2023年大学英语四级考试模拟试卷一

CashisCashisunlikelytogoawaysoon.Coinsandpaper26remainthemostpopularwaystopayforthingsinmostcountries.Butinthelongterm,cashappearstobeina27battlewithelectronicpaymentmethods.Therearefewcomersoftheworldwhereelectroruc28arenotgrowingfasterthancash.Butthemovementawayfromcashishappeninginverydifferentwaysandat29pacesaroundtheworld.Scandinavian（斯堪的纳维亚的）countriesarealreadywellalongtheroadtoward30societies.ManybanksinSwedennolongerhavecashonhand,andconsumerscanmakeinstanttransfersdirectlyfromtheirbankaccounts.InKenya,thelocalmobilephonecompanySafaricom,notthebanksorthegovernment,haspushedtheenvelope.Safaricomcreatedasystem,knownasM-Pesa,thatallowscustomerstomakepayments31fromtheirphones.The32ofmovingawayfromcashhavebeentrumpeted（鼓吹）byeconomistslikeKennethRogoff,whowroteTheCurseofCash,abouthowpapermoneyenables33andtaxevasion.Butthecriticsofcashhavebeenmetbytheirowncritics,whoarguethatelectronicpaymentscandisenfranchise（剥夺某人的权利）poorpeoplewho34easyaccess2023年大学英语四级考试模拟试卷一practiceshouldbevaluedmoreatcollege［问答题］2.“外卖”描述的是一种饮食方式，又指品即消费者可从餐馆或小吃摊购买、在其他地方食用的食品。打包是最早出现的外卖形式，虽然古老，却延续至今。随着手机和互联网的普及，电话或网上订购逐渐成为外卖的主要手段，也使外卖行业得到迅速发展。相对于餐厅打包，电话或网上订购以其无须上门的优势，很大程度地刺激了外卖行业的发展。Mroadtoward30societies.ManybanksinSwedennolongerhavecashonhand,andconsumerscanmakeinstanttransfersdirectlyfromtheirbankaccounts.InKenya,thelocalmobilephonecompanySafaricom,notthebanksorthegovernment,haspushedtheenvelope.Safaricomcreatedasystem,knownasM-Pesa,thatallowscustomerstomakepayments31fromtheirphones.The32movingawayfromcashhavebeentrumpeted（鼓吹）byeconomistslikeKennethRogoff,whowroteTheCurseofCash,abouthowpapermoneyenables33Butthecriticsofcashhavebeenmetbytheirowncritics,whoarguethatelectronicpaymentscandisenfranchise（剥夺某人的权利）poorpeoplewho34easyaccesstobankaccountsandtheinternetandcanmakeitmucheasierforgovernmentsandcorporationstomonitoraperson，severystep.Intheend,though,thefutureofmoneyislesslikelytobedeterminedbytheseargumentsthantobe35bythesuccessoftechnologistsmakingiteasierforyoutopayforyourlunchormorningcoffeewithoutpullingoutyourwallet.A.adequatelyF.democraticGdirectlyHdisadvantagesIenlighteningJKLshapedMtransactionsMtransactionsNvarying0witnessedScandinavian（斯堪的纳维亚的）countriesarealreadywellalongtheroadtoward30societies.ManybanksinSwedennolongerhavecashonhand,andconsumerscanmakeinstanttransfersdirectlyfromtheirbankaccounts.InKenya,thelocalmobilephonecompanySafaricom,notthebanksorthegovernment,haspushedtheenvelope.Safaricomcreatedasystem,knownasM-Pesa,thatallowscustomerstomakepayments31fromtheirphones.The32movingawayfromcashhavebeentrumpeted（鼓吹）byeconomistslikeKennethRogoff,whowroteTheCurseofCash,abouthowpapermoneyenables33Butthecriticsofcashhavebeenmetbytheirowncritics,whoarguethatelectronicpaymentscandisenfranchise（剥夺某人的权利）poorpeoplewho34easyaccesstobankaccountsandtheinternetandcanmakeitmucheasierforgovernmentsandcorporationstomonitoraperson，severystep.IntheF.democraticGdirectlyHdisadvantagesIenlighteningJKLshapedtheirtheirbankaccounts.InKenya,thelocalmobilephonecompanySafaricom,notthebanksorthegovernment,haspushedtheenvelope.Safaricomcreatedasystem,knownasM-Pesa,thatallowscustomerstomakepayments31fromtheirphones.The32ofmovingawayfromcashhavebeentrumpeted（鼓吹）byeconomistslikeKennethRogoff,whowroteTheCurseofCash,abouthowpapermoneyenables33andtaxevasion.Butthecriticsofcashhavebeenmetbytheirowncritics,whoarguethatelectronicpaymentscandisenfranchise（剥夺某人的权利）poorpeoplewho34easyaccesstobankaccountsandtheinternetandcanmakeitmucheasierforgovernmentsandcorporationstomonitoraperson，severystep.Intheend,though,thefutureofmoneyislesslikelytobedeterminedbytheseargumentsthantobe35bythesuccessoftechnologistsmakingiteasierforyoutopayforyourlunchormorningcoffeewithoutpullingoutyourwallet.B.benefitsF.democraticGdirectlyHdisadvantagesIenlighteningJKlosingLshapedMtransactionsNeconomiceconomicgrowthsuchasthequantityandproductivityoflaborandcapital.Butanewpapertakesadifferenttack（思路）:fastergrowthisnotduetobiggerbooms,buttolessshrinkinginrecessions.StephenBroadberryofOxfordUniversityandJohnWallisoftheUniversityofMarylandhavetakendatafor18countriesinEuropeandtheNewWorld,somefromasfarbackasthe13thcentury.Totheirsurprise,theyfoundthatgrowthduringyearsofeconomicexpansionhasfallenintherecentera-from3.88%between1820and1870to3.06%since1950—eventhoughaveragegrowthacrossallyearsinthosetwoperiodsincreasedfrom1.4%to2.55%.Instead,shorterandshallowerslumpsledtorisinglong-termgrowth.Outputfellinathirdofyearsbetween1820and1870butinonly12%ofthosesince1950.Therateofdeclineperrecessionyearreversals"decreasedinlengthanddepth?InanotherpaperBroadberryandWallisfindthatconventionalexplanations—suchasdemographicchangeorasectoralshiftfromvolatile（不稳定的）agriculturetothemorestableservicessector—donotfullyexplaintheshift.Moreimportantistheriseoftheruleoflaw,enablingdisputestobesettledbyimpartialcourts.Beforethemodernera,eliteswouldfightbetweenthemselvesforthespoilsofgrowthandsendtheeconomybacktosquareonethroughwars,corruptionandthelike.Respectforcourtstoresolvedisputespreventsthisfromhappening.Withpopulist（民粹主义的）politicianschallengingtheauthorityofjudgesonceagainacrosstheworld,thatisfoodforparagraph?A.ToillustratethemeaningofRobertHeinlein'swords.B.Todescribethepovertyofpeoplebefore18thcentury.C.TointroducethetopicoftherisingofglobalincomelevelsperD.Tocomparethelivingstandardofthepastwiththatofthepresent,recessions.StephenBroadberryofOxfordUniversityandJohnWallisoftheUniversityofMarylandhavetakendatafor18countriesinEuropeandtheNewWorld,somefromasfarbackasthe13thcentury.Totheirsurprise,theyfoundthatgrowthduringyearsofeconomicexpansionhasfallenhasfallenintherecentera-from3.88%between1820and1870to3.06%since1950—eventhoughaveragegrowthacrossallyearsinthosetwoperiodsincreasedfrom1.4%to2.55%.Instead,shorterandshallowerslumpsledtorisinglong-termgrowth.Outputfellinathirdofyearsbetween1820and1870butinonly12%ofthosesince1950.Therateofdeclineperrecessionyearreversals77decreasedinlengthanddepth?InanotherpaperBroadberryandWallisfindthatconventionalexplanations—suchasdemographicchangeorasectoralshiftfromvolatile（不稳定的）agriculturetothemorestableservicessector一donotfullyexplaintheshift.Moreimportantistheriseoftheruleoflaw,enablingdisputestobesettledbyimpartialcourts.Beforethemodernera,eliteswouldfightbetweenthemselvesforthespoilsofgrowthandsendtheeconomybacktosquareonethroughwars,corruptionandthelike.Respectforcourtstoresolvedisputespreventsthisfromhappening.Withpopulist（民粹主义的）politicianschallengingtheauthorityofjudgesonceagainacrosstheworld,thatisfoodforthought.relatedtoB.theproductivecapitalC.theprosperouseconomyD.lessshrinkingintheeconomicdepressionrecessions.StephenBroadberryofOxfordUniversityandJohnWallisoftheUniversityofMarylandhavetakendatafor18countriesinEuropeandtheNewWorld,somefromasfarbackasthe13thcentury.Totheirsurprise,theyfoundthatgrowthduringyearsofeconomicexpansionhasfallenintherecentera-from3.88%between1820and1870to3.06%since1950—eventhoughaveragegrowthacrossallyearsinthosetwoperiodsincreasedfrom1.4%to2.55%.Instead,shorterandshallowerslumpsledtorisinglong-termgrowth.Outputfellinathirdofyearsbetween1820and1870butinonly12%ofthosesince1950.Therateofdeclineperrecessionyearreversals'"decreasedinlengthanddepth?InanotherpaperBroadberryandWallisfindthatconventionalexplanations一suchasdemographic［［单选题］29.AccordingtoBroadberryandWallis,whatisabetterexplanationforgrowthreversalsdecreasinginlengthanddepth?B.Thestructureofpopulation.C.Theoutputofagricurecessions.StephenBroadberryofOxfordUniversityandJohnWallisoftheUniversityofMarylandhavetakendatafor18countriesinEuropeandtheNewWorld,somefromasfarbackasthe13thcentury.Totheirsurprise,theyfoundthatgrowthduringyearsofeconomicexpansionhasfallenintherecentera-from3.88%between1820and1870to3.06%since1950—eventhoughaveragegrowthacrossallyearsinthosetwoperiodsincreasedfrom1.4%Instead,shorterandshallowerslumpsledtorisinglong-termgrowth.Outputfellinath