gre高频argument与提纲范文

1.Thefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinabusinessmagazine."Arecentstudyrating300maleandfemaleMentianadvertisingexecutivesaccordingtotheaveragenumberofhourstheysleeppernightshowedanassociationbetweentheamountofsleeptheexecutivesneedandthesuccessoftheirfirms.Oftheadvertisingfirmsstudied,thosewhoseexecutivesreportedneedingnomorethan6hoursofsleeppernighthadhigherprofitmarginsandfastergrowth.Theseresultssuggestthatifabusinesswantstoprosper,itshouldhireonlypeoplewhoneedlessthan6hoursofsleeppernight."Writearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsoftheargument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptionsandwhattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsproveunwarranted.以下是14的范文，请大家读完后，将它改写为 argument118Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredinordertodecidewhethertherecommendationandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable.Besuretoexplainhowtheanswerstothesequestionswouldhelptoevaluatetherecommendation.注意尽管题目要求不同但是结构和内容基本一致 只需要在措辞上进行调整Thearticlearguesthatcompaniesshouldhirepeoplewhoneedlesssleepbecausetheseemployeesaremorelikelytosucceedbasedonasurveyof300advertisingexecutives.Anumberofassumptionshavebeenmadeaboutthegeneralisabilityofthesurveyresult,thereliabilityofthereportedneedofsleepandotherrelatedissues.Weneedtoexaminetheassumptionscarefullyinordertoassesstheargument.Tobeginwith,theassumptionthatthesurveyresultscanbeappliedmorebroadlymaynotholdtrue.Thesubjectsofthesurveyareallfromasingleindustry,namely,advertising.Maybeitisimportantforpeopleinthisfieldtoburnthemidnight ltoprosper.But'thisouiemaynotapplytootherindustries,forexample,insuranceormanufacturing.Inaddition,thesurveyonlyaskstheexecutiveswhomayhavetoworkextrahourstoleadthecompanies.Butforemployeesatlowerlevelsleepinglessmaynotbeveryhelpfulforachievingsuccess.Inaddition,itisassumedthattheexecutivesactuallyneedlittlesleepasreportedinthesurvey.Inotherwords,theassumptionisthatthesubjectsweretellingthetruthabouttheirlifestylesduringthesurvey.Itispossiblethatthesurveyrespondentsjustwanttoimpressothersorshowtheirattitudestowardssleepwhenansweringthequestions.Withoutfurtherdatatoverifythereliabilityofthesurveyresults,itisnotreasonabletoapplythefindinginthehiringprocesses.Anotherassumptionbeingmadeisthattheneedoflesssleepisthemainreasonwhytheexecutivesweresuccessful.Asweallknow,correlationdoesnotnecessarilyimplycausation.Ahostofotherfactorsunrelatedtosleepmayhavecausedthesuccessoftheexecutives.Forexample,theymighthappentohaveagoodteamofpeopleworkingefficientlytowardstheirgoals.Ortheywereluckyenoughtomeetsomeclientswhowerewillingtopayhigherfeeswhichboostedtheprofitmarginsandthegrowthrates.Withoutlookingintohowtheyachievedsuccess,itistoohastytoattributetheiraccomplishmentstotheirsleeppatterns.Finally,itisalsoassumedthatexecutiveswithlessneedforsleepcansucceedinthelongterm.Maybetheymanagetoaccomplishmorethantheirpeerswiththeirabilitiestosleepless.Butwedonotknowhowtherelativelysmallamountofsleepwouldhaveanynegativeimpactontheirhealthandtheirperformanceinthelongterm.Wealsodonotknowhowtheirlifestylesmayaffecttheoveralljobsatisfactionofthemselvesandtheirco-workers.Iftheirabilitiestosleeplesswouldenablethemtoworkovertime,maybetheywouldalsoforcetheircolleaguestoworkovertime,whichmaynotbenefittheIong-termsuccessofacompany.Inconclusion,itisnotreasonabletorecommendhiringpeoplewhoneedlesssleepbasedonthissurveyonarelativelysmallgroupofexecutivesfromasingleindustry.Moreinformationisneededbeforewecanchecktheassumptionsdiscussedaboveandmakeamorereasonablehiringpolicy.2.WovenbasketscharacterizedbyaparticulardistinctivepatternhavepreviouslybeenfoundonlyintheimmediatevicinityoftheprehistoricvillageofPaleaandthereforewerebelievedtohavebeenmadeonlybythePaleanpeople.Recently,however,archaeologistsdiscoveredsucha"Palean"basketinLithos,anancientvillageacrosstheBrimRiverfromPalea.TheBrimRiverisverydeepandbroad,andsotheancientPaleanscouldhavecrosseditonlybyboat,andnoPaleanboatshavebeenfound.Thusitfollowsthattheso-calledPaleanbasketswerenotuniquelyPalean.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevideneeisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevideneewouldweakenorstrengthentheargument.Outlinefocusonwhethertherivercouldbecrossedbypeoplewithoutanyhelp:notsodeepandbroad;frozeninwinterdiscussthepossiblebridgesandboatswhichmightnotsurvivethetimeexplorethepossibilityofthebasketsbeingcarriedbywaterAccordingtothisargument,thePaleanbasketsmayhavebeenmadebypeoplefromareasotherthanPaleaasthebasketshavebeenfoundintheadjacentvillage.Weneedmoreevidenceaboutgeographicalinformationofthearea,thetechnologiesofbuildingboatsandbridgesandthecharacteristicsofthebasketsinordertoevaluatetheargument.Whiletheauthorassumesthatthebasketscouldonlyhavebeencarriedbyboatswhichhadnotbeenfound,thereareotherpossibleseenarios.Forexample,maybetheriveratthetimewasnotasdeepandbroadasitisnow.Iftheriverwasshallowandnarrow,peopleinPaleaandLithoscouldbetradingbasketsbywalkingacrosstheriver.Ontheotherhand,maybetheweatherwasextremelycoldatthetimeandtheriverwasfrozenduringthewinter.Againthepeoplefromthetwovillagescouldsimplywalkacrosstherivertotrade.Soweneedmoreinformationaboutthegeographyandclimateintheareaatthetimetoassesshowlikelytheseenariosdiscussedabovewere.WealsoneedtoknowmoreaboutthetechnologiesofPaleanandLithoianpeopleatthetimeforbuildingboatsandbridges.Specifically,wewanttoknowwhethertheywereabletobuildboatsandbridgesandiftheycouldwhatmaterialstheyused.Maybetheycouldbuildboatsorbridgestocrosstheriverbutthematerialstheyusedcouldnotsurvivethetimeandleftnotracesforarchaeologiststolocate.Theabsenceofanytangibletracesofboatsorbridgesdoesnotnecessarilyimplynoboatsorbridgeswereavailablethen.Moreinformationregardingtheseissuesisneeded.Anotherimportancepieceofevidenceweneedisthematerialsbeingusedtomakethebaskets.Specifically,wewanttoknowwhetherthebasketscouldfloatinthewater.ItispossiblethatsomeofthebasketshadbeendumpedbyPaleanpeopletotheriverandcarriedbythewatertotheothersideoftheriverandthenpickedupbyLithoianpeople.Toassesshowlikelythisscenariois,weneedtoknowthedensityofthematerialsofthebasketsalongwithsomeotherphysicalcharacteristics.Inconclusion,itisdifficulttodecidewhetherpeoplefromLithosmayhavelearnedtomakethebaskets.Moreinformationaboutdifferentissuesdiscussedabovehastobegatheredtoassessthestrengthoftheargument.25分钟conclusion;PaleanbasketswerenotuniquelyPalean;othervillagescanproducesimilarbasketskeyquestion:arethenewlyfoundbasketslocallyproducedortransportedfromPaleanwhethertheriverwasthatdeepandbroadatthetimeboatsfromothervillages?whatmaterialswereavailableformakingboats;cantheysurvivepossiblebridge?tradingrelationship?3.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevideneeisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevideneewouldweakenorstrengthentheargument.ArcticdeerliveonislandsinCanada'sarcticregions.Theysearchforfoodbymovingovericefromislandtoislandduringthecourseoftheyear.Theirhabitatislimitedtoareaswarmenoughtosustaintheplantsonwhichtheyfeedandcoldenough,atleastsomeoftheyear,fortheicetocovertheseaseparatingtheislands,allowingthedeertotraveloverit.Unfortunately,accordingtoreportsfromlocalhunters,thedeerpopulationsaredeclining.Sincethesereportscoincidewithrecentglobalwarmingtrendsthathavecausedtheseaicetomelt,wecanconcludethatthepurporteddeclineindeerpopulationsistheresultofthedeer'sbeingunabletofollowtheirage-oldmigrationpatternsacrossthefrozensea.P1:moreevideneeabouttheaccuracyofthehunters 'reports-whetherthehuntershadscaredawaythedeerwiththeirguns-whetherthehuntershadvisitedtheareainaparticularpointintime whenthedeerwerelessactive-howmanyhuntershadreportedthedeerpopulation;thenumberwassmall-lessreliableP2:moreevideneeabouttheseaiceinarcticregion-whethertheseaiceinarcticregionhadmelted(globalwarmingtrenddoesnotmeanlocalwarming)-whethermorefoodwasavailablenearthehabitatduetotheclimatechange(thennoneedtotravel)P3:evidencethatmayprovideotherexplanationsforthedeclineofdeerpopulation-anypollutionthatmaythreatenthedeerpopulation-overhunting4.ThefollowingisalettertotheeditoroftheWaymarshTimes."TraffichereinWaymarshisbecomingaproblem.Althoughjustthreeyearsagoastatetrafficsurveyshowedthatthetypicaldrivingcommutertook20minutestogettowork,thecommute"|nowtakescloserto40minutes,accordingtothesurveyjustcompleted.Membersofthetowncouncilalreadyhavesuggestedmoreroadbuildingtoaddresstheproblem,butaswellasbeingexpensive,thenewconstructionwillsurelydisruptsomeofourresidentialneighborhoods.ItwouldbebettertofollowtheexampleofthenearbycityofGarville.LastyearGarvilleimplementedapolicythatrewardspeoplewhoshareridestowork,givingthemcouponsforfreegas.PollutionlevelsinGarvillehavedroppedsincethepolicywasimplemented,andpeoplefromGarvilletellmethatcommutingtimeshavefallenconsiderably.ThereisnoreasonwhyapolicylikeGarville'sshouldn'tworkequallywellinWaymarsh."Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevideneeisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevideneewouldweakenorstrengthentheargument.全文示范argument的中间段如何展开。我在argument的中间段如何展开。我在Accordingtotheletter,WaymarshshouldintroduceapolicysimilartothatofGarvilletoencouragemoredriverstosharerideswithotherstosolveaperceivedtrafficproblem.Thispolicywillbebetterthantheroadbuildingprojectproposedbythecitycouncil.Toevaluatethisargument,weneedmoreevideneeaboutthesurveysindicatingthetrafficproblem,thepolicyimplementedinGarvillethatisnowproposedforWaymarsh,aswellasitsstrengthsandweaknessesrelativetotheroadconstructionplan.首先主旨句用weneedmoreevideneeaboutA,BaswellasC的句型分别呼应中间三段Tobeginwith,weneedtoexaminethesurveysmorecriticallytodecideifthereisindeedatrafficprobleminWaymarsh.Weneedtoknowmoreabouthowparticipantswererecruitedinthetworespectivesurveystodetermineiftheresultsarecomparable.Maybeonesurveyfocusedmoreononegroupofpeoplewhogotoworkat6amandtheotheronthosetravellingat8am.Undersuchcircumtances,thediffereneeincommutetimedoesnotmeanthetrafficinWaymarshhadturnedworse.Also,itisimportanttolookintohowreliabletheself-reporteddataaboutcommutetimewasinbothsurveys.Driversdonotnecessarilyrecallhowmuchtimetheyspentcommutingaccuratelyandtheirestimationcandeviateconsiderablyfromthereality.Ifthesurveyauthorsdidnotcollectotherdatatoverifytheresults,theconclusionbasedonthesurveyswouldbequestionable.IfWaymarshtraffichasnoproblem,thereisnoneedtointroducetheproposedpolicy.主题句这里提出关注的重点在于究竟交通有没有问题Weneedtoknowmoreabouthowparticipantswererecruitedinthetworespectivesurveystodetermineiftheresultsarecomparable.这句话是回应题目的要求 需要什么证据 其实就是需要什么信息Maybeonesurveyfocusedmoreononegroupofpeoplewhogotoworkat6amandtheotheronthosetravellingat8am.接下来提出某种可能性Undersuchcircumtances,thediffereneeincommutetimedoesnotmeanthetrafficinWaymarshhadturnedworse.然后指出这种情况下 会发生什么往往是和原题相反或矛盾的情况Also,itisimportanttolookintohowreliabletheself-reporteddataaboutcommutetimewasinbothsurveys.再回应题目 另一种需要的信息Driversdonotnecessarilyrecallhowmuchtimetheyspentcommutingaccuratelyandtheirestimationcandeviateconsiderablyfromthereality.再提出其他可能性Ifthesurveyauthorsdidnotcollectotherdatatoverifytheresults,theconclusionbasedonthesurveyswouldbequestionable.指出这种可能性下结论不成立IfWaymarshtraffichasnoproblem,thereisnoneedtointroducetheproposedpolicy.最后呼应主题句，指出这个点和原文论证某个基础的关系|由此可见本段基本上就是1提出需要的证据2提出其他可能性3指出这种可能性成立对原论证的影响这样一个三步循环我想我大部分的argument都是依照这个套路的 具体还要再找些文章来验证一下Inaddition,weneedtocollectmoreinformationabouthowthepolicyhaschangedthetrafficinGarvilleandhowasimilarpolicywillaffectpeople orsinWaymartshhavhefactthatpollutionlevelsdroppeddoesnotnecessarilyimplythatthepolicyhadreducedthetrafficandtheamountofexhaustinGarville.MaybewhenthepolicywasintroducedmoredraconianmeasureswerealsotakentoreducepollutioncausedbyfactoriesinGarville.Also,itwasnotclearthatthecommutingtimehavedecreasedformostofGarvilledriversandpassengersbasedontheanecdotalevideneethattheauthorofthelettercollectedthroughcasualconversationwithsomepeopleinGarville.MoresystematicdatacollectionisnecessarytoevaluatetheeffectivenessofthepolicyinGarville.Meanwhile,wedonotknowhowattractivethecouponswouldseemtotheWaymarshdrivers.MaybetheincomelevelismuchhigheramongWaymarshresidentsthatthe|smallamountofsavingfromthecouponswouldnotcreateenoughincentivesforthemtogiveuptheirprivacyandsharerideswithstrangers.Likewise,maybeWaymarshdriversandpassengersaremoreconcernedwithsafetyandreluctanttoshareridesdespitethefinancialrewards.UnlessweknowmoreaboutWaymarshdriversandcommuters 'attitudestowardsthepolicy,wecannotbesurewhetherthepolicywillworkinWaymarsh.

Inaddition,weneedtocollectmoreinformationabouthowthepolicyhaschangedthetrafficinGarvilleandhowasimilarpolicywillaffectpeople'sbehaviorsinWaymarsh.这句还是回应题目要求指出需要哪方面的证据或信息注意主旨句中说的是thepolicyimplementedinGarvillethatisnowproposedforWaymarsh这里就更细致的展开但是还是围绕policy来说的ThefactthatpollutionlevelsdroppeddoesnotnecessarilyimplythatthepolicyhadreducedthetrafficandtheamountofexhaustinGarville.这句话有同学觉得读起来有些复杂主要是主语和宾语都是从句然后imply这个词可能不太熟悉但这个Thefactthat...doesnotnecessarilyimplythat…的句型还是挺有用的这里是质疑原题对某个事实潜在的诠释MaybewhenthepolicywasintroducedmoredraconianmeasureswerealsotakentoreducepollutioncausedbyfactoriesinGarville.这句提出其他可能性Also,itwasnotclearthatthecommutingtimehavedecreasedformostofGarvilledriversandpassengersbasedontheanecdotalevideneethattheauthorofthelettercollectedthroughcasualconversationwithsomepeopleinGarville.这里质疑原题中的证据的可靠性MoresystematicdatacollectionisnecessarytoevaluatetheeffectivenessofthepolicyinGarville.提出需要更多的数据Meanwhile,wedonotknowhowattractivethecouponswouldseemtotheWaymarshdrivers.howasimilarpolicywillaffect提出另一个问题开始回应主题句中people'sbehaviorsinWaymarsh.howasimilarpolicywillaffectMaybetheincomelevelismuchhigheramongWaymarshresidentsthatthesmallamountofsavingfromthecouponswouldnotcreateenoughincentivesforthemtogiveuptheirprivacyandsharerideswithstrangers.提出其他可能性Likewise,maybeWaymarshdriversandpassengersaremoreconcernedwithsafetyandreluctanttoshareridesdespitethefinancial

rewards.再提出其他可能性UnlessweknowmoreaboutWaymarshdriversandcommute'attitudestowardsthepolicy,wecannotbesurewhetherthepolicywillworkinWaymarsh.总结第二点Finally,weneedtocomparethecostandbenefitsoftheridesharingpolicywiththeproposedroadconstructionproject.Itistruethatsomeneighborhoodwillhavetolivewithnoiseanddisruptionforafewmonthswhentheroadisbuilt.Butthisdisruptioncanbemeasuredquantitativelybyofferingtheaffectedresidentssomemonetarycompensation.Ontheotherhand,thegascouponswillalsocostmoney,nottomentiontheextrapoliceforcesthatmightbenecessarytoensurethesafetyofpeoplewhosharerideswithstrangers.Ultimately,weneedtocalculatethetotalcostsofbothproposalsandcomparedthemwiththebenefitsofeachintermsoftimethatcanbesavedforcommuting.Uniesswehavemorequantitativedataaboutthecostandbenefitofbothsolutions,itisdifficultforustodecidewhichoneismoredesirable.|Finally,weneedtocomparethecostandbenefitsoftheridesharingpolicywiththeproposedroadconstructionproject.这里已经看不至Uweneedmoreinformationabout的句型但是提出要比较其实也需要收集数据或证据Itistruethatsomeneighborhoodwillhavetolivewithnoiseanddisruptionforafewmonthswhentheroadisbuilt.先对原题的事实作出回应和让步Butthisdisruptioncanbemeasuredquantitativelybyofferingtheaffectedresidentssomemonetarycompensation.这里是经济学的思考方式所有的东西都换算成货币这个写法可能稍微有点难不过argument有不少内容和经济学还是有关系的Ontheotherhand,thegascouponswillalsocostmoney,nottomentiontheextrapoliceforcesthatmightbenecessarytoensurethesafetyofpeoplewhosharerideswithstrangers.指出另一个方案的成本 除了明显的成本还有隐形成本呼应前面提到的安全问题Ultimately,weneedtocalculatethetotalcostsofbothproposalsandcomparedthemwiththebenefitsofeachintermsoftimethatcanbesavedforcommuting.基于前面对两种方案成本的分析提出需要计算总的成本进行比

Uniesswehavemorequantitativedataaboutthecostandbenefitofbothsolutions,itisdifficultforustodecidewhichoneismoredesirable.最后总结提出需要定量数据（其实这也是文科越来越不值钱的原因 大数据时代磨嘴皮已经没什么意思建模写代码才是王道）我的提纲里提到50年但实际示范中并没有写这个点具体怎么写大家自己决定Inconclusion,whiletheproposedpolicyseemsuseful,weneedtocollectmoreinformationtoaddresstheissuesdiscussedabovetoevaluatethesoundnessoftheargument.5.ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheschoolboardinthetownofCenterville."Allstudentsshouldberequiredtotakethedriver'seducationcourseatCentervilleHighSchool.Inthepasttwoyears,severalaccidentsinandaroundCentervillehaveinvoIvedteenagedrivers.SinceanumberofparentsinCentervillehavecomplainedthattheyaretoobusytoteachtheirteenagerstodrive,someotherinstructionisnecessarytoensurethattheseteenagersaresafedrivers.AlthoughtherearetwodrivingschoolsinCenterville,parentsonatightbudgetcannotaffordtopayfordrivinginstruction.Thereforeaneffectiveandmandatoryprogramsponsoredbythehighschoolistheonlysolutiontothisseriousproblem."Writearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsoftheargument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptionsandwhattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsproveunwarranted.TheauthoroftheletterarguesthattheonlywaytosolvetheproblemofaccidentsinvolvingteenagedriversistointroduceacompulsoryprogramfundedbyCentervillHighSchool.Weneedtogathermoreinformationtoexamineanumberofassumptionsabouttheaccidents,theparents,thedrivingschoolsandthehighschoolinordertodecidewhethertheargumentisreasonable.Itisassumedthattheproblemofaccidentsinvolvingteenagedriversisseriousenoughtojustifytheresourcesrequiredtoruntheproposedprogram.Theauthormentionedthattherewereseveralaccidentsinvolvingteenagedrivers.Butwedonotknowhowserioustheaccidentswere.Weretherepeoplekilledorseverelyinjured?WereautomobilesinvoIvedcompletelydestroyed?Iftheaccidentswerenotseriousenough,maybeitisnotworthwhiletorunaneducationprogramforallteenagedrivers.Inaddition,weneedtoknowtheactualcausesoftheaccidentsinordertodecidewhetherteenagedriversshouldbeblamed.Maybetheaccidentswereduetothemistakesmadebyadultdriversintheaccidents.Ortheywereduetomechanicalfailure.Insuchscenarios,theeducationprogramswouldnotbehelpful.Anotherassumptionisthatmostparentsweretoobusytoteachtheirchildrenhowtodrivesafely.A