompollutingourenvironment.Ifsolidwasteisdisposedofincorrectly,itcancontaminateoursurfaceandundergroundwatersupplies.Currently,ourmunicipalwasteorwastecollectedbyourcitiesandtowns,goestolandfills.Today,about85%ofourgarbagegoestolandfillsorgarbagedumps.Thiswastemustbetreatedtokeeprats,flies,andotheranimalsfrombuildingtheirhomesinthelandfill.Thetreatmentalsopreventsthegrowthofbacteriaandotherorganismsthatcarrydiseases.So,howdowehandlethismountainofgarbage?Scientistshavecomeupwithdifferentmethodsforhandlingourwasteproblem.Onetypeofwaste,disposalcalledsanitarylandfillwasfirstusedinFresnoCalifornia,in1937.Insanitarylandfills,thesolidwasteisspreadinthinlayersthatarecompactedandcoveredwithalayerofearth.Thisisamoreexpensivemethod,butittakesawaythehealthhazardsthatarecausedbylandfills.Italsoallowsthelandtobeusedforbuildingorrecreation.Thenegativepartabouttheselandfillsisthatitistoughtofindopenlandandthisprocessisveryexpensive.Thelandalsoneedshaveitswatersourcesprotectedsothatthewastewillnotpollutethewatersupply.Landfills（opendumps）andsanitarylandfillsrelyonthenaturalbiodegradabilityofthesolidwastes.Solidwastearebiodegradableiftheycandecayorbreakdownthroughtheactionoflivingorganismsandreturntotheearth.However,certainmaterialstakelongertodecaythanothers,andsomematerialsdonotdecayordecomposeatall.Scientistsneededtosearchforothermethodsofwastedisposal.Incinerationandrecyclingaretwomethodsthatarecurrentlyinusetoday.26.Thisarticleisaboutthedisposalproblemofsolidwaste______.A.byconsumersB.inCaliforniaC.bymunicipalgovernmentsD.inAmerica27.Fromthearticlewecaninferthat______.A.treatmentofsolidwasteisahardnuttocrackB.solutiontoproperdisposalofsolidwastewillbefoundsoonC.Californianssetagoodexampleinsolidwastedisposalinthe1930sD.theGovernmentremainsconfidentaboutthetreatmentofsolidwaste28.Accordingtothearticle,about______.isdumpedonlandhills.A.12.4milliontonsofgarbageB.80milliontonsofgarbageC.85%onthegarbageD.92.4tonsofgarbage29.Theword“recycle”（Line1,Paragraph2）means______.A.tosendsomethingfarawayB.tothrowsomethingawaytotherightplaceC.toconvertwasteintoreusablematerialD.toturnintofertilizers30.Accordingtothearticle,whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Solidwastedoesnotincludefluidmaterials.B.SanitarylandhillisatypeofwastedisposalmethodonceusedinCalifornia.C.Burningisnotamethodthatisusedtodaytotreatwaste.D.Compostingisstilloneofthewaystohandlethemountainofgarbage.【答案与解析】26.D 根据第一段UnitedStates和Americans两次反复出现可知本文讨论的是美国固体垃圾处理问题，其中包括消费者和公司。第二段出现的ourmunicipalwaste是指市政系统的垃圾，并不禁止市政府，故C项不对。27.A 根据文章内容可知，每年人们产生大量垃圾，虽然人们致力于再循环利于固体垃圾，但垃圾数量依然逐年增长，而其中放置地点和不污染环境是个大问题。科学家们主要提出了三种方法：垃圾掩埋法，再循环，焚烧。加利福尼亚使用的垃圾掩埋法虽然卫生，但是十分昂贵，而且无法保障全部讲解，故在最后一段作者提出Scientistsneededtosearchforothermethodsofwastedisposal可知固体垃圾处理问题十分棘手，现在在用的方法为再循环和焚烧，而根据第二段所述，这两种方法并不减缓垃圾数量增加的速度。因此可知A项正确，B项并没有提及，C项不正确，可推测政府对此并不乐观，故D项也不正确。28.C 根据第二段Today,about85%ofourgarbagegoestolandfillsorgarbagedumps可知C项正确。29.C 根据文章可知recycle是一种固体垃圾处理方法，且不同于compost（堆肥），本词原意为“再循环”，可知是“回收利用”的意思。30.C 根据文章最后一句话Incineration（焚烧）andrecyclingaretwomethodsthatarecurrentlyinusetoday可知C项不正确。Passage3Whowouldhavethoughtwewouldbecomeaplanetof“ologies”?There’sbiology,psychology,herpetology,etymology,andgeologyjusttonameafew.However,one“ology”trulyhelpsustounderstandthemostimportantpartofourplanet—ourenvironment.Ecology(whichisfilledwithecologists)isthestudyofecosystemsandthebeingsandorganismsthatinhabitthoseecosystems.Justthink,inadditiontothebees,deer,andotherorganisms,youareimportanttoecologists.Ecosystemsarecommunitiesthatvaryinsizeandlocation.Theycanbeassmallasapatchofgrassoraslargeastheentirebiosphere.Themanyvarietiesofplantsandanimalsthatexistinourplanet’secosystemsareimportanttothesurvivalofourecosystems.Plantsinparticularprovidetheoxygenandnutrientsallorganismsneedtosurvive.Theseproducershavetheabilitytousethesun’senergytoproducefood(thinkphotosynthesis).Thisiswheretheanimalsorconsumersbecomeimportant.Theanimalsgettheirenergybyeatingtheplantsandotherorganismswithintheecosystem.Withouttheproducersandconsumers,decomposerswouldnothaveajob.Asyoumayhaveguessed,decomposers,likebacteria,stepintobreakdownthewasteexcretedfromanimalsandtheremainsofdeadorganisms.Oncebrokendown,theorganicmaterialsareabsorbedbythesoilandgasesaresentbackintoouratmosphere.ThewholeprocessisreadytostartagainthroughtheEarth’snaturalcycles.Therehastobeabalanceofproducers,consumers,anddecomposersinordertomaintainabalancedecosystem.Remember,allorganismsneedmatterandenergytosurvive.Anecosystemisbalancedwhenmatterandenergymoveefficientlythroughthoseecosystems.Justasyourbackpackhasalimitonthenumberofhugetextbooksitcancarryatanygiventime,allecosystemshavealimitonthepopulationstheycanmaintain.Carryingcapacityisthelargestpopulationanecosystemcansupportatanyparticulartime.Thesupportofthispopulationdependsontheamountofresources(matterandenergy)thatareavailableandthemovementofthoseresourceswithinthatecosystem.Ifenergyandmatteraremovingefficientlythroughanecosystem,thenthecurrentpopulationofplantsandanimalshasnotreachedbeyondtheecosystem’scarryingcapacity.Oncefoodresourcesdwindleoranimalpopulationsincreasedramatically,theecosystemmaynotbeabletosupportthosepopulations.Fortunately,naturehasthreewaystocontrolthebalanceofecosystems:ecologicalresponsestochange;energytransfer;andfoodchainsandfoodwebs.31.Thepurposeofstartingthearticlewiththeword-ending“ology”(Line1)is______.A.totracetheoriginof“ology”B.togiveanexampleforthemeaningof“ology”C.tointroducetheterm“ecology”D.toillustratetheimportanceofbalancingtheecosystems32.Accordingtothisarticle,theecosystems______.A.areindangerofbeingdestroyedB.areverysmallinsizeC.referonlytotheentirebiosphereD.varygreatlyinsizeandlocation33.Accordingtothearticle,theword“producers”（Line4,Paragraph2）refersto______.A.plants B.animals C.ecologistsD.consumers34.Wecaninferfromthearticlethat.Intheecosystemthejobforthe“decomposers”（Line7,Paragraph2）isto______.A.absorbthesun’senergyB.produceoxygenandnutrientsC.breakdownthedungandtheremainsofdeadorganD.eattheplantsandanimals35.Accordingtothearticle,______.hasthreewaystocontrolthebalanceoftheecosystems.A.humanbeingsB.theenvironmentC.animalsandplansD.nature【答案与解析】31.C 文章开始提出的ology的一些例子是我们熟知一些词，暗示我们这个词尾的意思，然后说“和这些词相比，有一个ology对我们了解世界上最重要的部分——环境尤为重要”，以此引出ecology这个词。32.D 根据第二段第一句话Ecosystemsarecommunitiesthatvaryinsizeandlocation可知D项正确。33.A 根据Theseproducers中的代词these可知是指前一句中提到plants。34.C 根据下一句decomposers,likebacteria,stepintobreakdownthewasteexcretedfromanimalsandtheremainsofdeadorganisms可知decomposers起到了分解粪便和生物尸体的作用。35.D 根据文章最后一句话naturehasthreewaystocontrolthebalanceofecosystems可知答案为D项。Passage4Inmoderndays,onthewesternbankoftheupperTigrisRiverstandsanIraqicitycalledQal’atSharqat.Thousandsofyearsago,thisverysitewasoncethecapitalofagreatMesopotamianempire.Atthetime,theplacehadadifferentname.ItwascalledAshurorAssur.ThewordAshureventuallygaverisetothetermAssyria,whichwasthenorthernpartofMesopotamia.PeoplelivinginthatregionlaterbecameknownastheAssyrians.HistoriansoftendividethelonghistoryofAssyriaintothreeperiodseventhoughtheycannotreachaconsensusovertheexactdatesofeachera.ThethreeperiodsweretheOldAssyrianPeriod(circa2000B.C.-1400B.C.),theMiddleAssyrianPeriod(circa1365B.C.-1100B.C.),andtheNeo-AssyrianEmpire(circa934B.C.-609B.C.)ArchaeologicalevidenceshowedthatpeoplebegantosettleinAshurasearlyas2500B.C.Butitdidnotattainanypoliticalsignificanceuntilthe3rddynastyofUrcollapsedin2004B.C.Afterthatfiasco,theAssyrianstransformedAshurintoabustlingcommercialcenter,controllingtraderoutestoandfromAnatolia.In1813B.C.,thefirstgreatAssyrianKing,Shamshi-AdadI,ascendedthethroneandbeganaseriesofmilitaryexpansions.Attheheightofhisreign,hiskingdomownedtheentirenorthernMesopotamia.Itsgrowinginfluencegaveitsneighborsplentyofreasonstobewary.WhilethingsweregoingsplendidlyforthisAssyrianupstart,Shamshi-Adadpassedawayin1791B.C.Soonafterhisdeath,thekingdombegantofallapart.KnowingthatShamshi-Adad’sempirewasonthevergeofcollapse,Hammurabiofthe1stdynastyofBabylonjumpedatthechanceandinvadednorthernMesopotamia.HeconqueredAshurin1760B.C.Fromthatpointontothemiddleofthe1300sB.C.,Assyriawasreducedtoamerevassalstate.Atfirst,ithadtoanswertothe1stdynastyofBabylon.Afterthatempirewaseradicated,itturnedtosubmittoaHurriankingdomcalledMitanni.Itwasnotuntil1365B.C.thatAssyria,thenruledbyAshur-uballitI,wasabletoregainitsindependence.Forthenextcouplehundredyears,Assyriagrewincreasinglypowerful.IteventuallydefeatedBabyloniaandevenoccupiedEgypt.36.Accordingtothearticle,theAssyrianslivedinpartofmodernday______.A.EgyptB.India C.ChinaD.Iraq37.Accordingtohistorians,thehistoryofAssyriahaslastedforabout______.A.4000yearsB.3800yearsC.3100yearsD.1400years38.ItwasduringthereignofShamshi-AdadI,thefirstgreatAssyrianKing,whentheAssyrians______.A.begantoexpandtheirempirewithmilitaryforcesB.begantoopennewtraderoutesC.begantoencouragecommercialactivitiesD.begantoestablishdiplomaticrelationswithothercountries39.DuringthereignofShamshi-AdadI,theneighbouringcountriesofAssyrianEmpire______.A.allshowedtheirrespectB.alladmiredtheachievementsofShamshi-AdadIC.allbecamevigilantandanxiousD.allpaidtributetoShamshi-AdadI40.Inhistory,theAssyrianswereonceverypowerful,andtheyevenoccupied______.atonestage.A.IndiaB.RussiaC.EgyptD.Greece【答案与解析】36.D 根据第一段可知亚述人居住的城市现在是一个伊拉克城市。37.D 根据第二段第一句话可知历史学家将亚述古城的历史分为三个阶段，分别为theOldAssyrianPeriod(circa2000B.C.-1400B.C.),theMiddleAssyrianPeriod(circa1365B.C.-1100B.C.),andtheNeo-AssyrianEmpire(circa934B.C.-609B.C.)，故可知其历史延续了1400年。38.A 根据第三段thefirstgreatAssyrianKing,Shamshi-AdadI,ascendedthethroneandbeganaseriesofmilitaryexpansions可知A选项正确。39.C 根据第三段Itsgrowinginfluencegaveitsneighborsplentyofreasonstobewary（警惕）可知C项正确，其余选项都没有在文中提及。40.C 根据文章最后一句话IteventuallydefeatedBabyloniaandevenoccupiedEgypt可知C选项正确。Passage5Alineinasongasks,“Doesanybodyreallyknowwhattimeitis?”Thisquestioncouldeasilyapplytocalendars!Didyouknowthatourideasabouttimeareaffectedbyreligion?Differentfaithsusedifferenttypesofcalendarstomeasuretime.Oddstructures,suchasStonehengeinEngland,mayhavebeenusedtomeasuretimelongago.Theseancientrocksstandinacirclelikelarge,grayLegos.Somepeoplethinkthattherocksrelatetothepositionofthesun.Nooneknowshowpeoplemovedthemintothisformation,buritwasprobablyalotofwork.Ifitwasacalendar,itsurewasabigone!TheAztecsalsohadarockcalendarthatwasrelatedtothesun.TheyhadaSunStonethatshowedtheirsungodinthecenter.Thecalendaryouareprobablymostfamiliarwithisalsobasedonthesun.ThepowerfulRomanEmperor,JuliusCaesar,firstadoptedthesolarcalendarin46B.C.Thecycleoftheyearinasolarcalendarismeasuredfromoneequinoxtothenext.Asolarcalendarhastobeadjustedeverysooftentokeepintimewiththesun.In1582,PopeGregoryXIIIfirstauthorizedtakingafewdaysoutofeveryyearforthepurposeofadjustingthecalendar.Peopledidn’tlikethisonebitbecausetheythoughttheywerelosingtime!IttoolcenturiesforEuropeanstogetusedtothisconcept.Eventually,asystemwasworkedouttoaddasingledaytothecalendareveryfouryearssoitwassynchronizedwiththeseasons.Theextradaymadeeveryfourthyear366dayslong.Thesespecialyearsarecalledleapyears,andweaddtheextradaytothemonthofFebruary.IfyouknowsomeonewhosebirthdayisonFebruary29,youknowthatheorshewasborninaleapyear.ThiscalendariscalledtheGregoriancalendar,anditisusedintheUnitedStatesandotherChristiancountries.Muslimsuseadifferentkingofcalendar.Theirlunarcalendarisbasedonthecyclesofthemoon,anditiscompletelydifferentthanasolarone.AccordingtotheMuslimholybook,theKoran,Allahsaid,“Truly,twelvemonthsisthenumberofthemonthswithGod,accordingtoGod’sBook,eversinceHecreatedheavenandEarth.”AnewMuslimmonthdoesnotstartuntiltworeliablewitnesseshaveseenthenewmoon.MuslimfamiliesoftentakewalksintheeveningtofindthefirstyellowsliceofthenewmoontostartRamadan,theirmonth-logfast.41.Accordingtotheauthorofthearticle,______.hasinfluencedourwayofmeasuringthetime.A.theuniverseB.thePopeC.religion D.nature 42.Weknowfromthearticlethat______.calendarisbasedonthecycleofthemoon.A.GregorianB.solarC.ChristianD.lunar43.FromthearticlewecaninferthatRamadaisamuslinfestival,whichlastsfor______.A.onemonthB.oneweekC.fourdays D.twentyfivedays44.Theverb“synchronize”（Line2,Paragraph4）probablymeans______.A.tocausetooccurfourdayslaterB.tocausetohappenfourdaysearlierC.tohappenbeforehandorafterwardsD.tocausetohappenatthesametime45.Thecalendarthatmostpeoplenowadaysfamiliarwithwasfirstadoptedby______.A.theChristians B.thePopeC.JuliusCaesarD.theMuslins【答案与解析】41.C 根据文章第一段最后两句话Didyouknowthatourideasab