同等学历课件第八讲翻译技巧

第八讲翻译技巧(2)同等学历联考英译汉技巧解构：英语为形态语言，语句结构非常严谨，主次

非常分明，通常采先抓住主要成分，即主谓宾结构，而后再处理次要成分，即定状补结构。先完整地阅

读理解整个段落，确定语句与词语意思，然后把段

落按意思开断，再按意思把片断分为语句；定语处理：英语的定语可以转换为汉语的主补；带定语从句的长句还可以再分开，变成两个简单句。状语处理：英语语句的状语按其不同功能，在语句 中占据不同的位置；汉语的绝大多数状语，尤其是 单个的状语，都出现在被修饰动词的左边。增补词语：汉语常常在实义词后边增加类义词,如: tension:

紧张局势;bilateral

cooperation:

双边合作 关系等,英译汉,有时要增补类义词。约定俗成：特定短语约定俗成的翻译*human

cloning

research:克隆人研究，*hold

hearings

on

theissue:

对该问题举行听证会名词短语：英语的（名词+of+名词）结构，根据前后名词内在的逻辑关系，译成汉语至少有两种情况：

A．限定关系：名词（1）为中心词，of+名词（2）限定名词（1），译名词（2）的名词（1），如thestudents

of

Class

5,

五班的学生；B．动宾关系：名词（1）动词派生而来，与名词（2）呈动宾关系，翻译时名词（1）转换为原动词+宾语（名词（2）），修饰名词的形容词也要转换为与之相应的副词。如：

the

creation

of

three

million

jobs,

创造了300万个工作岗位。–

名词处理：英语泛指与特指名词，下义词与上义词，不定数与定数在英语篇章中，第一次出现的名词，通常表达

的是泛指意义，同一个第二次再出现时，表达

的是特指意义，有时第二次出现的不是原来的

那个名词，而是定冠+上义词。翻译时应该根据汉语的习惯，用指示代词（这个、这些等）+上义词，也可以选用原名词。如：tooutlaw

human

cloning…no

law

prohibiting

the

procedure：宣布克隆人为非法活动……没有任何法律禁止克隆人/禁止这种程序？英语名词数概念非常清楚，汉语名词数概念模糊，英译汉

时可采用模糊表达法，如87个学生，许多学生。英语:主语与谓语，谓语与宾语，宾语与补语很少分开；主语与谓语之间基本上没有空间接纳状语，除了频率副词（often,

always,

seldom,

never,etc.）；状语按功能（时间，地点，原因，方式等）可分为前位状语；中位状语（频率副词）；后位状语，在谓语不及物动词的后边，在及物动词+宾语的后边。汉语：语序相对宽松，习惯于把修饰成分置于被修饰成分的左边；主语与谓语之间有很大的空间来接纳大量的不同性质的状语；时间置于主语左边，构成时间顺序；地点置于主语左边，构成空间顺序；序列置于主语左边，构成序列。带状语复句：先偏句，后正句逻辑表达：英语（显性）vs.汉语（隐性）英语：主从复合句，都有从属连词来引导，汉语：偏正复句，除了状语复句，其它类别的都不需要连词来引导；英译汉：先确定其功能，而后按汉语的习惯放置；状语偏句的逻辑关系要搞清楚，才能选对连词，尤其是关联词语，如虽然……但是…….;尽管…….可是……..等等。

10．尊重译入语的习惯：汉语语句中“同义再现”的现

象俯拾即是，在英译汉的过程中，偶尔运用这种语言技巧，可使译文更地道，英语：Despite

overwhelming

scientific

evidence介词短语，汉语，尽管有不容置疑的科学证据表明(evidence)偏句Practice

1Many

individuals

think

of

investing

in

the

stock

market

asbeing

similar

to

gambling.

When

they

think

of

the

stockmarket

this

way,

they

miss

one

big

point:

A

gambler

has

a

negative

expected

return,

while

an

investor

has

apositive

expected

return.

Over

time,

the

more

money

thatan

individual

gambles

at

a

casino,

the

more

money

hewill

lose.

In

investing,

the

more

money

that

an

individualcommits

to

long-term

investing,

the

more

money

that

hewill

make

because

the

odds

are

on

the

side

of

theinvestor.

Historically,

stocks

have

returned

about

10

peryear

before

taxes.

People

who

view

the

stock

market

likea

casino

tend

to

act

like

spectators,

trading

in

and

out

ofstocks

every

few

months,

or

in

extreme

cases,

every

fewdays.阅读理解：总分式语段，立论(投资股票如同赌博），阐述立论(赌博者vs.投资者)，数据求证。句式结构：对比对照反义词：gambler

vs.

investor;

negative

vs.

positive;

losevs.

make;

in

and

out;动态比较句：the

more…,the

more…;词汇与语境：think

of

something

as…:把……看成是……；认为……类似……miss

one

big

point:

未抓住/未看见/未明白/错过/想念casino:

赌场，娱乐场所股市用语:stock

market,

long-term;

a

negative

expected

return

vs.

apositive

expected

return;

trading

in

and

out

of

stocks1）立论(投资股票如同赌博)Many

individuals

think

of

investing

in

the

stock

market

asbeing

similar

to

gambling.

When

they

think

of

the

stockmarket

this

way,

they

miss

one

big

point:

A

gambler

has

a

negative

expected

return,

while

an

investor

has

apositive

expected

return.指示代词：特定指称作用，听者或读者根据指示代词可以回收信息翻译过程：原语：表层意思

深层结构•译入语：深层结构

表层意思A

gambler

might

expect

to

have

negative

returns

whilean

investor

might

expect

to

have

positive

returns.许多人都认为投资股票就如同赌博一样。假如人们这么想的话，他们就忽略了极为重要的一点：赌博的人会得到负回报，而投资人会得到正回报

赌博才会亏损，而投资者会赢利。2）阐述立论(赌博者vs.投资者)Over

time,

the

more

money

that

an

individual

gambles

ata

casino,

the

more

money

she

will

lose.

In

investing,

themore

money

that

an

individual

commits

to

long-terminvesting,

the

more

money

that

the

individual

will

makebecause

the

odds

are

on

the

side

of

the

investor.*overtime：随着时间的推移*gamble

money

at

a

casino：在赌场上下赌注*commit

money

to

long-term

investing:

在长线投资项目上投入资金*the

odds

are

on

the

side

of

the

investor；odds-on(better

chances

to

win/

likely

to

win)The

investors

are

likely

to

win

/

stand

a

good

chance

ofhaving

a

positive

return随着时间的推移，在赌场上下的赌注越大，输得就越多；而在长线上投入的资金越多，赢得就越多，因为机会往往落在投资者手中。3）数据求证Historically,

stocks

have

returned

about

10

peryear

before

taxes.

People

who

view

the

stockmarket

like

a

casino

tend

to

act

like

spectators,trading

in

and

out

of

stocks

every

few

months,

orin

extreme

cases,

every

few

days.*historically：从历史上看*before

taxes；纳税之前*spectator:在股市/商业领域，意为“投机者”， 在体育比赛/娱乐活动，意为“观众”从历史上看，股市的回报率为税前的10%左右。 把股市看作赌场的人，往往像投机者一样，会在 短短数月内购入股票随即抛售；更为极端的，甚 至买进数日后就抛售。译文：许多人认为股市投资如同赌博。假

如这么想,就会忽略极为关键的一点：赌博者会亏损，而投资者则会赢利。随着时间

的推移，在赌场上下的赌注越大，输得就

越多；而在长线上投入的资金越多，赢得

就越多，因为机会往往落在投资者手中。

从历史上看，股市的回报率为税前的10%左右。把股市看作赌场的人，往往像投机

者一样，会在短短数月内购入股票随即抛

售；更为极端的，甚至买进数日后就抛售。Practice

2The

M.P.A.

program

is

designed

for

present

and

futureleaders

of

the

public

and

nonprofit

sectors.

The

programemphasizes

broad-based

public

policy

analysis

andmanagement

knowledge,

while

students

pursue

one

ormore

specialized

policy

fields.

The

core

devotesconsiderable

time

to

mastering

the

basic

analytic

andquantitative

skills

needed

by

good

analysts

andmanagers.

The

curriculum

draws

upon

the

wide

range

ofacademic

disciplines

throughout

the

University

ofWashington.

The

school

offers

a

series

of

specialmanagement-skills

workshops

each

year

in

addition

to

its

regular

course

offerings.

Distinguished

public-sectorpractitioners

typically

teach

these

seminars.

Recentworkshops

have

covered

such

topics

as

writing;

effectiveoral

presentations;

building

teams;

managing

a

diversework

force;

financial

resources

in

the

public

sector;managing

consultants;

and

planning

public

participation.阅读分析：公共管理课程的教学对象、教学内容、教学资源、学术成效词义与语境的关系：Program(课程）,emphsize（注重）,policyanalysis（政策分析）,management

knowledge（管理学知识）,pursue

a

field（攻读专业）,Thecore（课程核心）,devote

considerable

time

to（把大量时间用于）,analytic

skill（分析技术）,quantitative

skill（量化技术）,draw

a

curriculumupon（课程安排）Academic

disciplines（学科）,special

workshops（专题讨论）,its

regularcourse

offerings开设常规课程）,teach

theseminars（专题讲座）,etc.1）教学对象：The

M.P.A.

program

is

designed

forpresent

and

future

leaders

of

the

publicand

nonprofit

sectors.*the

program

is

desinged

for

sb.:课程为特定的人群设计，为…度身定设*the

public

and

nonprofit

sectors:thepublic

sector/the

nonprofit

sector公共事业和非赢利部门译文：公共管理课程是为公共事业和非赢利部门当今与未来领导者所度身定设的。2）教学内容：The

program

emphasizes

broad-based

public

policyanalysis

and

management

knowledge,

while

studentspursue

one

or

more

specialized

policy

fields.

The

coredevotes

considerable

time

to

mastering

the

basicanalytic

and

quantitative

skills

needed

by

good

analysts

and

managers.*主语与谓语的搭配：the

program

emphasizes,

该课程注重……*broad-based

public

policy

analysis:

public

policyanalysis

based

on

broad

fields综合性的公共政策分析*while可以不翻译（汉语隐性表达），*主谓宾搭配语境：students

pursue…fields:

学生攻读（追求）一个或多个专业/学科*主谓宾搭配语境：the

core

devotes

considerable

time

todoing=the

core

of

the

program

allocates

considerabletime

to

doing该课程的核心部分把大量的时间用于掌握基础分析技术和量化技术*后置过去分词短语=后置定语从句，通常拆译：…skills

needed

by

good

analystsand

managers=skills,and

those

skills

areneeded

by

good

analysts

and

managers译文：该课程注重综合性的公共政策分析

与管理知识，学生可攻读一个或多个专业

的政策，该课程的核心是把大量的时间用

于掌握基础分析技术与量化技术，这些技

术是优秀的分析员与管理者所必须具备的。3)教学资源The

curriculum

draws

upon

the

wide

range

of

academicdisciplines

throughout

the

University

of

Washington.

Theschool

offers

a

series

of

special

management-skillsworkshops

each

year

in

addition

to

its

regular

courseofferings.

Distinguished

public-sector

practitionerstypically

teach

these

seminars.*the

curriculum

draws

upon…subjects

included

in

acourse

of

study整套课程，定冠词+curriculum=the+program该课程，draw

on

sth.=use

sth利用*a

wide

range

of

academic

disciplines:学科多=多学科的优势*在高校范围内，offer/offerings意为开设课程，workshops专题讨论会*指示代词的限定作用：these

seminars所指前方的

workshops,汉语习惯：省略重复的名词，“由…….来讲授。译文：该课程利用华盛顿大学的多学科优势，除开设常规的课程外，每年还举办一系列的管理技术专题讨论会，由公共事业中最有名望的亲历者负责讲授。4）学术成效Recent

workshops

have

covered

such

topics

aswriting;

effective

oral

presentations;

buildingteams;

managing

a

diverse

work

force;

financialresources

in

the

public

sector;

managingconsultants;

and

planning

public

participation.*词义与语境：cover…topics,

涵盖…专题；*特定句式：such…as…诸如……；有……*词类转化：managingadiverseworkforce,管理多元化团队

多元化团队管理译文：最近的讨论会涉及多种专题：有写作、口 头报告、团队建设、多元化团队的管理、公共事 业的财政资源、咨询管理以及制定民众参与的规 划等等。解说：并列成分都可以用相同的结构翻译动名词或动名词短语：writing,

building

teams,managing

a

diverse

work

force,

managingconsultants,

planning

public

participation,有的为名词短语:effective

oral

presentations和financial

resources

in

the

public

sector，原则：由于这两个名词短语不可能转换为动名词短语，而3个动名词短语可转换为名词短语：building

teams

construction

of

team;

managing

a

diverse

work

force

management

ofa

diverse

work

force;

managingconsultants

management

of

consultants;planning

public

participation

planning

of

publicparticipation译文：公共管理课程是为当今与未来的公共事业和非赢

利部门的领导者所度身定设的。该课程注重综合

性的公共政策分析与管理知识，学生可攻读一个

或多个专业的政策，该课程的重点是把大量的时

间用于掌握基础分析技术与量化技术，这些技术

是优秀的分析员与管理者所必须具备的。该课程

利用华盛顿大学的多学科优势，除开设常规的课

程外，每年还举办一系列的管理技术专题讨论会，由公共事业最有名望的亲历者负责讲授。最近的

讨论会涉及多种专题，有写作、口头报告、团队

建设、多元化团队的管理、公共事业的财政资源、咨询管理以及制定民众参与规划等等。Practice

3Anyone

who

has

roomed

with

a

noisy

person,

worked

ina

noisy

office

or

tried

to

study

with

a

party

going

on

in

thenext

room

can

attest

to

the

effects

of

noise

on

one’s

levelof

stress.

Noise

has

been

found

to

be

related

to

jobdissatisfaction

and

to

result

in

irritation

and

anxiety.

It

isdescribed

by

an

expert

as

the

most

troublesome

of

allstresses

in

the

environment.

Most

disturbing

is

the

noisethat

constantly

changes

in

pitch,

intensity

or

frequency.People

may e

used

to

common

noise

and

almost

ignoreit.

For

example,

those

who

live

near

airports

seem

evennot

to

hear

the

planes

after

a

while.

However,

this

doesn’t

mean

that

they

are

not

being

affected

by

thenoise

just

because

they

have e

accustomed

to

it

or

areable

to

tune

it

out.

Noise

is

measured

in

decibels.

At

85decibels,

stress

responses

usually

develop,

andprolonged

exposure

to

sounds

above

90

decibels

canresult

in

hearing

damage.1）背景Anyone

who

has

roomed

with

a

noisy

person,

worked

ina

noisy

office

or

tried

to

study

with

a

party

going

on

in

thenext

room

can

attest

to

the

effects

of

noise

on

one’s

levelof

stress.*词类转换：room

with，to

share

a

room

with*特殊定语从句的翻译：先行词为不定代词，表达泛指意义结构:定语从句的并列谓语has

roomed…,

worked…ortried为选择关系；主句的谓语为can

attest

to可以证明…拆开:Anyone

has

roomed

with

a

noisy

person,worked

ina

noisy

office

or

tried

to

study

with

a

party

going

on

in

thenext

room.

He

can

attest

to

the

effects

of

noise

on

one’slevel

of

stress.译为汉语的连动句：第二句的主语不译任何人与吵吵吵闹闹的人同住，或在喧闹的办公室上班，或试图在隔壁举办晚会时学习，都能证明噪音对人所造成的压力有多大。2)定论定性:Noise

has

been

found

to

be

related

to

jobdissatisfaction

and

to

result

in

irritation

and

anxiety.It

isdescribed

by

an

expert

as

the

most

troublesome

of

allstresses

in

the

environment.

Most

disturbing

is

the

noisethat

constantly

changes

in

pitch,

intensity

or

frequency.*词语搭配:be

related

to,

与……相关;jobdissatisfaction

to

feel

dissatisfied

with

a

job,

对工作不满意;to

result

in

irritation

and

anxiety

feel

irritated

andanxious

because

of

noise;

troublesome

trouble+some:causing

annoyance

to

sb.*结构:通过增加表示泛指意义的’有人…”把英语的被动句译为汉语的主动句,与下句的“有专家说”相呼应;主语与表语对调：英语句子“前轻后重”,汉语句子“前重后轻”Most

disturbing

is

the

noise

that

constantly

changes

inpitch,

intensity

or

frequency=

The

noise

that

constantlychanges

in

pitch,

intensity

or

frequency

is

mostdisturbing.译文：有人已经发现，噪音与人们对工作不满有关，噪音会让人气愤，使人焦虑，有专家把噪音描述为周围环境中最令人生厌的压力，不断变化着音调、音频和强度的噪音最令人烦忧。3）论点论述People

may e

used

to

common

noise

and

almost

ignoreit.

For

example,

those

who

live

near

airports

seem

evennot

to

hear

the

planes

after

a

while.

However,

thisdoesn’t

mean

that

they

are

not

being

affected

by

thenoise

just

because

they

have e

accustomed

to

it

or

areable

to

tune

it

out.*词语搭配：e

used

to

sth,

e

accustomed

to

sth,

对某事/某物已经习惯习以为常；not

tohear

the

planes

not

to

hear

the

noise

of

the

planes听不见飞机的轰鸣声To

tune

the

noise

out,

to

adjust

themselves

not

to

hearthe

noise可做到充耳不闻*结构：调整状语的位置，英语“先果后因”或“先因后果”，汉语通常“先因后果”译文：人们或许可能对经常听见的噪音习以为常，甚至不予理睬，比如，居住在机场附近的人，一段时间后，甚至听不见飞机的轰鸣声，但不并不意味着因为他们已经习惯或者可以充耳不闻，噪音就对他们没有影响。4)

科学依据Noise

is

measured

in

decibels.

At

85

decibels,stress

responses

usually

develop,

andprolonged

exposure

to

sounds

above

90decibels

can

result

in

hearing

damage.*词义与语境：stress

responses

usuallydevelop—one

usually

develops

stress

inresponse

to

noise

at

85

decibels*prolonged

exposure

to

sounds

above

90decibels—if

one

was

exposed

to

sounds

above90

decibels,

his

hearing

would

be

damaged译文：噪音是按分贝计算的，当噪音达到85分贝 时，人就会感觉有压力，长时间处在高于90分贝 的噪音下会损害听力。任何人与吵吵吵闹闹的人同住，或在喧闹的办公

室上班，或试图在隔壁举办晚会时学习，都能证

明噪音对人所造成的压力有多大。有人已经发现，噪音与人们对工作不满有关，噪音会让人气愤，

使人焦虑，有专家把噪音描述为周围环境中最令

人生厌的压力，不断变化着音调、音频和强度的

噪音最令人烦忧。人们或许可能对经常听见的噪

音习以为常，甚至不予理睬，比如，居住在机场

附近的人，一段时间后，甚至听不见飞机的轰鸣

声，但不并不意味着因为他们已经习惯或者可以

充耳不闻，噪音就对他们没有影响。噪音是按分

贝计算的，当噪音达到85分贝时，人们就会感觉

有压力，长时间处在90分贝的噪音下会损害听力。Practice

4Each

of

us

requires

about

50

quarts

per

day

for

drinking,bathing,

cooking

and

other

basic

needs.

At

present,

1.1billion

people

lack

access

to

clean

drinking

water

andmore

than

2.4

billion

lack

adequate

sanitaion.

“Unlesswe

take

swift

and

decisive

action,”

says

U.N.

Secretary-General

Kofi

Annan,

“by

2025,

two-thirds

of

the

world’spopulation

may

be

living

in

countries

that

face

seriouswater

shortage.”The

answer

is

to

get

smart

about

how

we

use

water.Agriculture

accounts

for

about

two-thirds

of

the

freshwater

consumed

in

the

world.

A

report

prepared

for

thesummit

calls

for

more

efficient

irrigation

techniques

andmore

planting

of

crop

varieties

that

require

less

waterand

better

monitoring

of

growing

conditions.

Improvingwater-delivery

systems

would

also

help,

reducing

theamount

that

is

lost

on

the

way

to

the

people

who

use

it.1)提出问题Each

of

us

requires

about

50

quarts

per

day

for

drinking,bathing,

cooking

and

other

basic

needs.

At

present,

1.1billion

people

lack

access

to

clean

drinking

water

andmore

than

2.4

billion

lack

adequate

sanitaion.

“Unlesswe

take

swift

and

decisive

action,”

says

U.N.

Secretary-General

Kofi

Annan,

“by

2025,

two-thirds

of

the

world’spopulation

may

be

living

in

countries

that

face

seriouswater

shortage.*词类转换：英语“介词”，汉语“动词”“for…needs”,

满足……的需要*肯定与否定的转换：英语“肯定”表达；汉语“否定”表达“lack

access

to

sth/

lack

sth.”,*英语定心短语—>汉语动宾短语（water

shortage:缺水）；排比句式修辞相同，结构相仿：全世界有11亿的人没有干净的饮用水，有24亿的人没有足够的卫生用水。2）解决方法The

answer

is

to

get

smart

about

how

we

use

water.Agriculture

accounts

for

about

two-thirds

of

the

freshwater

consumed

in

the

world.

A

report

prepared

for

thesummit

calls

for

more

efficient

irrigation

techniques

andmore

planting

of

crop

varieties

that

require

less

waterand

better

monitoring

of

growing

conditions.

Improvingwater-delivery

systems

would

also

help,

reducing

theamount

that

is

lost

on

the

way

to

the

people

who

use

it.语句转换：英语名词从句—>汉语名词短语（to

get

smart

about

how

we

use

water:学会巧妙地用水）；*agriculture

accounts

for

about

two-thirds

of

the

freshwater

consumed

in

the

world农业用水约占世界淡水消耗量的2/3）*英语语句结构清晰严谨—>汉语语句综合语义（reducing

the

amount

that

is

lost

on

the

way

to

thepeople

who

use

it以减少输送途中水的流失）我们每人每天大约需要50夸脱的水，以满足饮用、沐浴、烧饭和其它的基本需求。当前，全世界有

11亿的人没有干净的饮用水，有24亿的人没有足够的卫生用水。联合国秘书长安南说：“除非做出快速果断的决定，否则，到2025年，全世界2/3的人要生活在严重缺水的国家里。”解决这一问题的方法是学会巧妙地用水，农业用水约占世界淡水消耗总量的2/3，有份准备提交给政府首脑会议的报告呼吁研发更加有效的灌溉技术，更大面积地种植需水量较少、生长条件较容易监控的农作物。另外，改进引水系统也会有所帮助，这可以减少输送途中水的流失。Practice

5I

stopped

to

let

the

car

cool

off

and

to

study

the

map.

Ihad

expected

to

be

near

my

objective

by

now,

buteverything

still

seemed

alien

to

me.

I

was

only

five

whenmy

father

had

taken

me

abroad,

and

that

was

eighteenyears

ago.

When

my

mother

had

died

after

a

tragicaccident,

he

did

not

recover

quickly

from

the

shock

andloneliness.

Everything

around

him

was

full

of

herpresence,

continually

reopening

the

wound.

So

hedecided

to

emigrate.

In

the

new

country

he

becameabsorbed

in

making

a

new

life

for

the

two

of

us,

so

thathe

gradually

ceased

to

grieve.

He

did

not

marry

againand

I

was

brought

up

without

a

mother’s

care,

but

Ilacked

for

nothing,

for

he

was

both

father

and

mother

tome.

He

always

meant

to

go

back

one

day,

but

no

to

stay.His

roots

and

mine

had e

too

firmly

embedded

in

thenew

land.翻译过程：阅读——理解——解构——重组这段文章属于陈述事件的范畴，采用倒叙

法；根据场景可分为四个部分：回归故土、回忆往事、异国的新生活、父亲的愿望。

从字里行间可以感觉到作者在歌颂自己的

父亲，根据汉语的习惯，要用名词“父亲”来替代“他”，才能传递作者的心情。1）回归故土：I

stopped

to

let

the

car

cool

off

and

to

study

the map.

I

had

expected

to