莎士比亚生平 人文主义 诗歌鉴赏

WilliamShakespeareWilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)1.Birth

BornApril1564inStratford-upon-AvonThe3rdof8kids.BirthdatecreditedasApril23.Baptized(洗礼)April26,1564atHolyTrinityChurch(圣三一教堂)inStratford.I.Life

Stratford-on-AvonWilliamShakespeare’sHome2.EducationAttendedtheStratfordGrammarSchoolforchildrenofprominent(杰出的)citizens.Mandatory(强制的)attendanceatchurchprovidedexposure(宣传)totheBible.Influencedbythebeautifulcountrysideindicatedbyhisuseofimagesfromnature,gardening,agriculturalpursuits,andcountryfolklore(民间传说).Shakespeare’sschool3.MarriageMarriedAnneHathaway,daughterofafarmer,RichardHathawayonNovember28,1582.EightyearsolderthanWilliam.Threemonthspregnantwhenmarried.4.LifeinLondon1582atage18marriedAnneHathaway.1586—1587wenttoLondonandservedasapprentice(学徒)inadramatictroupe(剧团).1593—1594publishedhislongpoems1609publishedhisSonnets1590---1612wrotehis37plays1616diedandburiedinStratfordChurch5.ShakespeareProspers1598builtGlobeTheatre,ownedsharesinit.RecognizedasageniusinhisowntimeHeisoftencalledEngland'snationalpoetandthe"BardofAvon“(埃文河诗人).6.Non-dramaticPoems

1.

VenusandAdonis2.TheRapeofLucrece3.Sonnets(154)Concernedwithlove,brokentrustoffriend,lossoflove,forgiveness4.FeaturesofShakespeare’sSonnetsThreequatrainsandacoupletConstitutingavastlandscapeofmetaphor,

7.LiteraryIdeascombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruthtrulyreflectnatureandreality8.DeathandBurialatStratford

1610retiredfromtheatreDiesonApril23,1616atage52Indeath,heleavesafinalpieceofverseashisepitaph(墓志铭

):Goodfriend,forJesus'sakeforbearTodigthedustenclosedhere.Blessedbethemanthatsparesthesestones,Andcursedbehethatmovesmybones.蒙天主仁慈，朋友们请不要碰触我的墓。那些让我的墓地保持原样的人会被保佑，而碰到我身体的人将遭到诅咒。

Shakespeareisnotofanage,butforalltime.Hecontributed154sonnets,37plays,and2longnarrativepoemstotheliterarylegacyoftheworld.Humanism

GeneralDefinitionThewelfareofhumanbeingisveryimportant.Itemphasestheworthoflifeinthisworld,andthedignityofhumanbeing.TheOriginofHumanism(6th-centuryBCE)ThalesXenophanes

TheDevelopmentofWesternHumanismTheriseoftheSophists(智者学派):SkepticismAgainstsuperstitionEmphasisonthevalueofmanTheDevelopmentofWesternHumanismSocrates’sHumanismPayattentiontohuman'sethicsandmoralsKnowledgeisvirtueKnowyourselfTheDevelopmentofModernWesternHumanismRenaissance（14th–17th）--springupAgainstreligiousasceticism（禁欲主义）andobscurantism（蒙昧主义）Highlightsthesignificanceofhuman，denygodInthepursuitofhappinessandfreedomAdvocatepersonalityliberationRespectandpromotescienceandrationality

Enlightenment（17th—18th）--Climax•Measureeverythingbyhumanrationality•Personalfreedomandright•Naturalrights(天赋人权);socialcontract（社会契约）•Libertyandequality•Separationofpowers（三权分立）FatheroftheHumanism

FrancescoPetrarca(1304-1374)ExplainclassicworkswithnewvisionChallengemedievaltheologyPraiseman’srightanddignityEncouragethepursuitofhappiness"Itwasthegreatestprogressiverevolutionthatmankindhassofarexperienced,atimewhichcalledforgiantsandproducedgiants—giantsinpowerofthought,passionandcharacter,inuniversalityandlearning.“—Engels

ThePositiveInfluenceofHumanismTheessenceofRenaissance.Helpedtocivilizeman,tomakehimrealizehispotentialpowersandgifts.Itrepresentedthenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie.TheNegativeInfluence(limitations)ofthehumanismThehumanismemphasizedtoomuchontheindividuals,whichmaybeeasytocultivatethesubjectivityandextremeindividualism.WILLIAMSHAKE

SPEARE’SSONNET73SONNET十四行诗Afourteen-linelyricpoem,traditionallywritteniniambicpentameter（抑扬格五音步）.抑扬格如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iamb,iambic.）。轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”，一轻一重，故称抑扬格。读下面这两句诗：Alone│shecuts│andbinds│thegrain,Andsings│ame│lancho│lystrain.这两行诗的重读与轻读的固定搭配模式是：轻——重。在每行中再现四次，这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏。某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相当与乐谱中的“小节”。一轻一重，就是这两行诗的音步。一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数，这两行诗的音步数都是四，所以就称其为四音步诗。四行诗（英文：Quatrain，又称四行连、四行连句）是一种欧洲常见的诗节体裁，每一首诗有4行。押韵构成是aabb、abab、abba、abcb。

双韵体1、五音步抑扬格2、押尾韵对偶句3、韵尾为AABBCCDD......不重复。4、风格简洁。由十音节双韵诗体演化而来，每行五个音步，每个音步有两个音节，第一是轻音，第二是重音（即，五步抑扬格）。句式均衡、整齐、准确、简洁、考究。拿四行诗的押韵方式为例：有abab型，有abcb型，有abba型，有aabb型，还有aaab型。第四种（aabb型）实际上是双行押韵，英语称之为couplet,如果每行五音步，则称之为“英雄双押韵”(heroiccouplet)。SONNET73Thattimeofyearthoumaystinmebehold（a)

Whenyellowleaves,ornone,orfew,dohang(b)

Uponthoseboughswhichshakeagainstthecold,(a）

Bareruin‘dchoirs,wherelatethesweetbirdssang.（b）

Inmethouseestthetwilightofsuchday

Asaftersunsetfadethinthewest,

Whichbyandbyblacknightdothtakeaway,

Death‘ssecondself,thatsealsupallinrest.

Inmethousee‘sttheglowing