英语阅读理解之细节题

高一英语专题培优——阅读理解解题技巧考纲解读：阅读理解是英语考试中的一个重要题型，分值高、题量大。阅读理解考查的根本是检验学生对有关信息的搜集、加工能力。新的高中英语教学大纲明确规定："侧重提高阅读能力"。英语考试大纲规定，考生应能：(1)理解主旨和要义；(2)理解文中具体信息；(3)根据上下文推断生词的词义；(4)做出简单判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。命题探究：选材特点：广东省高考阅读理解解题选材，一般遵循三个原则：文章一般为4篇，阅读量在2500个单词左右；题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容；体裁多样，包括记叙文、说明文、应用文、论述文等。题目类型：高考中的阅读理解一般分为四大类：细节题、猜词题、推断题以及主旨题题目特点：无论哪一类题都一定能在文中找到依据。每篇文章的5个小题正确答案的关键信息按照短文出现的先后顺序依次排列。如第2题的关键信息点在第二段中，那么第3题的关键信息点很可能就会在第三段中，而在第一段的可能性就很小。主旨大意题和写作目的题一般都安排在第5小题。阅读水平的提高不是一两天的阅读就可以见效的。想要提高阅读能力，一是要培养良好的阅读行为习惯提高分数技巧：1.抓好限时训练同学们可以通过限时训练有计划、循序渐进地提高自己的阅读速度。做阅读理解训练时，尝试在原文中划出答案出处，这能帮助我们在阅读时以文章为依据，而不凭空猜想。2.养成良好的阅读习惯同学们在平时训练时要养成良好的阅读习惯。首先要避免“指读”。很多学生喜欢用手或笔指着文字读，这种阅读习惯容易使思维停留在手指着的局部单词上，会阻碍对中心思想的理解。而且这种方法比默读慢得多，会影响阅读的速度。其次要避免出声阅读。嘴唇随着文字而蠕动或发出细小的声音都会大大地影响阅读速度。还要避免过多地停顿回读。在阅读过程中由于对某个词语或句子不太明白，眼睛过多地重复同一个词语或句子，这样既影响阅读速度，又影响对文章的连贯理解和较好地获取中心意思，而且易使眼睛和大脑疲劳。3.掌握适当的阅读技巧常见的阅读方法有三种：（1）先文后题。即先把全文读懂，然后做题。这种方法的缺点是阅读的目的性不明确，记住的细节内容未必有用，有用的内容未必记住。答题时仍需到短文中去寻找，实际上等于降低了读速，降低了效率。（2）先题后文。即先读问题，然后带着问题读文章。这种方法的优点是目的明确，在阅读时有所侧重，能节省时间。该法比较适合类似广告性质的阅读理解题。缺点在于由于没有读过短文，不了解文章的主题、细节分布情况，因而不可能很快找到所需信息，有时很有可能断章取义，不利于做推理题和主旨大意题。（3）文——题——文。即先快速通读全文，对文章形成总体印象，了解全文的题材、主要结构、中心思想、主题段、主题句，然后读问题，明白该文章的考查点，最后，再带着问题跳读文章，寻找与答题内容有关的词句，这样既提高了做题的准确性，又能有效地利用时间。因此，文——题——文阅读理解方法是多数人采用的，可提高阅读速度的有效方法。4.积累文化背景知识英语阅读能力的提高不仅需要一定的语言知识，还要有一定的文化背景知识和生活知识。这就需要我们通过大量的阅读来积累。我们要拓展知识面，注意社会热点。我们了解的东西越多，知识面越宽，对文章的理解就越容易。5.注重长难句的理解近几年的高考阅读理解题十分注重借助复杂语境考查考生对语言语法知识综合运用的能力。所选阅读材料中常有大量复杂单句和复合句，以此来增强句子结构的复杂性和语境理解难度。所以，理解长句、复杂句成了考生顺利理解阅读材料，提高阅读速度的关键。一般地说，造成长难句的原因主要有三个方面：（1）修饰语过多；（2）并列成份多；（3）语言结构层次多。在分析长难句时应采用“先缩后扩”的方法。先缩，即首先找出句子的主语、谓语、宾语，这样就抓住了句子的主干，也就从整体上把握了句子的结构。后扩，分析句子主干以外的从句或短语的功能以及和主干的相互关系。例如：非谓语动词的成分是什么，其逻辑主语是哪个，定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个，介词短语修饰哪个词，and连接的是哪些并列成分等等。英语有句谚语Practicemakesperfect，同学们如果能科学训练，持之以恒，阅读水平就会有质的飞跃。d,whentherightmixtureofcosmicdustcomestogethernearayoungstarA．b,a,c,dB.b,a,d,cC.d,b,c,aD.d,b,a,c三、计算题例1：ViewingPlatformPenguinPlus(+V)Morepersonalizedwildlifeviewinglimitedto130peopleprovidingcloserviewingofthepenguinarrivalthanthemainviewingstands.Adults$25.00Child$12.50Q:Howmuchwouldacouplewithonechildpayforacloserviewingtour?A.$37.50B.$62.50C.$180.00D.$150.00技巧：计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案了。练一练：Weofferawidechoiceofbachelorsdegrees(学位)forinternationalstudents,whichincludes:Arts,CommunicationStudies,SocialSciences,etc.BachelorofMusicandBachelorofEducationareonlyforNewZealandcitizens,forfurtherinformation:deg@waikato.ac.nz.TuitionFees(学费)Tuitionfeesaredifferentfromdepartmenttodepartment,generallyfrom$5,000to$6,000ayear.Forfurtherinformation:tui@waikato.ac.nz.Accommodation(住宿)Youcanhavearoomina4-bedroomflat,whichwillcostabout$100amonthwithotherregularlivingcostsofabout$150amonthforoneperson.Forfurtherinformation:acc@waikato.ac.nzHealthTheStudentHealthServiceprovidesexcellentmedicalservicesforstudents.TheMedicalCentreisopenfivedaysaweek,includingstudentholidayswithfourdoctor'sandnursestomeetyourmedicalneeds.Forfurtherinformation:heal@waikato.ac.nz.SportsTheCentreisagreatplacetohavesportsactivities.Trainedexerciseteacherscanhelpyouworkoutatrainingplanandkeepyouactive.Thesportshallhasvolleyball,basketballandindoorfootballcourtsandaswimmingpoolaswell.TherearealsoalargenumberofsportsclubsatWaikato.Forfurtherinformation:sport@waikato.ac.nz（2005安徽卷）Q:Youhavetopayatleast______ayearifyoustudyattheUniversityofA.$5,250

B.$8,000

C.$9,000

D.$11,000[分析]B此题为计算题。我们从所选的这些事实来看，文章中所说的TuitionFees每年需要from$5,000to$6,000，而a4-bedroomflat,whichwillcostabout$100amonth，一年需要$1200,另外的otherregularlivingcostsofabout$150amonthforoneperson经过计算可以知道一年需要$1800，加起来一年至少需要$8000。四、判断正误题例.Inourclassroom，weworkinvariousways．Thepupilsoftenworkingroups.Thisgivesthemtheopportunitytolearntocooperate，toshare，andtodevelopleadershipskills.Theyalsolearnhowtodealwithproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink，tomakedecisions，toanalyzeandevaluate，andtocommunicateeffectively．Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellastheirteachers．Q:WhichofthefollowingisNOTMENTIONEDinthisparagraph?A.Groupworkgivespupilstheopportunitytolearntoworktogetherwithothers.B.Pupilsalsolearntodeveloptheirthingingabilities.C.Groupworkprovidespupilswiththeopportunitytolearntobecapable（能干的）organizers.D.Pupilsalsolearnhowtotakepartinteachingactivities技巧：1.审题:确定选正/误。2.定位：查找原文中与选项内容相关的词句3.三误一正：对原文同义表达的为正确答案.如果定位困难,可以运用排除法，这样找到答案的可能性就会增加。4.为节省时间,通常找到答案就不再考虑其他选项。练一练：Foodsometimesgetspoisonedwithharmfulthings.Apersonwhoeatssuchfoodcangetanillnesscalledfoodpoisoning.Foodpoisoningisusuallynotserious,butsometypesaredeadly.Thesymptomsoffoodpoisoningusuallybeginwithinhoursofeatingthepoisonedfood.Feverisoneofthemostcommonsymptoms.Q:whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue?A.Foodwhenpoisonedcanmakepeoplesick.B.Foodpoisoningmeansdeath.以偏概全C.Foodpoisoningcomesinvarieties.D.Foodpoisoningcanbeserious.总结：细节题的正确选项通常有以下特征：再现原文。对原文进行改写。对原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化正话反说、无中生有（适用于三正一误的是非题）细节题的干扰项特点：是原文，但不是题目要求的内容。偷换概念,使选项看似原文再现。3.根据读者主观想象或推测得出结论，而文中无涉及。细节题解题思路：通读全文2.认真审题3.搜读定位4.确定答案实战演练：AAdoctorwasonceteachingaclassofmedicalstudentsatafamoushospitalinEdinburgh.Aninjuredmanwasbroughtin,andthedoctorturnedtooneofthestudentsandaskedhim,“What’swrongwiththisman?”“Idon’tknow,sir“thestudentanswered.“ShallIexaminehimandfindout?”“There’snoneedtoexaminehim”,saidthedoctor,“Youshouldknowwithoutaskingquestions.Hehashurthisrightknee.Didn’tyounoticethewayhewalked?Hehurtitbyburningitinthefire.Youseehistrouserlegisburntawayattheknee.ThisisMondaymorning.Yesterdaywasfine,butonSaturdaytheroadswerewetandmuddy.Theman’strousersaremuddyallover.ThemanfelldownonSaturdaynight.Thedoctorthenturnedtothemanandsaid,“YouhadyourwagesonSaturdayandwenttoapublichouseanddranktoomuch.Yougotwetandmuddyonthewayhome.Becauseyouhaddrunktoomuch,youfellonthefireandburntyourknee.Isthatright?”“Yes,sir.”saidtheman.1.Themedicalstudentswerehavingalesson______________.A.inaclassroomB.atthelibraryC.atawell-knownhospitalD.amedicalschool2.Themanhurthisknee_______________.A.onSaturdaynightB.yesterdayC.onMondaymorningD.onFridaynight3.Themanburnthisknee_______________.A.whenhewasonhiswaytothehospitalB.becausehehaddranktoomuchandfellonthefireC.becausehewascoldD.becausehewasill4.WAGEinthefourthparagraphmeans_______________.A.holidayB.moneypaideveryweekC.carsD.servants5.Thedoctorwasgoodat_______________.A.learningfromothersB.takingcareofothersC.watchingandthinkingD.teachingcabbcBThomasAdamsdiscoveredbubblegum(泡泡糖)inthe1870s.HewasanAmerican.Hewantedtofindauseforchicle(糖胶树胶).ChicleisaSpanishwordforstickywaterthatcomesfromonekindofMexicantree.MrAdamswantedtomakerubberfromchicle.MrAdamsworkedinhishomewhilehetriedtofindawaytomakethechiclestronger.Hisson,Horatio,alsohelpedhimnowandthen.Oneday,youngHoratiobegantochewthechiclewhilehewatchedhisfatherwork.Itdidnottasteverygood,butHoratioenjoyedchewingit.Thentheyoungboybegantoblowbubbleswiththenewchiclewhichhisfatherhadmade.MrAdamshaddiscoveredbubblegumbyaccident.MrAdamsgaveuptryingtofindawaytomakerubberfromchicle.Instead,hewantedtotryandsellthenewgumthathehadmade.Hethoughtotherpeoplemightlikethetastetoo.Hebegantoseehisnewkindofchicleascandy.Innotime,childreneverywherebeganchewingbubblegum.1.WherewasThomasAdamsfrom?A.CanadaB.TheUnitedStatesC.EuropeD.England2.WhowasHoratioAdams?A.Thomas'sfatherB.Thomas'swifeC.Thomas'sbrotherD.Thomas'sson3.WhatwasThomasAdamstryingtomake?A.Anewkindofrubber.B.Anewkindofchicle.C.Anewkindofcandy.D.Electriclight.4.WhydidThomasAdamswanttosellbubblegum?A.Hissonenjoyedchewingit.B.Hethoughtmanypeoplewouldlikeit.C.Hecouldnotmakestrongrubberfromchicle.D.allofabove5.Whichofthesesentencesisnottrue?A.Horatiohelpedhisfather.B.ThomasAdamsmaderubberfromchiclebyaccident.C.Horatiowasthefirstpersontochewbubblegum.D.ThomasAdamsnevermaderubber.BdadbCYoucanseeabelltowerthatleans(倾斜)inthetownofPisa,Italy.Whatdoesitleanagainst?Nothing.It'scalledtheLeaningTowerofPisa,andit'sbeenleaningmoreeversinceitwasbuiltabout700yearsago.SomesaythatlongagothegreatItalianscientistGalileodroppedweightsfromthetowertolearnhowfastthingsfall.Eventhen,thetowerwasaleaningtower.Andtoday,littlebylittle,onesideofthetowerkeepsonsinkingintothesoftground.TheLeaningTowertips(倾斜)aboutanincheverynineyears.Thefartheritleansoutofline,thefasterittips.Youcanclimbstairstothetopofthetowerandseethebellsthatoncecalledpeopletoanearbychurch.Butnooneringsthebellnow.Theclang(铿锵声)mightmakethetowerfallfaster.ThegovernmentofItalyonceofferedaprizeforthebestplantokeepthetowerfromfallinganyfarther.Somepeoplehaveideas,butnothinghasbeendoneyet.IftheLeaning1.TheLeaningA.becausefamousrightafteritwasbuiltB.leansagainsttowerC.wasbuiltaboutsevencenturiesagoD.nolongertipstoday2.WhatdoyouknowaboutGalileo?A.HewasagreatphysicistwhobuilttheTower.B.HewaswellknownfordesigningtheTower.C.HedrewaveryfamousexperimentontheTower.D.HedesignedagoodplantoadjusttheTower.3.NobodyringsthebellsintheTowernowbecause_______________.A.thereissomethingwrongwiththebellsB.peopleinthetownareannoyedbytheringingbells.C.nobodyneedstobecalledtothechurchD.theclangmightmaketheTowertipfaster4.WhichofthefollowingsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?A.ThereasonwhytheLeaningB.TheconditionoftheLeaningC.TheplansthatpeopleoffertopreventtheTowerfromleaning.D.ThemeasuresthatthegovernmenthastakentokeeptheTowerfromfalling.5.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat_______________.A.peopleliketheLeaningB.itisverydifficulttostopthetowerfromleaningC.eveniftheTowerfalls,thesevenwonderswillstillexistD.theItaliangovernmentdidn'tofferanyprizeforthebestplanccdabDCharliewassenttorepairthetelephoneinacollege.Hestoppedhiscaroutsidethegateandwalkedthroughawideboulevardwhileaprofessorandhisstudentswerestandingaroundthecollegeflagpoleinfrontoftheteachingbuilding.Hestoppedtowatchwhattheyweredoingthere.“Weneedtoknowhowhightheflagpoleis,"saidtheprofessortohisstudents."Whohasabetterwaytocalculateit?”Theyoungmenbegantodiscussit.Theyfoundseveralways,buttheprofessornegatedthemall.Charliebegantolaughandcameuptotheflagpole.'"Watch!"saidtheyoungman.Helaidtheflagpoleonthegroundandmeasureditwithatapeandthensaid,“Exactly15.12meters."Thenhereplacedthepoleandwalkedaway.“Whatasillyidea!"theprofessorsaidangrily."Wewonderhowheightitis.Buthegaveusthelength!"1.Charliewasa_____________.A.teacherB.professorC.repairmanD.postman2.Charliewenttothecollege____________.A.bybusB.onfootC.bybikeD.bycar3.Theprofessorwasgoingto___________.A.puttheflagpoledownB.teachhisstudentstocalculatetheflagpole'sheightC.makeanewflagpoleD.showhisstudentshowtomeasuretheflagpole4.Theunderlinedword"negated"means___________.A.encourageB.notagreeC.praiseD.know5.Charlielaughedbecause____________.A.hewasgoodwithmathB.hethoughttheprofessorwassillyC.hecouldeasilyknowtheflagpole'sheightD.heknewmorethantheprofessorcbdbcELastsummerIwentthroughatrainingprogrammeandbecamealiteracyvolunteer(扫盲志愿者).ThetrainingIreceived,thoughexcellent,didn’ttellmehowitwastoworkwitharealstudent,however,whenIbegantodiscoverwhatotherpeople‘sliveslikebecausetheycouldn’tread,Irealizedthetrueimportanceofreading.ThefirststudentMariewasa44-year–oldsinglemotherofthree.Inthefirstlesson,Ifoundoutshewalkedtwomilestothenearestsupermarkettwiceaweekbecauseshedidn’tknowwhichbustotake.WhenItoldherIwouldgetherabusschedule（时刻表）,shetoldmeitwouldnothelpbecauseshecouldn’treadit.Shesaidshealsohaddifficultyonceshegottothesupermarketbecauseshecouldn’talwaysrememberwhatsheneeded.Sinceshedidn’tknowwords,shecouldn’twriteoutashoppinglist.Also,shecouldonlyrecognize(认出)itemsbysight,soiftheproducthadadifferentlabel(标识),shewouldnotrecognizeitastheproductshewanted.Asweworkedtogether,learninghowtoreadbuiltMarie’sself-confidence,whichencouragedherinherstudies.Shebegantomakerapidprogressandwasevenabletotakethebustothesupermarket.Afterthissuccessfultrip,shereportedhowself-confidentshefelt.Attheendoftheprogramme,shebeganhelpingheryoungestson,Tony,ashygrader,