2023年研究生类研究生入学考试专业课英语专业语言学历年高频考题带答案难题附详解

2023年研究生类研究生入学考试专业课英语专业语言学历年高频考题带答案难题附详解（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.历年考点试题黑钻版(共50题)1.An______testassesseshowmuchalearnerhasmasteredthecontentsofaparticularcourse.A.proficientB.achievementC.diagnosticD.aptitude2.Theoriginalversion:

Therehavebeengoodharvestsinagriculture.

Therevisedversion:

Therehavebeengoodharvests.3.Howdoyouunderstandarbitrariness?4.Doestheconstancyundernegationtestworkasameansoffindingthepresuppositionofthefollowingsentences?Whatarethepresuppositions:

(a)Johnregretsthathebrokeyourcomputer.

(b)Thepregnantengineerwentonaholiday.

(c)Hisbrotherisbald.5.Usecontrastiveornon-contrastivestrategiestoanalyzetheunderlinederrorsandmistakescommittedbyChineselearnersofEnglish.

a.Asformeal,weChineseliketoeatchopsticks,andyouspoons.

b.Youhavehelpedmealot.Reallytroubledyou.

c.Theyarehappybutwearefarmorehappier.6.Ifcertainlinguisticstriestolaydownrulesforthecorrectuseoflanguageandsettlethedisputesoverusageonceandforall,itis______ductivity(designfeatureoflanguage)8.WhydidChomskymakethedistinctionbetweenDeepandSurfacestructures?9.Orientationalmetaphor10.Didyoufindtheanswer?11.WecanrefertoSocratesandPlatowhohavebeendeadforyears.Thisindicatesadesignfeatureoflanguage-d

.12.ExplaintheSapir-WhorfHypothesis.13.______involvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstruedintermsoftheother.A.SimileB.MetaphorC.AlliterationD.Metonymy14.EU15.[Focusonthestructureoftheunderlinedsyllables]A.awareB.ignoreC.relayD.pertain16.displacement17.Thespeechsoundswhichareincomplementarydistributionarenotalwaysallophonesofthesamephoneme.18.hypothesis19.Whataspectsoflanguagecanonefocusifonewantstoanalyzeanovelorastory?20.massage21.Senserelationofwords.22.a.Jacklayonhisbed.b.Jacklayinhisbed.23.ImmediateConstituentAnalysis24.Howdoyouunderstandemotivefunctionoflanguage?25.componentialanalysis26.Thesound[p]canbedescribedwith"______,bilabial,stop".27.Thestatementthatsupportstheargumentthathumanbrainisstructuredinaformofmoduleis______.A.MentalgrammarisunconsciousB.PeopledonothaveUGwhentheyarebornC.Patientscanhavesplit-brainsD.Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningofawordisarbitrary28.SPEAKING29.A.Howtoopenthiswindow?

B.HowdoIopenthiswindow?

C.TellmehowdoIopenthiswindow?

D.Tellmehowopenthiswindow?30.Bysaying"Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen,"aspeakermightbeperformingthethreeacts:locutionary,illocutionaryandperlocutionary______.A.atthesametimeB.oneafteranotherC.twofirstandthentheotherD.onefirstandthentheothertwo31.escalate32.AspeechactconsistsofthreerelatedactsaccordingtoJ.L.Austin'sSpeechActtheory.Whatarethey?AnalyzethefollowingconversationinthelightofSpeechActtheory.

Customer:Waiter!There'saflyinmysoup.

Waiter:Don'tworry,there'snoextracharge.33.allophone34.employee35.Phonology36.Whatdoyouthinkoftheassumptionthatalanguageismoreadvancedthananother?37.PRESENTPERFECTPROGRESSIVE38.Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage,thatis,languagehas______,interpersonalandtextualfunctions.39.Thegrammaticalcategorywhichisusedintheanalysisofwordclassestoidentifythesyntacticrelationshipbetweenwordsinasentenceis______.A.caseB.agreementC.tenseD.aspect40.enthuse41.Inlinguistics,______referstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationassentences.42.asyouknow43.DefineSEMANTICSandPRAGMATICSandlistatleasttwotopicsdiscussedineachbranch.Andthentalkabouttheirdivisionoflabor.44.Ther

theoryisatheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitreferstoorstandsfor.45.Theprincipalandmostobviouscontrastbetweenthelasttwocenturieshasbeentherapidriseof______linguistics,asopposedto______linguistics.A.descriptive,historicalB.structural,generativeC.functional,formalistD.structural,historical46.Withthehelpof______linguistics,recentlyresearchhasmovedintotheareaofexample-basedmachinetranslation.Themethodusescorrecttranslationasaprincipalsourceofinformationforthecreationofnewones.47.CALmeanstheuseofacomputerinateachingprogramwhereasCAIemphasizestheuseofacomputerinbothteachingandlearninginordertohelpthelearnerachieveeducationalobjectives.48.morpheme49.finite50.empirical第1卷参考答案一.历年考点试题黑钻版1.参考答案：B[解析]本题考查成绩测试的概念。A选项是水平测试，其目的是发现被试者对于目标语占已经了解了哪些内容。B选项是成绩测试，用来评估学习者对一门待定课程内容的掌握程度。C选项是诊断性测试，目的是发现受试者对于所学的语言还有哪些内容没有掌握。D选项是学习潜能测试，试图测试出学习者学习语言的潜能或天分。2.参考答案：Thereasonfortherevisedversiontocrossout"inagriculture"oftheoriginalversionisthatthephrase"goodharvests"inthesentenceisatermreferredtotheagriculture.Theuseofitimplicatesisabouttheagriculture,nottheindustryandthelike.Thus,theexpression"inagriculture"isunnecessary.3.参考答案：[参考答案]Languageisarbitrary.Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.

Ontheotherhand,weshouldbeawarethatwhilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Therearewordsineverylanguagethatimitatenaturalsounds,suchasrumble,crash,cackle,banginEnglish.Besides,somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.[解析]本题考查语言的区别性特征之一“任意性”。回答问题时，一方面要强调语言的任意性，另一方面也要强调语言中也存在并不完全任意的语言现象。这样才能回答得全面、透彻。4.参考答案：Whataspeakerassumesistrueorisknownbythehearercanbedescribedasapresupposition.IfsomeonetellsyouYourbrotheriswaitingoutsideforyou,thereisanobviouspresuppositionthatyouhaveabrother.

Constancyundernegationtestforpresuppositionisoneofthetestsusedtocheckforthepresuppositionsunderlyingsentencesinvolvingnegatingasentencewithaparticularpresuppositionandconsideringwhetherthepresuppositionremainstrue.TakethesentenceMycarisawreck.Nowtakethenegativeversionofthissentence:Mycarisnotawreck.Noticethat,althoughthesetwosentenceshaveoppositemeanings,theunderlyingpresupposition,Ihaveacar,remainstrueinboth.Thepresuppositionsareasfollows:

(a)Youhaveacomputer;Johnbrokeyourcomputer.

(b)Theengineerisfemale;Theengineerispregnant.

(c)Hehasabrother.[解析]本题考查语用学中的预设。5.参考答案：Contrastiveanalysisandnon-contrastiveanalysisaretwomajorapproachestoerroranalysis.Ithasbeenfoundalargepercentageoftheerrorsaredirectlyrelatedtothelearner'smothertongue.Thesystematicstudyofevidenceoftheinfluenceofthemothertongueiscalledcontrastiveanalysis.Therefore,contrastiveanalysishastotakingthesourceandthetargetlanguageintoconsideration.However,notallerrorsarecausedbytheinterferenceofthemothertongue,suchasover-generalizationsandhypercorrections.Theanalysisbasedonsuchintra-languagefactorsiscallednon-contrastiveanalysis.

Asforsentencea,thecorrectexpressionshouldprobablybe"eatwithchopsticks".WhenrecallingthecorrespondingexpressioninChinese,wemightget"我们中国人喜欢用筷子吃",andthereforeitcouldbeseenthatinChineseaprepositionisalsorequired.Inthissense,themistakeoccurringinthissentenceisprobablynotcausedbytheinterferenceofChinese.Therefore,itmightbemorepropertoberegardedasaninter-lingualerrorwhichmightcausedbytheunfamiliarityofthepreposition"with".

Themistakeinsentenceb,however,couldbeattributedtothenegativetransferofChinese,sinceinChinese,thereexistsacorrespondingexpression"真是麻烦你了。"ThistransferhasinsomewayshownthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish,suchasthedifferenceinsyntacticstructure.TheChineselanguagedoesnotobligatorilyrequiretheoccurrenceoftheSubjectinasentence,whileinEnglishitisobligatorytohaveaSubjectinasentence.

ThemistakeinsentencecisoneobviouslynotcausedbytheinterferenceofChinese.Thismistakeisalsoaninter-lingualone,asitconcernsabouttheuseofthecomparativeformofadjectivesinEnglish.InChinese,thereisnocorrespondingstructureasinEnglish.Andthiscouldbeseenasamisuseofthecomparativeformofadjectives.6.参考答案：prescriptive[解析]本题考查的是对什么是规定性语言学(prescriptivelinguistics)的理解。规定性语言学就是人为地给语言的使用规定一些规则让语言使用者遵守。与规定性语言学相对应的是描述性语言学(descriptivelinguistics)，即按照语言的真实使用情况对语言进行描述和研究，从而发现语言使用的规律。7.参考答案：Byproductivity,languageisdesignedtomakeitsusersformandunderstandinfinitesentences,mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard．[解析]本题考查语言的定义特点之一——多产性，考生也应掌握语言的任意性、二层性和移位性。8.参考答案：Ingenerativegrammar,deepstructureistheabstractsyntacticrepresentationofasentence,theunderlyinglevelofstructuralorganizationwhichspecifiesallthefactorsgoverningthewaythesentenceshouldbeinterpreted.Ontheotherhand,surfacestructureisthefinalstageinthesyntacticrepresentationofasentence,whichprovidestheinputtothephonologicalcomponentofthegrammar,andwhichthusmostcloselycorrespondstothestructurewearticulateandhear.

AccordingtoChomsky,itisnecessarytomakethedistinction,sinceitishelpfultodifferentiateandanalyzesyntacticstructuressuchas"Johniseasytoplease"and"Johniseagertoplease",andalsotodisambiguatestructureslike"theshootingofthehunters".Moreimportantly,itreflectstwoofthestagesofhowthelanguageisprocessedthroughthegenerativegrammar:thedeepstructure,whichisanunderlyingstructure,hastobetransformedtothesurfacestructureviaasetoftransformationalrules.9.参考答案：Orientationalmetaphormeansthathumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsprovidethebasisforwaysofviewingevents,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.,asentitiesandsubstances.Itgivesaconceptaspatialorientation.Theyarecharacterizednotsomuchbystructuringoneconceptintermsofanother,butbyaco-occurrenceinourexperience.Theorientationalmetaphorsaregroundedinanexperientialbasis,whichlinktogetherthetwopartsofthemetaphor.Forexample,"I'mfeelingup."and"I'mfeelingdown."implicatethat"I'mhappy"and"I'msad".10.参考答案：[解析]本题考查的仍然是语音连读现象。参考第一题的思路解析。11.参考答案：displacement[解析]本题考查语言的区别性特征中移位性的概念。移位性指人类语言可以让使用者来表示在说话时并不存在的物体、事件和观点。12.参考答案：Sapir-Whorfhypothesisconsistsoftwoparts:linguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativity.Linguisticdeterminismreferstothenotionthatalanguagedeterminescertainnonlinguisticcognitiveprocesses.Differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingaround,theythinkandspeakdifferently.Linguisticrelativityreferstotheclaimthatthecognitiveprocessesthataredeterminedaredifferentfordifferentlanguages.Thus,speakersofdifferentlanguagesaresaidtothinkindifferentways.Thehypothesisisnowinterpretedmainlyintwodifferentways:astrongversionandaweakone.Thestrongversionbelievesthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople'sthinkingandbehavior;theweakoneholdsthattheformerinfluencethelater.Sofar,manyresearchesandexperimentsconductedprovidesupporttotheweakversion.13.参考答案：B14.参考答案：EU:EuropeanUnion.15.参考答案：D[解析]从音节的构成来看，前三项都是仅由首音(onset)和音核(peak)构成的，只有D项是由首音(onset)、音核(peak)和尾音(coda)三项构成的。因此，只能选D。16.参考答案：Asoneofdesignfeaturesoflanguage,displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.17.参考答案：True[解析]本题主要考查的是对allophone和complimentarydistribution的理解，只要弄清楚了两者的定义，判断起来也就不会有问题了。18.参考答案：19.参考答案：Thelanguagefeaturesweshouldexaminetoelucidatethestyleofatextoracorpusofanauthor'swritingmayincludethefollowingaspects:

①patternsoflexis(vocabulary);

②patternsofgrammaticalorganization;

③patternsoftextualorganization(howtheunitsoftextualorganization,fromsentencestographsandbeyond,arearranged);

④foregroundedfeatures,includingfiguresofspeech;

⑤whetheranypatternsofstylevariationcanbediscerned;

⑥discoursalpatterningofvariouskinds,liketurn-takingorpatternsofinferencing;

⑦patternsofviewpointmanipulation,includingspeechandthoughtpresentation.20.参考答案：21.参考答案：(1)Synonymy

Synonymyisusedtomeansamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Synonymsaretwoormoreformswithverycloselyrelatedmeanings,whichareoften,butnotalways,intersubstitutableinsentences.Examplesofsynonymsarethepairsbroad-wide,hide-conceal,almost-nearly,cab-taxi,liberty-freedom,andanswer-reply.

Somesemanticiansmaintain,however,thattherearenorealsynonyms,becausetwoormorewordsnamedsynonymsareexpectedwithoutexceptiontodifferfromoneanotherinoneofthefollowingaspects:inshadesofmeaning(e.g.,finish,complete,close,conclude,terminate,finalize,end,etc.),instylisticmeaning,inemotivemeaning(oraffectivemeaning),inrangeofuse(orcollocativemeaning),inBritishandAmericanEnglishusages[e.g.,autumn(BrE),fall(AmE)].

(2)Antonymy

Antonymyisthenameforoppositenessrelation.Therearethreemainsub-types:gradableantonymy,complementaryantonymy,andconverseantonymy.

Gradableantonymyisthecommonesttypeofantonymy,inwhichthemembersofapairdifferintermsofdegree.Thedenialofoneisnotnecessarilytheassertionoftheother.Forexample,good-bad,big-smallandhot-coldareofthistype.

Complementaryantonymyreferstothesenserelationinwhichthemembersofapairinthistypearecomplementarytoeachother.Forexample,single-married,dead-aliveandmale-femaleareofthistype.

Converseantonymyisaspecialtypeofantonymyinthatthemembersofapairdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition.Theyshowthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentities.Forexample,buy-sellandparent-childareofthistype.

(3)Hyponymy

Hyponymyinvolvesusinthenotionofmeaninginclusion.Itisamatterofclassmembership.Thatistosay,whenXiskindofY,thelowertermXisthe"hyponym",andtheuppertermYisthe"superordinate".Twoormorehyponymssharingthesamesuperordinate.arecalled"co-hyponyms".Forexample,"flower"isthesuperordinateof"tulip","violet"and"rose",whicharetheco-hyponymsof"flower".

(4)Polysemy

Polysemyreferstothesemanticphenomenonthatawordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.

Forexample,"negative"means(1)astatementsayingormeaning"no",(2)arefusalordenial,(3)oneofthefollowingwordsandexpressions:no,not,nothing,never,notatall,etc.,(4)anegativephotographorfilm.

(5)Homonymy

Thetermhomonymyisusedwhenoneform(writtenandspoken)hastwoormoreunrelatedmeanings.Thefollowingtypesareofhomonymy.

(1)Homographs—wordswhichareidenticalinspelling,butdifferentinmeaningandpronunciation:tear

(2)Homophones—wordswhichareidenticalinpronunciation,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning:see/sea.

(3)Completehomonyms—wordswhichareidenticalinspellingandpronunciation,butdifferentinmeaning:bear(v.togivebirthtoababy/tostand)/bear(n.akindofanimal).[解析]本题考查词汇间的涵义关系。一般来说有几种公认的涵义关系：同义关系、反义关系、上下义关系、一词多义关系和同音/同形异义关系。22.参考答案：Insentencea,weonlyknowJackwasonhisbed,andhisactionisnotsittingbutlying.

WhatJackwasdoingwhilehewaslyingisnotmentionedinsentencea.Insentenceb,weknowJackwassleepinginhisbed.[解析]本题型旨在考查考生对句意的理解，句子意义是由组成句子的词语意义和句子的结构意义相互作用下整合出来的。23.参考答案：ImmediateConstituentAnalysis:ICanalysis(immediateconstituentanalysis)istheanalysisofasentenceintermsofimmediateconstituents—wordgroups(orphrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintoimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.Whatremainofthefirstcutare"immediateconstituents",andwhatareleftatthefinalcutare"ultimateconstituents".

ForExample,therearetwowaystoICanalyzethesentenceLovelyLucyranaway.

(1)Withbrackets:

((Lovely)(Lucy))((ran)(away)).

(2)Withatreediagram:

24.参考答案：Theemotivefunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.Itisameansofgettingridofournervousenergywhenweareunderstress.E.g.swearwords,obscenities,involuntaryverbalreactionstoapieceofartorscenery;conventionalwords/phrases.25.参考答案：Componentialanalysisreferstoasemanticapproachwhichdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents,orsemanticfeaturesandthesefeaturesymbolsareusuallywrittenincapitalizedletters.Forexample,themeaningofthewordboymayheanalyzedintothreecomponents:HUMAN,YOUNGandMALE.26.参考答案：voiceless[解析]

考查辅音[p]的特征。27.参考答案：C28.参考答案：SPEAKINGisamnemonicwayofsummarizingcertaincomponentsofspeechwhichmakepossiblethedescriptionandanalysisofcommunicativebehavior:S=Situation,P=Participants,E=Ends,A=Actsequence,K=Key,I=Instrumentalities,N=Norms,andG=Genres.29.参考答案：Inthisgroupofsentences,Bwouldberegardedasthegrammaticalone,whiletheothersarenot.InEnglish,Acouldonlyappearasasubordinateclausetoamainclause;CandDisungrammaticalbecausethataccordingtotheWh-movement,theclauseshouldberewrittenas"TellmehowIopenthiswindow".30.参考答案：D31.参考答案：escalate-escalator32.参考答案：Thethreerelatedactsare:LOCUTIONARYACT,ILLOCUTIONARYATC,PERLOCUTIONARYACT.

LOCUTIONARYACTistheordinaryactweperformwhenwespeak,i.e.wemoveourvocalorgansandproduceanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.

ILLOCUTIONARYATCistheactperformedintheperformingofalocutionaryact.Whenwespeakwenotonlyproducesomeunitsoflanguagewithcertainmeanings,butalsomakeclearourpurposeinproducingthem,thewayweintendthemtobeunderstood,ortheyalsohavecertainforcesasAustinpreferstosay.

PERLOCUTIONARYACTconcernstheconsequentialeffectsofalocutionuponthehearer.Bytellingsomebodysomethingthespeakermaychangetheopinionoftheheareronsomething,ormisleadhim,orsurprisehim,orinducehimtodosomething,etc.whetherornottheseeffectsareintendedbythespeaker,theycanberegardedaspartoftheactthatthespeakerhasperformed.

Customer:Thelocutionaryactofthecustomeristheutteringoftheexpression"Waiter!There'saflyinmysoup".Theillocutionaryactistheexpressionofthecustomer'sdissatisfactionwiththeserviceandthedemandthatthewaitershouldapologizeandofferanotherbowlofsoup.Theperlocutionaryactofthisutteranceisthewaiterapologyandofferingofanotherbowlofsoup.

Waiter:Thelocutionaryactofthewaiteristheutteringoftheexpression"Don'tworry,there'snoextracharge".Theillocutionaryactistheliterarymeaningofhisresponse:Don'tworryandwewillnotchargeyouextramoneyforthefly,butwewillnotgetyouanotherbowlofcleansoup.Theperlocutionaryactisthatthecustomerwillnotcomplainanymore.[解析]此题考查的是考生对言语行为的理解。言语行为主要有三种：以言指事、以言行事和以言成事。考生应理解言语行为理论并能够用该理论分析案例。33.参考答案：Allophonereferstovariantsofthesamephoneme,whichareincomplementarydistributionandbearphoneticsimilarity.34.参考答案：35.参考答案：Phonologyisoneofthebranchesoflinguistics,anditstudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguagebytreatingphonemeasthepointofdeparture.[解析]此题考查语言学的分支之一——音系学，音系学研究支配语音分布和排列的规则以及音节的形式。音系学以音位为起点来处理语言的语音系统。同时，考生还需掌握包括phonetics(语音学)、morphology(形态学)、syntax(句法学)、semantics(语义学)、pragmatics(语用学)、macrolinguistics(宏观语言学)、psycholinguistics(心理语言学)、sociolinguistics(社会语言学)、anthropologicallinguistics(人类语言学)、computationallinguistics(计算语言学)在内的语言学其他分支。36.参考答案：Languageisasystemofarbitrary,vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Languageisatoolforhumancommunication.Anysound,the"gestures"orevenmarksfromanimalsdonotfallintothecategoryoflanguage,althoughsometimeswethinktheyarespeakingtheirown"language".Thereisnolanguagethatismoreadvancedthananotheronthewhole.However,somelanguageswillbeprominentbecauseoftheusingfrequencies,usersofacertainlanguage,languagepolicies,etc.Forexample,inChina,thedialectsfordifferentregionsmakethecommunicationsdifficult,sothegovernmentmadethelanguagepolicytomakethemandarinasthecommonlyusedlanguage.Internationally,EnglishisthemostbroadlyusedlanguagesowechooseEnglishasoneoftheimportantofficiallanguages.37.参考答案：Hehasbeenwritinganovelsincelastweek.38.参考答案：ideational[解析]本题考查元功能理论中的意念功能。韩礼德提出了语言的元功能理论，既语言具备意念功能、人际功能与语篇功能。意念功能不仅建构了经验模式而且还建构了逻辑关系，人际功能规定了社会关系，语篇功能创造了与语境的相关关联(韩礼德，1994)。39.参考答案：A40.参考答案：enthuse-enthusiasm41.参考答案：Syntax[解析]本题考查句法学的概念。在语言中，句法就是研究一种语言中词语组合成句的规则的学问，或者简单地说，是研究句子生成的学问。42.参考答案：[解析]本题考查的是语音中的连读现象，当当一个单词以辅音