水产动物营养与饲料学-双语教学课件chapter-1-3-Carbohydrates

Chapter1-3CarbohydratesChapter1-311.General2.Utilizationofcarbohydrate(CHO)3.Digestibilityandimportanceofcrudefibre

1.General21.General1.1FunctionofCHO(1)energysource(2)toassist

theformationofthecarbonskeletonfornon-essentialfattyacid（非必需脂肪酸的碳骨架）(3)forthesynthesisoffats（合成脂肪）1.General31.2Theclassesofcarbohydrates（糖的分类）Monosaccharides（单糖）Di-andoligosaccharides（二糖和寡糖）Polysaccharides（多糖）Monosaccharides（单糖）hexoses(glucose,galactose,fructose)pentosestheyarethebuildingblocksforformationofdi-,oligo-andpolysaccharides1.2Theclassesofcarbohydrat4Di-andoligosaccharides（二糖和寡糖）

monosaccharidemoleculesarejoinedtogetherbymeansofetherlinkages（醚键）lactose,consistofα-glucoseandβ-glucoseandisthesoledisaccharideofanimaloriginsucrose,α-glucoseandβ-fructosemaltose（麦芽糖）,twoα-glucose

cellobiose(纤维二糖),twoβ-glucosemoleculesDi-andoligosaccharides（二糖和寡糖5Polysaccharides（多糖）macromoleculescomposedoflargenumbersofmonosaccharidesStarchinthecellsofplantsintheformofgranules（颗粒）ofvarioussizes(1-150μm)eachstarchgranuleiscomposedofamylose(直链淀粉)(25%)，100-200glucosemoleculesamylopectin(支链淀粉)(75%)，250-5000glucoseunitsPolysaccharides（多糖）6Polysaccharides（多糖）

Dextrin(糊精)awatersolublebreakdownproductofstarchGlycogen(糖原)theanimalstarch,5000-25000glucoseunits,chieflyintheliver，someinthemuscle.Polysaccharides（多糖）7Polysaccharides（多糖）Cellulose（纤维素）thebuildingmaterialforplantcellwalls,2000-8000β-glucoseunits.

Cellulases（纤维素酶）,theenzymesforcellulosecleavage（分解）,onlyproducedbymicro-organismsChitin（几丁质）formstheskeletalportionsofcrustaceans（甲壳类）insects，inthecellwallsofyeasts（酵母）,Polysaccharides（多糖）8Polysaccharides（多糖）Lignin（木质素）inthecellwallsofwoodyplantstogetherwithcellulose,notacarbohydrate,butaderivativeofbenzene(苯衍生物)indigestible，Polysaccharides（多糖）9Themostimportantcarbohydratesinfishglycogen,glucose,lactate(乳酸盐)pyruvate（丙酮酸盐）Glycogen（糖原）muscleglycogen:0.15%,about6%ofthatintheliverliverglycogen:2.5%offreshweightThemostimportantcarbohydrat10Glycogen（糖原）intensephysicalactivity,（剧烈运动时）muscleglycogen

brokendowninafewminutes,recoveryphasetheoriginallevelisnotreattainedeven24hourslater,liverglycogencontentdiminishesmarkedly.（肝糖原含量显著减少）Glycogen（糖原）111.3DeterminationofcarbohydrateNotbydirectanalysis,butbydifference（差额）afterthecontentsofmoisture,crudeprotein(CP),fat(EE),ash,andcrudefibre(CF).includesthewater-solublecarbohydrateandcertainothermaterials,butnotthecrudefibre（粗纤维）*N-freeextract,NFE(无氮浸出物)=100%-moisture%-CP%-EE%-ash%-CF%Crudefibre

include:cellulose,lignin,pentosans（戊聚糖）1.3Determinationofcarbohydr121.4Factorsaffectingtheblood-glucosecontentofthefish(1)thetimeoffeedingthequalityofdietintenseactivity1.4Factorsaffectingtheblo13thetimeoffeeding

thequalityofdiettheconcentrationofglucoseinthebloodrainbowtrout,35-50mg/100mlcarp,30-47mg/100mlmaximumblood-glucoseleveloccurredthetimeoffeeding14thetimeoffeeding

thequalityofdietrainbowtrout6hoursafterhighstarchintake,（摄入高淀粉饲料后）9hoursafterhighglucoseintake,18hoursafterhighproteinintake.carp2hoursafteroraladministrationofglucosethetimeoffeeding15(3)intenseactivityincreasemanytimesinthecourseofafewminutesdramaticallythemusclelactate(乳酸盐)thebloodlactate

≈

pyruvate(丙酮酸盐)ataslowerrate(3)intenseactivityincrease162.Utilizationofcarbohydrate

Warm-waterfishcanusemuchgreateramountsofCHOthancold-waterandmarinefish.channelcatfish

thegrowthrateoffingerlingswasgreaterwhentheirdietscontainedsomecarbohydratesratherthanonlylipidsforallthenon-proteinenergy.themaximumtolerableconcentrationshouldbeusedwithregardtothefishspecies.（饲料中应该最大限量地用糖类）2.Utilizationofcarbohydrat17*2.1Thenutritionalvaluesofcarbohydrateamongfish(1)carbohydratemayserveasprecursorsforthedispensableaminoacidsandnucleicacids,（作为非必需氨基酸和核酸的前体）,whicharemetabolicintermediatesnecessaryforgrowth.theleastexpensivesourceofdietaryenergy,catabolized（分解）forenergyproteinsparingeffectofCHOstarchisalsoimportantforthebindingpropertiesofextrudedandpelletedfeeds.（淀粉对于膨化饲料和颗粒饲料的粘结性很重要）*2.1Thenutritionalvalues18innaturaldietinthewildingestverylittleCHO,meettheirenergyrequirementschieflybybreakdownofprotein,makesuseofaminoacidsforgluconeogenesis(葡糖异生),especiallyalanineserine,phenylalaninetyrosineinnaturaldietinthewild19DietaryCHODigestivetract*α-amylase,glucosidase(maltase,cellobiase,saccharase,lactase),galactosidase(lactase),fructosidase(saccharase),chitinase,chitobiase,

*

glycolysis,tricarboxylicacidcycle(TAC),pentosephosphateshunt,gluconeogenesis,glycogensynthesisliverorkidneyDietaryCHODigestivetract*α-a20*2.2Utilizationofcarbohydrateinfish

associatedwithComplexityofthecarbohydrate（糖的复杂性）TheabilityoffishtousevarioussourcesofcarbohydrateRedseabreamNosignificantdifferenceingrowthrateforthevariouscarbohydratesources.*2.2Utilizationofcarbohyd21Channelcatfishdextrinandstarchwereusedforgrowthbutnotmono-anddisaccharides.Salmonidshighconcentrationofdigestiblecarbohydrates,resultsinanincreaseinliversizeandglycogencontentSimilareffectsinredseabream,plaice,yellowtail.Channelcatfish22Chumsalmonfry(大麻哈鱼鱼苗)glucose,maltose,sucrose,dextrin,andgelatinizedstarchwereusedforgrowth,butnotfructose,galactoseorlactoseWhitesturgeon（美洲鲟）Glucoseandmaltose>dextrinorstarch.Chumsalmonfry(大麻哈鱼鱼苗)23Chinooksalmon（大鳞大麻哈鱼）20%ofdietaryCHO,growthratesindescendingorder:glucose,maltoseandsucrose,dextrinandfructose,galactose，potatostarch,andglucosamineChinooksalmon（大鳞大麻哈鱼）24水产动物营养与饲料学-双语教学ppt课件chapter-1-3-Carbohydrates25Carp(growthrateandFE)30%ofdietaryCHO,indescendingorder:maltosedextrinGlucoseα-starchCarp(growthrateandFE)26TheabilitytousedietarycarbohydrateamongspeciesCommoncarpChannelcatfishTilapia

couldusehigherlevelofcarbohydrates,>30%SeeP33,Tab1-13Theabilitytousedietarycar27TheabilitytousedietarycarbohydrateamongspeciesRainbowtroutYellowtailSalmonidsPlacieYellowtailRedseabream<25%dextrinorgelatinizedstarchTheabilitytousedietarycar28Oralglucosetolerancetest（口服葡萄糖耐量实验）Phenomena:apersistenthyperglycemia(持续的高血糖)Reason:RelativeinabilitytoutilizehighconcentrationsofcarbohydratesLowlevelsofendogenousinsulinNon-insulin-dependentdiabetesratherthaninsulin-dependentdiabetes（更可能是非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病）Oralglucosetolerancetest（口29havebeenconductedwithBrooktrout（溪红点鲑）RainbowtroutCommoncarpGrasscarpChannelcatfishRedseabreamYellowtailSimilarwithrainbowtrout

feddietscontaining15%and30%glucosehavebeenconductedwith30Insulinlevelsinplasmaduringglucosetolerancetests（血浆胰岛素水平）LowincommoncarpredseabreamyellowtailInsulinwasmeasuredbyaradioimmunoassayprocedure(放射免疫测定法)usingantiskipjack（抗鲣鱼）insulinserum.Insulinlevelsinplasmadurin313.Digestibilityandimportanceofcrudefibre

Crudefibre（概念）AcomplexoforganiccompoundswhichincludesHigherproportionsofvegetablematterincompound,higherlevelofcrudefibre.celluloseligninpentosans3.Digestibilityandimportanc32InchinooksalmonSmallamountofα-cellulosehadabeneficialeffectongrowthandproteinutilization.Largeamountshadanadverseeffectongrowth.Inchinooksalmon33*ThereasonsforitsbenefitsMorechoiceoffeedstuffsources(拓宽原料来源)Partialcellulosebreakdownbymicro-organismsintheintestinetogiveglucose(3)Aslowerrateofpassagethroughtheintestinaltract,consequentlyleadingtoabetterutilizationoftheotherdietaryconstituents.（通过肠道的速率降低）WithincreasingCFuptake,thegastricevacuationrate（胃的排空率）alsoincreased,whilethedigestibilityofthedrymatterdecreased.*Thereasonsforitsbenefits34Table1EffectsofdifferentCFcontentsontheapparentdigestibilitycoefficiency(ADC)ofdrymatter,stomachevacuationtime(minutes)andtheratioofstomach:bodyweight（胃体比）inrainbowtroutCFcontent