聊城大学外国语学院《211翻译硕士英语》专业硕士历年考研真题及详解

2011年聊城大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ.VocabularyandGrammar(30’)MultipleChoiceDirections:BeneatheachsentencetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.Markyouranswersonyouranswersheet.1.Thevictory_____thesoldierswithoptimism.A.approachedB.infusedC.influencedD.brought【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：这场胜利使士兵们充满信心。infuse使充满。approach接近。influence影响。bring带来。因此，本题的正确答案为B。2.The_____oftheTitanicin1912wascausedbyahugeiceberg.A.plungingB.drowningC.sinkingD.descending【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：1912年的“泰坦尼克号”沉没事件是由一座巨大的冰山造成的。sink下沉。plunge投入。drown淹死。descend下降。因此，本题的正确答案为C。3.Tomorrowthenewpriestwillgivehisfirst_____tothecongregation.A.speechB.sermonC.lectureD.discourse【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：明天新牧师将在集会上发表他的第一篇布道。sermon布道。speech演讲。lecture讲座。discourse演说。因此，本题的正确答案为B。4.Shehas_____influencewiththemanager.A.consideringB.considerableC.considerateD.consideration【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：她对经理影响巨大。considering考虑到……，为介词。considerable相当大的。considerate体贴的。consideration考虑，为名词。因此，本题的正确答案为B。5.Darkcloudsaregatheringinthesky,andastormis_____.A.imminentB.immediateC.eminentD.instantaneous【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：空中乌云正在聚集，暴雨正在迫近。imminent迫近的。immediate立即的。eminent杰出的。instantaneous瞬间的。因此，本题的正确答案为A。6.H1N1influenzausuallyhasa_____periodofabout2to7days.A.tacitB.covertC.inertD.latent【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：H1N1流感通常有2到7天潜伏期。latent潜伏的，latentperiod意为“潜伏期”，为固定搭配。tacit缄默的。covert隐蔽的。inert惰性的。因此，本题的正确答案为D。7.Theseflowersneedwatering;otherwise,theywill_____.A.disappearB.witherC.flourishD.blossom【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：这些花需要浇水，否则就会枯萎。wither枯萎。disappear消失。flourish茂盛。blossom开花。因此，本题的正确答案为B。8.TheDeadSeais_____ofanyplantoranimallifebecauseoftheextremelyhighcontentofsalts.A.devoidB.minusC.absentD.empty【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：死海由于盐分含量极高，其中没有任何植物或动物生存。devoid缺乏的，用法为bedevoidofsth意为“毫无某物”。minus负的。absent缺席的。empty空的。因此，本题的正确答案为A。9.ThearticlethatyouneedisintheMay2009_____ofReader’sDigest.A.journalB.periodicalC.publicationD.issue【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：你需要的文章在2009年五月号的《读者文摘》杂志上。在英语中表示报纸杂志的期数时用issue。journal日报。periodical期刊。publication出版物。因此，本题的正确答案为D。10.Ithinkmyfriendsarespendingtheweekendwiththeir_____families.A.respectiveB.respectableC.respectedD.respectful【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：我认为我的朋友们都是和各自的家人一起过周末的。respective分别的。respectable值得尊敬的。respected受尊敬的。respectful恭敬的。因此，本题的正确答案为A。11.Johnsonwishedthathe_____lastyear.A.hadaccompaniedhisfathertoEuropeB.accompaniedhisfathertoEuropeC.wouldhaveaccompaniedhisfathertoEuropeD.shouldhaveaccompaniedhisfathertoEurope【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：John希望去年陪父亲一起去欧洲。由题意可知，wish后的从句表示与过去事实相反的愿望，应使用虚拟语气，结构为主语+wish(that)+从句主语+would/couldhavedone…。因此，本题的正确答案为C。12.Thesereasonsmake_____forthechildrentoreceivehighereducation.A.itisnecessaryB.necessaryC.thatnecessaryD.itnecessary【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：这些理由使得孩子接受高等教育变得很有必要。makeit+adj.意为“使它变得……”，为固定搭配，此处形容词为补语。因此，本题的正确答案为D。13.One’ssuccessisdetermined_____bywhathethinksasbywhathedoes.A.notsomuchB.sonotmuchC.somuchnotD.muchnotso【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：一个人的成功并不特别取决于他的想法，而取决于他的行动。notsomuch…as…意为“与其说……不如说是……”，为固定搭配。根据题目后半句的as可判断应使用此结构。因此，本题的正确答案为A。14._____havemadelifeeasierandmoreconvenientiswidelyaccepted.A.WhatcomputersB.WherecomputersC.ThatcomputersD.Computers【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：电脑使生活更容易、更方便，这一点已经被广泛接受。该句中包含主语从句，由于从句描述的是一事实，故用that引导。因此，本题的正确答案为C。15.Thegirlknowsnobodyinthecity_____him.A.otherthanB.anotherthanC.differentfromD.similarwith【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：除了他，这女孩不认识这个城市里的任何人。otherthan除了。differentfrom与……不同。similarwith与……相似，不符合题意。因此，本题的正确答案为A。16.Imagism_____movementintheearly20thcenturyAnglo-Americanpoetry,wasareactiontoVictoriansentimentalism.A.wasaB.thataC.aD.thatwasa【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：印象派是从20世纪早期英美诗歌起源的一场运动，是对维多利亚时代的感情主义的复古运动。该句结构完整，故逗号前只能是修饰“imagism”的定语从句，用that引导，且从句不能缺少谓语。因此，本题的正确答案为D。17.ThomasPainewroteduringtheAmericanRevolutionaseriesofarticles,_____wastoinspiretheAmericantroopstocontinuetheirbattleforindependencefromEngland.A.whosepurposeB.itspurposeC.thepurposeD.purpose【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：托马斯·潘恩在美国革命期间写了一系列故事，目的是鼓舞美国军队继续从英国手中赢得独立的战争。根据句子结构可知逗号后应为非限制性定语从句，根据句意可知这里表达的是“托马斯·潘恩的目的”，用whose引导。因此，本题的正确答案为A。18.Livinginmodernsociety,peopleshouldbe_____stress.A.ableofhandlingB.abletohandleC.capabletohandleD.enabletohandle【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：在现代社会生活的人们能够处理压力。表示“能力”时可使用结构beabletodosth./becapableofdoingsth.。enable意为“使能够”，用法为enablesb.todosth.。只有B项符合语法。因此，本题的正确答案为B。19.Itisrequiredthattheproject_____before2012.A.iscompletedB.becompletedC.tobecompletedD.willbecompleted【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：按要求，这项工程应该在2012年前完成。itisrequiredthat…句型后接that从句时，从句用should+动词原形，should可以省略。因此，本题的正确答案为B。20.Susandidnothandinherassignmentthismorningbecauseshehadforgotten_____.A.bringingitwithherB.tobringingitwithherC.aboutbringingitwithherD.tobringitwithher【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：Susan今天早晨没有交作业，因为她忘了带。forgettodosth.意为“忘记去做某事”，表示没有做应该做的事。因此，本题的正确答案为D。Ⅱ.ReadingComprehension(40’)SectionIMultipleChoice(20’)Directions:Inthissectionthereare2readingpassagesfollowedbymultiple-choicequestions.Readthepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersonyouranswersheet.PassageAOurloveaffairwithsugarandalsowithsalt,anothercrucialbutnotalwaysavailablepartofthedietgoesbackmillionsofyears.Buthumanity’sappetiteforanimalfatandproteinisprobablymorerecent.Itwassome2.5millionyearsagothatourhominidancestorsdevelopedatasteformeat.Thefossilrecordshowsthatthehumanbrainbecamemarkedlybiggerandmorecomplexaboutthesametime.Andindeed,accordingtoKatherineMilton,ananthropologistattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,“theincorporationofanimalmatterintothedietplayedanabsolutelyessentialroleinhumanevolution.”Forstarters,meatprovidedaconcentratedsourceofprotein,vitamins,mineralsandfattyacidsthathelpedourhumanancestorsgrowtaller.Thefirsthumanswerethesizeofsmallchimps,butthebonesofaHomoergasterboydatingbackabout1.5millionyearssuggestthathecouldhavestoodmorethan6ft.asanadult.Besidesbuildingourbodies,saysEmoryUniversity’sDr.S.BoydEaton,thefattyacidsfoundinanimal-basedfoodswouldhaveservedasapowerfulrawmaterialforthegrowthofhumanbrains.Becauseit’ssopackedwithnutrients,meatgaveearlyhumansarespitefromconstantfeeding.Likelionsandtigers,theydidn’thavetocataroundtheclockjusttokeepgoing.Butmoreimportant,unlikethebigcats,whichrelymostlyonstrengthandspeedtobringdowndinner,ourancestorsdependedonguile,organizationandthesocialandtechnologicalskillsmadepossiblebytheirincreasinglycomplexbrains.Thosewhoweresmartestabouthuntingandaboutgatheringtheplantfoodstheyateaspartoftheiromnivorousdietstendedtobebetterfedandhealthierthanthecompetition.Theywerethusmorelikelytopassalongtheirgenes.Thenewappetiteformeatdidn’tmeanwelostourpassionforsweets,though.AsBerkeley’sMiltonpointsout,thebrain’sgrowthmayhavebeenfacilitatedbyabundantanimalprotein,butthebrainoperatesonglucose,thesugarthatservesasthemajorfuelforcellularfunction.“Thebraindrinksglucose24hoursaday,”shesays.Thesugarsinfruitandthecarbohydratesinediblegrainsandtubersareparticularlygoodsourcesofglucose.Theappetiteformeatandsweetswereessentialtohumansurvival,buttheydidn’tleadtoobesityforseveralreasons.Foronething,thewildgameourancestorsatewashighinproteinbutverylow’infatonlyabout4%,comparedwithupto36%ingrain-fedsupermarketbeef.Foranother,ourancestorscouldn’tcountonasteadysupplyofanyparticularfood.Huntersmightbringdownadeerorarabbitornothingatall.Fruitmightbeinseason,oritmightnot.AchunkofhoneycombmighthaveasmanycaloriesashalfadozenKrispyKremedoughnuts,butyoumightbeabletogetitonceayearatbest—anditwouldn’thavethefat.Beyondthat,huntingandgatheringtookenormousphysicalwork.Chasingwildanimalswithspearsandclubswasamarathonundertakingandthenyouhadtohackupthecatchandlugitmilesbacktocamp.Climbingtreestofindnutsandfruitwashardworktoo.Inessence,earlyhumansalewhatamountedtothebestofthehigh-proteinAtkinsdietandthelow-fatOrnishdiet,andworkedoutalmostnonstop.Togetasenseoftheirendurance,cardiovascularfitness,musculatureandbodyfat,sayevolutionaryanthropologists,lookatamodernmarathonrunner.1.Whichofthefollowingfirstappearedasastaplepartofhumandiet?A.meatB.sugarC.proteinD.fat2.Theword“hominid”inLine3,Paragraph1means_____.A.intelligentB.primitiveC.ableD.flexible3.Aftermeatbecamepartofourancestors’diet,_____.A.theirbodiesandbrainswerebothimprovedB.theynolongerneededsweetsC.theybegantocataroundtheclockjusttokeepgoingD.theycoulddependmostlyonstrengthandspeedtoobtainfood4.Themajorphysicalcharacteristicsofearlyhumanscanbefoundinamodern_____.A.scientistB.marathonrunnerC.childD.man5.Accordingtothepassage,theappetiteforsweetsandmeatdidnotleadtoobesityofourancestorsbecauseallofthefollowingEXCEPT_____.A.themeattheyatewashighinproteinbutlowinfatB.theytriedtoloseweightC.theydidnothaveasteadysupplyofanyparticularfoodD.theyneededtodoenormousphysicalwork【答案与解析】1.B 文章第一段第一句提到“Ourloveaffairwithsugarandalsowithsalt,anothercrucialbutnotalwaysavailablepartofthedietgoesbackmillionsofyears.”，后文提到人类食用动物肉类和蛋白质比起对糖与盐的热爱则更晚一些。由此可知，人类最早大量食用的是糖类。故选B。2.B 文章主要围绕着“原始人的食谱”展开讨论，而原始人是人类的祖先。由此可推测hominidancestor指的是人类“原始的祖先”，hominid即指“原始的”。故选B。3.A 文章第二段第一句提到“meatprovidedaconcentratedsourceofprotein…thathelpedourhumanancestorsgrowtaller.”，人类食谱中的肉提供了大量营养，使得人类能长得更高。结尾提到“Besidesbuildingourbodies…thefattyacidsfoundinanimal-basedfoodswouldhaveservedasapowerfulrawmaterialforthegrowthofhumanbrains.”，肉类中的脂肪酸可以给人类大脑提供生长原料。由此可知，人类食谱中的肉类可以让人类的身体和大脑能力都得到增强。故选A。4.B 文章最后一段最后一句提到“Togetasenseoftheirendurance,cardiovascularfitness,musculatureandbodyfat,sayevolutionaryanthropologists,lookatamodernmarathonrunner.”。由此可知，据研究，原始人的耐力、强健的心血管、肌肉组织和体脂含量都和现代的马拉松运动员差不多。故选B。5.B 根据题干关键词“obesity”定位至文章倒数第二段。该段提到了一些原始人摄入肉类和糖，但不会导致肥胖的原因：原始人的食物是高蛋白、低脂肪的；特定食物供应来源不稳定。文章最后一段又提到原始人为了生存而进行的打猎和采集活动需要大量体力。原始人不会刻意去减肥。故B项错误。PassageBTherewasatimewhenAmericansthoughttheyunderstoodclass.TheuppercrustvacationedinEuropeandworshipedanEpiscopalGod.ThemiddleclassdroveFordFairlanes,settledtheSanFernandoValleyandenlistedascompanymen.TheworkingclassbelongedtotheA.F.L.-C.I.O.,votedDemocraticanddidnottakecruisestotheCaribbean.Today,thecountryhasgonealongwaytowardanappearanceofclasslessness.Americansofallsortsareawashinluxuriesthatwouldhavedazzledtheirgrandparents.Socialdiversityhaserasedmanyoftheoldmarkers.Ithasbecomehardertoreadpeople’sstatusintheclothestheywear,thecarstheydrive,thevotestheycast,thegodtheyworship,thecoloroftheirskin.Thecontoursofclasshaveblurred;somesaytheyhavedisappeared.ButclassisstillapowerfulforceinAmericanlife.Overthepastthreedecades,ithascometoplayagreater,notlesser,roleinimportantways.Atatimewheneducationmattersmorethanever,successinschoolremainslinkedtightlytoclass.Atatimewhenthecountryisincreasinglyintegratedracially,therichareisolatingthemselvesmoreandmore.Atatimeofextraordinary-advancesinmedicine,classdifferencesinhealthandlifespanarewideandappeartobewidening.Andnewresearchonmobility,themovementoffamiliesupanddowntheeconomicladder,showsthereisfarlessofitthaneconomistsoncethoughtandlessthanmostpeoplebelieve.Infact,mobility,whichoncebuoyedtheworkinglivesofAmericansasitroseinthedecadesafterWorldWarIIhaslatelyflattenedoutorpossiblyevendeclined,manyresearcherssay.MobilityisthepromisethatliesattheheartoftheAmericandream.Itissupposedtotakethestingoutofthewideninggulfbetweenthehave-moresandthehave-nots.TherearepoorandrichintheUnitedStates,ofcourse,theargumentgoes;butaslongasonecanbecometheother,aslongasthereissomethingclosetoequalityofopportunity,thedifferencesbetweenthemdonotadduptoclassbarriers.However,thetrendsarebroadandseeminglycontradictory:theblurringofthelandscapeofclassandthesimultaneoushardeningofcertainclasslines;theriseinstandardsoflivingwhilemostpeopleremainmooredintheirrelativeplaces.Evenasmobilityseemstohavestagnated,theranksoftheeliteareopening.Today,anyonemayhaveashotatbecomingaUnitedStatesSupremeCourtjusticeoraC.E.O.andtherearemoreandmoreself-madebillionaires.Only37membersoflastyear’sForbes400.alistoftherichestAmericans,inheritedtheirwealth,downfromalmost200inthemid-1980’s.Soitappearsthatwhileitiseasierforafewhighachieverstoscalethesummitsofwealth,formanyothersithasbecomehardertomoveupfromoneeconomicclasstoanother.Americansarearguablymorelikelythantheywere30yearsagotoendupintheclassintowhichtheywereborn.AparadoxliesattheheartofthisnewAmericanmeritocracy.Merithasreplacedtheoldsystemofinheritedprivilege,inwhichparentstothemannerbornhandeddownthemanortotheirchildren.Butmerit,itturnsout,isatleastpartlyclass-based.Parentswithmoney,educationandconnectionscultivateintheirchildrenthehabitsthatthemeritocracyrewards.Whentheirchildrenthensucceed,theirsuccessisseenasearned.Thescrambletoscoopupahouseinthebestschooldistrict,channelachildintotherightpreschoolprogramorlandthebestmedicalspecialistareallpartofaquietcontestamongsocialgroupsthattheaffluentandeducatedarewinninginarout.“Theoldsystemofhereditarybarriersandclubbybarriershasprettymuchvanished.”saidEricWanner,presidentoftheRussellSageFoundation,asocialscienceresearchgroupinNewYorkCitythatrecentlypublishedaseriesofstudiesonthesocialeffectsofeconomicinequality.Inplaceoftheoldsystem,Dr.Wannersaid,havearisen“newwaysoftransmittingadvantagethatarebeginningtoassertthemselves.”6.WhichofthefollowingleavesanimpressiononpeoplethatclassdistinctionsaredisappearinginAmerica?A.Americansofallsortsareenjoyingluxuries.B.Childrenofthewealthyfamiliestendtobemoresuccessfulinschools.C.Therichreceivebettermedicaltreatment.D.Therichhavealongerlifespan.7.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisincorrect?A.Americansoncethoughtthattheyunderstoodwhatclassmeant.B.Americahasbecomeaclasslesscountry.C.Classdifferencesinsomefieldsarewidening.D.ClassisnowplayingagreaterroleinAmericansocietythanbefore.8.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheAmericandream?A.MobilityisacoretenetoftheAmericandream.B.Americansaremorelikelythanbeforetoendupintheclassintowhichtheywereborn.C.IthasbecomemoredifficultformostpeopletorealizetheAmericandream.D.AmericanshavegivenuptheirAmericandream.9.Whatdoestheword‘‘contradictory”inLine1,Paragraph6mean?A.conflictingB.complementaryC.cooperativeD.harmonious10.WhatisthecorrectexpressionabouttheAmericanmeritocracy?A.Advancementisnotbasedonindividualabilityorachievement.B.Meritisclass-basedtosomeextentinAmerica.C.Itfailstomakethoseexcellentpeoplesucceed.D.Onlytherichcanbenefitfromthestem.【答案与解析】6.A 文章第二段提到了美国阶级消失的一些表现：所有阶层的美国人都接受了奢侈品的洗礼；社会多元化抹除了一些旧的标志。由此可知，美国阶级消失的表现之一就是所有阶层的美国人都能享用奢侈品。故选A。7.B 文章开头提到“TherewasatimewhenAmericansthoughttheyunderstoodclass.”；第三段第二句提到“Overthepastthreedecades,ithascometoplayagreater,notlesser,roleinimportantways.”，结尾提到“Atatimeofextraordinary-advancesinmedicine,classdifferencesinhealthandlifespanarewideandappeartobewidening.”。因此A、C、D三项正确。文章第三段第一句提到“ButclassisstillapowerfulforceinAmericanlife.”，由此可知美国还没有实现“无阶级”，因此B项错误。8.D 文章第五段第一句提到“MobilityisthepromisethatliesattheheartoftheAmericandream.”，流动性是美国梦的中心；第八段提到“Americansarearguablymorelikelythantheywere30yearsagotoendupintheclassintowhichtheywereborn.”；文中提到“流动性似乎已经停滞”，矛盾逐渐加大，由此可推断美国梦的实现变得更困难。故A、B、C三项正确。文中没有说到“美国人放弃了美国梦”，故D项错误。9.A 文章第六段对潮流进行了解释：阶级景象的模糊化与同时出现的特定阶级分割线的加强；生活水平的提高与大多数人依旧停留在与他们相关的地方的情况。这些情况形成了对比，由此可知“contradictory”即表示这个意思。conflicting意为“矛盾的”，最符合题意。故选A。10.D 文章倒数第四段提到在美国精英教育中，“Merithasreplacedtheoldsystemofinheritedprivilege,inwhichparentstothemannerbornhandeddownthemanortotheirchildren.”；倒数第三段提到父母的这些做法都属于“aquietcontestamongsocialgroupsthattheaffluentandeducatedarewinninginarout.”。由此可推断，只有富裕的、受过教育的社会群体才能成功。故选D。Section2Answeringquestions(20’)Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.Useonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhavejustreadandwriteyouransweronyouranswersheet.Questions1~3Hesleepsthedayaway,andisirritablewhenhe’sawake.She’smoodyandmopesaround.Hecatseverythingoralmostnothing.Shehidesinherroom,shunningeventhesimplestchores.Doesthissoundlikeateenageryouknow?Neuroscientistssuspecttheadolescentbrainiswiredforemotionalturbulenceandretreatfromthefamily.Thesetendenciesmayhelpteenagersseparatefromtheirparentsandreachouttopeers.Butthosesametendenciescanmakeithardtotellwhentheworkofgrowingupisturningintoadepressionthatdeservestreatment.Roughlyoneoutof12teenssufferssignificantdepressionbeforetheageof18.Girls,oncetheyreachpuberty,aretwiceaslikelyasboystobecomedepressed.Approximatelyhalfoftheteenagerswithuntreateddepressionmayattemptsuicide,whichremainsthethirdleadingcauseofdeathinthisagegroup.Importantdifferencesseparatethegrowingpainsofadolescencefromdepression.Apainfulbreakup,arejectionbypeers,abadgradeorahumiliatingdisagreementwithanadultmaycauseunhappinessorfrustrationforafewdays.Depressiondominateslifeforweeksormonths,andmayappearfornoknownreason.Depressedkidswhomaybebiologicallymorevulnerablethanotherstoenvironmentalstressfeelalmostconstantlymiserableandenjoyverylittle.Butdepressionisn’talwaysexpressedassadness.Theteenmaybeirritable,orcomplainofheadachesorstomachpainsinsteadofdescribingabadmood.Energy,sleepandappetitemaysuffer.Somedepressedkidsfunctionpoorlyatschoolorwithdrawfromfriendsandfamily.Andwhileitisnormalforadolescentstothinkaboutmortalityandthemeaningoflife,it’snotnormaltobepreoccupiedwithdeathortoseriouslycontemplatesuicide.Antidepressantsareneitherpanaceanorpoison,buttheydohelpmanykids.Theworriesaboutthesedrugsarefamous.Rightafterstartinganantidepressant,somekidsdobecomemoreanxiousorrestless,andafewmayhaveanincreaseinsuicidalthoughts.Butdepressionitselfcarriesgreaterrisks,itismuchmorelikelytocausesuicide,anditcanthwarthealthydevelopment.Anyteenstartinganti-depressanttherapyshouldbeseenregularlybytheprescribingdoctor,andthefamilyshouldcallimmediatelyifthechildgetsworseinsteadofbetter.Medicationsareonlypartofgoodtreatment,though.Themeasuresthatpromotehealthyadolescentgrowthalsoarehelpfulfordepression.Moderateaerobicexerciserelieveddepressivesymptomsinalmosthalfofyoungadultsinonerecentstudy.Goodsleepingandeatinghabits,whilesometimesatoughselltoadolescents,canalsoimprovemood.Psychotherapycanhelpteensfigureoutwhatmakesthemfeelhelplessorself-criticalanddevelopstrategiestoputthingsright.Andwhenadolescentslatchontoanactivitytheyvaluethatalsohelpsothers,theirmoodimproves,andsodoestheirsenseofself.Imagingstudiesconfirmthataltruisticbehaviorlightsupthebrain’srewardareas.Thefuturemaybringbetterantidepressants,alongwithbettertoolsforidentifyingwhichmedicationsarebestsuitedtowhichchild.Butit’salreadypossibleforteenstolearntosustainrelationships,toturnbackthoughtsthatspurdepressionandtocontributetocauseslargerthanthemselves.Bysupportingtheminthesequests,wecaneasethetransitionoutofchildhood,andhelpthembuildmorefulfillinglivesasadults.1.Whatcommonsymptomsdoesdepressionhaveandwhatseriousconsequencescanitleadto?2.Whatmeasuresarehelpfulfordepression?3.Whatcanbeexpectedofthefutureinthetreatmentofdepression?【答案与解析】1.Thecommonsymptomsincludesadness,irritation,headachesandstomachpainsandsoon.Depressionmayleadtothesufferingofenergy,sleepandappetite,thepoorfunctionatschool,withdrawfromfriendsandfamilyandevensuicide.（文章第三段提到了抑郁症的症状以及可能带来的严重后果：症状不一定只是悲伤，还包括易怒、头疼、胃痛等。抑郁症可能会导致无精打采、睡眠质量差、没有胃口，在学校表现不好，拒绝和朋友家人交流，甚至自杀。）2.Antidepressants,moderateaerobicexercise,goodsleepingandeatinghabits,psychotherapyandaltruisticbehaviors.（文章倒数第三段主要说明抗抑郁药的作用；倒数第二段提到抗抑郁药不是唯一的方法，还有其他的方式：适度有氧运动、良好的吃饭睡眠习惯、心理疗法及利他性行为都可以帮助治疗抑郁症。）3.Thefuturemaybringbetterantidepressantsalongwithbettertoolsforidentifyingwhichmedicationsarebestsuitedtowhichchild.（文章最后一段第一句提到，未来可能会有更好的抗抑郁剂，以及更好的工具，用来针对特定的孩子确定最适合的药物。）Questions4~5QUNU,SouthAfrica(AP)-NelsonMandelasatbeaminginayellowarmchair,hislegsproppeduponalargestoolandcoveredwithapaleyellowblanket.Tengrandchildrencrowdedaroundtoserenadehimwith“HappyBirthday”andthensmotheredhimwithhugsandkisses.Theanti-apartheidiconcelebratedhis90thbirthdayFridaywithhisfamilyathishomeinruralsoutheasternSouthAfricaandthewholevillageturnedout.Eldersintraditionaldresscametopaytheirrespects,sheepweretruckedintotheproperlyandatroupeofbare-breastedyoungwomensanganddancedinpreparationforMandela’slunchwith500dignitariesSaturday.Hestillfoundtimetosettledowntoreadapileofnewspapers,tokeepupwithlocalandinternationalaffairs.Soundingandlookingvigorous,Mandelatoldasmallgroupofreportershewasfortunatetohavereached90,creditinghis“behavior”forhislongevity.Butthemanwhohasbecomeasymbolofpeaceremainstroubledbythedemoralizingpovertystillfacedbysomanyofhiscountrymen.“Ifyouarepoor,youarenotlikelytolivelong,”hesaid,Hismessagewassimplethewealthymustdomore.“TherearemanypeopleinSouthAfricawhoarerichandwhocansharethosericheswiththosenotsofortunate,whohavenotbeenabletoconquerpoverty,”Mandelasaidduringthe10-minuteinterview,hisfirstsuchexchangewithjournalistsinyears.HewasaskedifhewishedhecouldhavehadmoretimewithhisfamilyduringalifespentfightingapartheidandthenleadingSouthAfricaasitsfirstblackpresident.“Iamsureformanypeoplethatistheirwish,”Mandelasaid.“IalsohavethatwishthatIspentmoretime(withmyfamily).ButIdon’tregretit.”Histhirdwife,GracaMachel,whomhemarried10yearsagoonhisbirthday,saidinaTVinterviewthathewasalonelymandespitehisbusyscheduleasaleaderwhenshemethimafewyearsafterhedivorcedWinnieMadikizela-Mandelain1996.ShetoldAl-Jazeeratelevisionshehelpedhimreconnectwithhisfamily.“IfIcouldsayinaverymodestway,that’swhatIwasabletogivehimback,”Machel,anotedcampaignerforchildren’srights,saidintheinterviewbroadcastFriday.“I’mhappythatinhissunsetyearsIwasabletobethereforhim.Andheisthereforme.”Mandelawasimprisonedfornearlythreedecadesforhisfightagainstapartheid.Hewasreleasedin1990toleadnegotiationsthatendeddecadesofracistwhiterule,thenwaselectedpresidentinSouthAfrica’sfirstdemocraticelectionsin1994.Hecompletedhistermin1999anddidnotrunagain,buthascontinuedtotakealeadingroleinthefightagainstpoverty,illiteracyandAIDSinAfrica.TukwiniMandela,33,oneofMandela’sgranddaughters,saidFridaywas“aspecialdaybecauseweareplanningahugepartyonSaturdayandwearehopingheisgoingtoenjoyit.”“Wehaveinvitedhisoldestfriendswhohavemeantsomethingtohimandhavemadeadifferenceinhislife.”shesaid.WhilenotallMandela’s18grandchildrenandsixgreat-grandchildrenwereattendingthecelebrations,manywerepresentFriday,creatingawarmatmosphereinthehouse,decoratedwithanimalskinmatsandAfricanprintsonthewalls.Wearingoneofhissignaturepatternedshirtsinshadesofgreen,goldandblack,MandelaglancedpensivelyoutawindowatthestartofhisinterviewwithTheAssociatedPressandafewothernewsorganizations.“Thisismyproperty.WhenIamhere,IfeelIownsomething,”hesaidofthehomesteadintheruralarea600milessouthofJohannesburgwhereasaboyheherdedcattleinthehills.HisgrandchildrenspokeoftheirprideinMandela,theresponsibilityofbearinghisnameandthedesiretoprotecttheoldmanwhocouldnotbetherewhentheyweregrowingup.“Weareextremelyproudofhisachievementsandthesacrificeshemade,”saidNandiMandela,40.“Hishumanityandhisloveforthepeople,especiallychildrenhavemadehimintothisworldicon.Welovehimdearly.”Shesaidbirthdayshavealwaysbeenspecialoccasionsforhergrandfather.Sherecalledhow,withoutfail,shewouldreceiveagreetingcardfromhiminprisoneventhoughhewasonlyallowedtowritealimitednumberofletterseverymonth.Mandela’sbirthdayisannualcauseforcelebrationacrossSouthAfricaanddrawsattentionfromhismanylocalandinternationaladmirers.TworunnersholdingSouthAfricanflagscircledRobbenIsland,whereMandelaspentmostofhis27yearsinjail.InJohannesburg,childrencelebratedwithbirthdaycakeattheofficesofthefoundationMandelafoundedaltersteppingdownaspresidentin1999.AndhisAfricanNationalCongresspartyunfurledgiantbannersfeaturinghisimageatitsdowntownheadquarters.Birthdaymessageshavebeenpouringin,includingoneFridayfromPresidentBush,whoapplaudedMandelaas“agreatexampleofcourage,hope,andthepoweroffreedom.”MandelaatfirstplannedaquietaffairathishomeinthepicturesqueXhosahomeland,withitsrollinghillsandturquoisehuts.ButtherearenowavarietyofeventsplannedinhishonorinandaroundQunu,includingasoccerfestivalandapopconcert.ThelunchSaturdaywillbeattendedbyPresidentThaboMbekiandveteransoftheanti-apartheidstruggle.Anexh