层.平米框架办公楼毕业设计计算书、建筑、结构图、开题报告

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别：建筑工程系专业：土木工程班级：B090701姓名：胡延明学号：B09070111外文出处：中国学术前沿期刊网衬附兄坛捞咬广件康：破1奖.血原避文歌；哪愁2镜.蚀译真文险2脾0适1蚊3背年苗0挂1藏月旨0亩5柔日恨原班文肯：逢M甩e型t凶h各o永d丹s匹纪f菜o甜r榜漂P须r确o慧g罚r解e垃s欺s畏i泪v韵e盗挣C冈o缓l镜l道a悼p喊s廊e替肾A粮n戏a幕l念y遣s寒i绸s郑傻o层f栽夏B呆u疾i尽l撇d绍i博n闹g税

通S总t诊r诊u练c勾t蔬u筛r练e乎s鞭忘U胜n问d光e缴r摇酸B窄l欲a哥s刚t精农a瓦n路d四蛙I雄m你p谢a雁c也t角济L长o汗a笼d阿sAbstract：Progressivecollapseofbuildingstructuresunderblastandimpactloadshasattractedgreatattentionallovertheworld．栗P狼r剪o宅g蒙r异e么s班s竞i显v华e火丙c握o帆l惭l肆a存p据s述e怜过a爽n滨a冻l便y疼s柱i坐s刷框i三s慕久e钉s赔s糕e坏n险t铃i越a扣l天布f阅o奥r具表a幸n拐国e捏c胃o庸n制o裤m帮i衔c郑性a黑n葱d探读s诱a锅f愚e降们d趴e古s形i野g自n龙辜o颠f匠舰b绣u璃i挺l否d暴i丘n过g锈硬s珍t奇r冷u丹c询t体u裁r窝e滨s瓣远a岔g顺a皂i婶n泰s饭t挑虚p灶r阁o帽g汤r符e搁s循s剧i恐v俯e配家c敢o占l委l萝a骗p化s奇e消油t某o监株b件l魂a废s侮t真丰a墓n语d惜简i愁m优p芝a尽c顶t夜厉l袖o坊a持d贴s迁.以祥B躁e疏c朝a弦u街s访e哥企o排f馒采t毛h合e痰杰c跑a办t东a筝s傅t渐r牧o浓p胶h牵i血c疏瓣n倾a这t饼u穿r愈e蚕饱o愿f奥酿p候r泰o堂g脂r迷e读s然s厦i绕v酸e宾割c偶o亏l戚l蔬a杨p昏s塔e眠矿a挎n隐d快跌t违h毙e戒馋p够o等t露e疼n敬t业i饺a越l雕l随y陈克h短i罢g峰h汪宜c拜o民s惯t笛补o驰f愿柏c票o救n目s临t铁r灶u潮c户t柴i向n养g播秀o违r奶巷r袖e炸t顿r接o引f仆i成t愧t颈i河n科g泰佛b届u痰i枪l播d意i辫n宅g膝s驻胆t贤o臂没r骗e清s拴i从s腊t缴能i子t邪，宇i穿t碰尚i控s鼠介i粱m对p症e靠r奔a挖t嫁i遵v翻e叶访t确h轻a链t袋轨t姥h波e象艺p锯r宰o闻g压r美e缺s输s喂i妖v赛e默问c膨o织l还l却a适p语s袭e耻趋a招n略a垄l对y她s航i个s糠登m锋e其t雾h酬o贵d贞s枣臣b律e爪五r娘e补l虚i降a纲b糟l瓜e答.跃螺F岩o粒r监腰e鸣n黑g概i你n友e海e粮r胃s晃竞t单h适e糊i叛r火瘦m蚂e嫌t城h壮o悟d据o怨l坛o征g苏y疗福t轻o革带c凑a岸r渣r才y尽系o特u泼t峡羽p茄r壁o走g症r掘e投s使s您i争v毒e筑眨c镇o船l帜l霸a至p睡s挠e夹犯u鹅a桐t蒜i仁o产n忙煤n搅e记e榜d您摔n夺o命t乌贸o些n吹l剧y诚才b冻e止纯a煮c宪c王u溪r潮a肤t迷e压净a杰n移d日脖c赢o漫n腾c雄i船s茶e省，考b呆u鬼t渐佛a潜l送s盲o捆浑b帮e姜倾e桃a尤s刑i目l掘y贷给u股s窗e伍d病共a现n咽d遣烛w园o题r持k喘s酒酱f蜓a宴s主t栗．残T撑h慕u餐s盈，镜m窝a叔n进y碎哥r达e渐s仰e钉a老r尸c父h伙e强r搏s贯哄h玩a误v乎e泽制b潮e敞e数n晚攻s终p宽e筝n狭d塘i红n喘g薄众l蔑o肯t僵s悲月o魂f合俯e接f桶f物o拢r夫t耳维i孟n粪绩d董e策v疤e扩l抓o陡p貌i赏n之g居淋r辅e清l浇i仿a照b绘l束e率，质e鼓f讲f衣i卸c榨i召e估n吓t劫陪a还n针d柔趣s茅t匠r父a胃i样g虚h企t粱f币o轮r记w唤a稍r途d砖困p蛛r亏o继g服r啦e奴s增s珠i晃v赔e帐外c检o认l搜l填a附p院s伏e般圾a呢n医a诚l搭y绘s陆i朴s斗度m歌e独t助h嗽o猛d久s写想r侮e香c绩e企n愧t腊l刑y旗.厚欧I贵n自考t象h死e悬伞p洪r夕e棚s吼e驰n圆t累康p项a爹p使e止r伐，单c串u也r降r辛e识n苹t证触p吵r观o女g塔r缠e惰s殖s踪i扁v矮e冻电c百o何l圾l怀a辜p殖s仔e厚馅a丙n顶a醉l克y告s责i震s且删m井e激t别h诸o肚d缠s宣霞a店v喝a阶i伞l戚a械b瞧l昏e烫耗i燕n叙姻t拢h玩e神勇l疮i民t垒e宿r陈a疲t蹈u芝r里e挨伴a尝r暂e腊令r最e杯v让i法e个w没e唇d驻．狱T壁h绑e题i赛r寿亭s晒u呀i船t药a丛b寸i析l顶i鬼t弄y形柱a怀p芝p保l例i贡c庭a截b铜i丙l榜i结t肝y么积a发n新d灭销r粥e迅l样i测a悬b骑i谦l口i雨t小y盆泪a云r膛e应迟d买i说s河c丑u败s蜓s夺e赏d丹．附O山u捞r歪帮r勺e裙c猜e类n旬t钟婶p秒r通o福p组o获s押e仓d叙老n坊e盏w惰哑m氏e扫t旋h黑o英d习排f垄o支r舍袍p饮r索o宾g斗r亡e炮s围s洞i母v斯e岗屑c吐o楚l桶l街a焦p划s北e掠陪a谢n氏a外l末y塘s何i煮s悬罢o派f渔转r欠e良i况n划f碑o瓶r防c嫁e呈d捷阀c吊o宇n轿c玉r头e鸽t沃e锡搜f猜r笛a振m酬e喝s弊悔u够n朱d斯e蛙r译刻b蒸l着a舞s喂t语穴l丰o嫂a学d兔s性蔽i源s鞠弯a螺l舞s咽o炉湖i吓n远t雁r均o旦d掀u薪c袖e分d拆．Keywords：progressivecollapseanalysis；buildingstructures；blastload：impactload

Progressivecollapseisdefinedas“thespreadofaninitiallocalfailurefromelementtoelementresultinginthecollapseofanentirestructureoradisproportionatelylargepartofit”.Itreferstothefailureofoneoragroupofkeystructuralload—carryingmembersthatgiverisetoamorewidespreadfailureofthesurroundingmembersandpartialorcompletestructuralcollapse．Progressivecollapseofbuildingstructuresmightbeinducedbyaseriesofaccidentalandintentionaleventssuchasfalseconstructionorder，localfailureduetoaccidentaloverload，damageofcriticalcomponentbyexplosionandearthquake．Thispaperonlyfocusesonprogressivecollapseanalysisofbuildingstructuresinducedbyabnormalloads，suchasblastandimpact．

WiththerecentprogressivecollapseofAlfredP．MurrahFederalBuildingandworldTradeCenter(WTC))researchesaremorefocusedthaneveronconstructingbuildingssaferfromprogressivecollapseinducedbyblastandimpactloads．Progressivecollapseanalysisisessentialforaneconomicandsafedesignofbuildingstructuresagainstprogressivecollapsetoblastandimpactloads．Becauseofthecatastrophicnatureofprogressivecollapseandthepotentiallyhighcostofconstructingorretrofittingbuildingstoresistit，itisimperativethattheprogressivecollapseanalysismethodsbereliable．Forengineers，theirmethodologytocarryoutprogressivecollapseuationneednotonlytobeaccurateandconcise，butalsobeeasilyusedandworksfast．Thus，manyresearchershavebeenspendinglotsofeffortindevelopingreliable，efficientandstraightforwardprogressivecollapseanalysismethodsrecently．

Thecurrentavailablemethodsinanalyzingstructuralprogressivecollapsecouldbeclassifiedintotwomajorcategories，namelythedirectsimulationmethod，inwhichtheblastloadingeffectsonstructuraldamageandbuildingcollapsearedirectlysimulated，anduncoupledalternativeloadpathmethodwithanalysisofthestructurebysimulatingvariouslevelsofdamagebytheremovalofkeyload—carryingmembers．Inthepresentpaper，theavailableprogressivecollapseanalysismethodsintheliteraturearereviewedaccordingtotheircategories．Bothadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachmethodarelisted．Theirsuitability，applicabilityandreliabilityarealsodiscussed．Ourrecentlyproposednewmethodforprogressivecollapseanalysisofreinforcedconcreteframesunderblast1oadsisalsointroduced．1.Progressivecollapseanalysismethodsforbuildingstructures.

Inthissection，thecurrentmethodsforanalyzingstructuralprogressivecollapseavailableintheliteraturearepresentedintwomajorcategories，namelythedirectsimulationmethodandthealternativeloadpathmethod．1.1Directsimulationmethod

Forthedirectsimulationmethod，thebuildingstructures，air，andexplosiveareallmodeledindetail．Explosion，blastwavepropagationanditsinteractionwithstructuresallneedtobesimulated，ifnot，blastandimpactloadsactingonthebuildingstructureshouldbederivedanddirectlyappliedtostructuralcomponents．Thematerialnonlinearbehavioranddynamiceffectsanddamageduetoblastorimpactaremostlyincludedinthesimulation．Thissectionwilllisttypicalapplicationsofdirectsimulationmethodinprogressivecollapseanalysisofbuildingstructuresrecently，eachwithitsowncharacteristic.ofbuildingcollapseunderblastloads

Luccionietalcarriedoutananalysisofstructuralcollapseofanactualbuilding，theAMIA(Israel’sMutualSocietyofArgentina)building，whichhadsufferedaterroristattackandcollapsed．Intheanalysis，thebuildingwasmodeledusing3一dimensionalsolidelements，includingthereinforcedconcretecolumns，beamsandmasonrywalls.

Theanalysisofthestructuralcollapseofthebuildingwasperformedintwostages．Thefirstpartoftheanalysisconsistedofthesimulationoftheexplosionitselffromthedetonationinstantandthesecondpartconsistedoftheanalysisoftheeffectandinteractionwiththebuildingoftheblastwavegeneratedbytheexplosion．Onlytheloadproducedbytheairblastwavewasconsideredintheanalysis．Thegroundmotiongeneratedbytheexplosionwasnottakenintoaccount．Fig．2showsthenumericalresultsofthecollapsedbuilding．Thecomparisonofnumericalresultswithphotographstakenaftertheterroristattackshowedthatthenumericalanalysisaccuratelyreproducedthecollapseofthebuildingundertheblastload．Thegoodagreementbetweenactualdamageandthatonenumericallyobtainedprovesthatthedetailedsimulationofthestructure，materialsandblasteffectsareneededforthistypeofanalysisandnowadaysrepresenttheonlywaytosuccessfullyrunacompletecollapseanalysisofanentirebuilding．

Thiscaserepresentsagoodexampleofusingdirectsimulationmethodtocarryouttheprogressivecollapseanalysisofstructures．Thatis，themethodcouldsuccessfullypredicttheprogressivecollapseprocessofthestructureunderblastandimpactloads．However，thisaccuracyisachievedatgreatcost．Inordertoderivetheaccuratematerialparameters，experimentsshouldbecarriedoutfirst．Thebuildingstructures，air，and，explosiveshouldbemodeledindetail，whichneedthousandsofelements．Specialalgorithmsandsoftwarewerealsoneededtocalculatetheblastwave-structureinteractionandtocatchthedamageandcollapsebehaviorofthebuildingstructure．Therefore，itisextremelytimeconsuming，andrequiresaprofoundknowledgeofstructuraldynamics，damagemechanics，dynamicmaterialpropertiesandcomputationalskills．1．1．2CollapseanalysisoftheWorldTradeCenter

QuanandBrinbaumcarriedouta3-dimensiona1computersimulationofimpactandcollapseoftheWTCNorthTowerusingAUT0DYN3DcomputerprogramtonumericallyreproducetheentireeventofimpactandcollapseoftheNorthTowerofWTConSeptemberl1.TheirmodelincludedtheentirebuildingoftheWTCNorthTowerandaBoeing767passengerjet．Thethree—dimensionalfiniteelementmodelusedinthesimulationcontainedatotalof270000beamandshellelements．Allthecolumnsontheperimeterwallaswellasinsidethecentralcoreweresimplified，beingmodeledbybeamelementsinsteadofusingsolidelementsorshellelements．FloorsandroofweremodeledbytheAUTODYNshellsolver．TheBoeing767airplanewasalsomodeledindetailusingAUTODYNshellsolverandLagrangesolver.

Thecompletesimulationconsistsoffourstages：staticequilibriumcalculationtogettheinitialstressesandstrainsfromgravity；simulationofaBoeing767airplaneimpactingthetower；thereductionofthestrengthandstiffnessofthetowerresultingfromthepost-impactfuelfire；andfinally，theprogressivecollapseoftheTowerdrivenbygravity．Fig．4givesoneofthetypicalresults，whichpresentsthemateriallocationofthetowerat6．5saftertheimpact．Ascanbeseen，thebuildinghadalreadycollapsedtohalfofitsheight．ThenumericalresultsshowedthatascientificallysubstantiatedplausiblescenariofortheimpactandcollapseeventoftheNorthTowercouldbeobtainedthroughthenumericalsimulation．Intheprogressiveanalysis，areasonablesimplificationinthemodelingsuchasusingsimpleelementstorepresentcomplexbehaviorofstructuralmemberswillnotaffecttheaccuracyoftheresults，whilethismightdramaticallyreducethesizeofthemode1．Thiscouldsavelotsofcomputermemoriesandcomputingtime，especiallyforthecomplexstructures，suchastallbuildings．Ofcourse，certainfiniteelementsarestillneededtobedeveloped.DYNmethodinprogressiveanalysisofRCflame

HaoetaiproposedaDYNmethodbasedonthecontinuumdamagemechanicstheory．Themaindifferencebetweenthismethodandotherdirectsimulationmethodsisthattheexplosioninitializationandblastwavepropagationwerenotdirectlymodeled．Instead，blastloadsactingonthestructurewerecalculatedfirstusingtheformulaegiveninTM5—1300andRef.．Thentheyaredirectlyappliedonfront，side，roofandrearofthebuildingstructure．

Thismethodwasusedtoanalyzestructuralprogressivecollapseofathree-storeyandtwo-spanreinforcedconcrete（RC）framestructure．ComputersoftwareLS．DYNAwithuser—definedsubroutineswasusedtoperformtheanalyses．Fig．5givestheconfigurationoftheRCframeandtheexplosivelocation．Intheanalysis，theblastwasassumedtobedetonatedongroundsurface．Theblastweightwaschosentobe1000kgequivalentofTNT，whilethescaleddistanceusedwas1．7m／kg，atwhichonlythefirstfloormiddlecolumnwouldcollapseduetoblasteffects．

ThefigshowsthenumericalresultsofthestructuralprogressivecollapseobtainedfromDYNmethodanalysis．Ascanbeseen，DYNmethodgivesreasonablepredictionoftheRCframecollapseundercriticalblastload．Intheirstudy，comparisonswerealsomadebetweenresultsfromDYNmethod，GSAandDoDguidelinesbasedalternativeloadpathmethods．ItwasfoundboththeGSAandDoDbasedalternativeloadpathmethodsmaynotgivereliablepredictionofstructuralprogressivecollapseandusuallyunderestimatethestressandstrainresponseatthesupportingjointabovetheblastdamagedcolumns.

Asmentionedabove，thegreatimprovementoftheDYNmethodisthat，interactionbetweentheblastwaveandbuildingstructure，blastinitialandblastwavepropagationarenotneededtobedirectlysimulated．Itusestheprofoundknowledgeofblastloaddistributiontodefinetheblastloadsandthendirectlyapplythemtothestructure．Thiscoulddramaticallydecreasethesizeoffiniteelementmodelandincreasetheefficiencyofthesimulation．

Tosumup，thedirectsimulationmethodcanyieldreliablepredictionsofstructuralcollapsetoblastandimpactloads，butitisextremelytimeconsuming，andrequiresaprofoundknowledgeofstructuraldynamics，damagemechanics，dynamicmaterialpropertiesandcomputationalskills．Itisthereforenotpracticalforcommonengineeringapplication．Thepracticabilityofthiscategoryofmethodscouldbeimprovedinthefollowingway：1)Developingnewfiniteelement，whichisnotonlysimpletobeestablishedandcalculated，butalsocanrepresentthecomplexbehaviorofstructuralcomponentssuchasnonlinearanddynamiceffects；2)Proposingnewmethodofaccuratelypredictingblastloadsaroundthebuildingstructuresindifferentblastscenarios．Withthedevelopmentofcomputerscience，withtheimprovementofthefiniteelementmodelandtheprogressoftheloadapplicationmethod，thedirectsimulationmethodmightbecomeanaccurateandefficientwayindoingprogressivecollapseanalysisofstructuralbuildingunderblastandimpactloads.翻译：建筑结构在冲击负载作用下连续倒塌分析方法摘要：建筑物在冲击负载作用下的连续倒塌已经引起了全世界的极大关注。对于一个经济的，安全的，能够抵抗冲击负载作用下连续倒塌的建筑结构设计，连续倒塌分析是必不可少的。因为连续倒塌的灾难性特点，和为了抵抗它而潜在的建造和改造建筑物的高额费用，所以连续倒塌分析方法是绝对必要且可信的。对于工程师们而言，他们估算连续倒塌的方法不仅仅要求精确和简要，而且容易上手，立竿见影。因而，最近许多研究者都在发展可靠有效和直接的连续倒塌分析方法上花费了很多的精力。在最近的干物上，当前在文献资料中找得到的关于连续倒塌的分析方法被重新审阅。人们广泛讨论它们的适宜性、适用性和可靠性。我们也提出了最近刚刚完成的关于钢筋混凝土框架在爆破荷载下的连续倒塌新分析方法。关键词：连续倒塌分析；建筑结构；爆炸荷载；冲击荷载连续倒塌被定义为“由于一个基本的局部构件失效在构件之间扩散最终造成整个结构或者是不成比例的一大部分倒塌”。其含义为一个或者一组关键承重构件的失效造成周围构件的失效和部分或者是整个结构的倒塌。建筑结构的连续倒塌可能由一系列的意外和人为的因素造成，比如：错误的建造顺序，偶然过载造成的局部失效，爆炸和地震造成的关键组件的损坏。这篇论文仅仅研究了特殊荷载（如：爆炸和冲击），造成的建筑结构连续倒塌的分析。随着最近AlfredP．Murrah联邦大楼和世界贸易中心（WTC）的倒塌，许多的研究更多的关注如何建造抵抗由于爆炸和冲击荷载造成连续倒塌的建筑。对于一个经济的，安全的，能够抵抗冲击负载作用下连续倒塌的建筑结构设计，连续倒塌分析是必不可少的。因为连续倒塌的灾难性特点，和为了抵抗它而潜在的建造和改造建筑物的高额费用，所以连续倒塌分析方法是绝对必要且可信的。对于工程师们而言，他们估算连续倒塌的方法不仅仅要求精确和简要，而且容易上手，立竿见影。因而，最近许多研究者都在发展可靠有效和直接的连续倒塌分析方法上花费了很多的精力。目前可行的结构连续倒塌分析方法可以被大致分为两类：直接模拟法，这种方法直接模拟了使结构破坏和建筑物倒塌的爆炸荷载效应，和非耦合交替荷载路径法，这种方法通过模拟由于移除关键承重构件造成的不同水平的损坏来对结构进行分析。在最近的干物上，当前在文献资料中找得到的关于连续倒塌的分析方法被重新审阅。这些文献既有优点又有不足之处。人们广泛讨论它们的适宜性、适用性和可靠性。我们最近也提出了刚刚完成的关于钢筋混凝土框架在爆破荷载下的连续倒塌新的分析方法。1、建筑结构连续倒塌分析方法在这个部分，现今在文献中可以找到的结构连续倒塌分析方法分为两类，直接模拟法和交替荷载路径法。1.1直接模拟法在直接模拟法中，建筑结构，气流和爆炸都被细致的建立到模型中去。对于爆炸产生的冲击波的传播方式和其与结构之间的相互作用都需要模拟，或者，需要导出作用在建筑结构上的爆炸和冲击荷载并使它们直接作用在结构构件上。大多数爆炸和冲击造成的材料非线性反应和动力效应还有损坏都被包括在这种模拟当中。在这个部分，我们会列出直接模拟法在建筑结构连续倒塌分析方法中的几种典型的应用，每种都有各自的特点。爆炸荷载下的建筑倒塌的直接模拟Luccionietal曾经对一座真实的建筑物进行了结构倒塌分析。这座建筑叫做“AMIA”，属于阿根廷犹太人互济会，被恐怖分子袭击并倒塌。在这项分析当中，用3维固体构件（包括钢筋混凝土柱，梁和砌体墙）组装成这座建筑物的模型。这座建筑的结构倒塌分析分为两个阶段。分析的第一个阶段，包括模拟即时引爆的爆炸本身。第二阶段包括建筑与爆炸产生的冲击波之间的效应和相互作用。分析考虑了冲击波激起的气流产生的唯一的荷载。爆炸所产生的地面运动，没有考虑。倒塌的建筑物的数值结果如图2所示。数值结果和恐怖袭击之后拍摄的照片比较可以看出：数值分析准确的重现了在爆炸荷载作用下建筑的倒塌过程。实际损坏和数值模拟的结果的很好的一致性，证明了细致化的结构、材料和爆炸效应模拟对于这种分析是必需的，并且是现今唯一