组织学与胚胎学：Blood and Haemopoiesis

BloodandHaemopoiesis

ⅠBlood1.GeneraldescriptionBloodcells/formedelementsErythrocytes/redbloodcellsPlateletsleukocytes/whitebloodcellsPlasma:fluidintercellularsubstanceSerum=Plasma－fibrinogenerythrocytesplasmaLeukocytes-plateletsBloodwithanticoagulant2.BloodcellsErythrocytes(Redbloodcells)Leukocytes(Whitebloodcells)GranulocytesNeutrophilsEosinophilsBasophilsAgranulocytesLymphocytesMonocytes

Platelets2.1Erythrocytes(Redbloodcells)Concentration:4.0~5.5×1012/L(male)3.5~5.0×1012/L(female)

BiconcaveshapewithoutnucleusThebiconcaveshapeprovidestheerythrocyteswithalargesurface-to-volumeratio,thusfacilitatinggasexchange.DeformabilityErythrocytemembraneskeleton:spectrin（血影蛋白）andactin（肌动蛋白）reinforcetheerythrocytemembrane；permittheflexibilityoferythrocyte,maketheerythrocytetoadapttotheirregularshapeandsmalldiameterofcapillaries.

Erythrocytes(Redbloodcells)Hemoglobin(Hb):120~150g/L(male)

110~140g/L(female)Function:transportO2andCO2Hb+O2oxyhaemoglobinHb+CO2carbaminohemoglobinhemoglobincarboxyhemoglobin

COErythrocytes(Redbloodcells)erythrocytescontainaprotein(血型抗原A和（或）血型抗原B).Haemolysis:

NormalerythrocyteTumescent(swollen),sphericalerythrocyteBrokenerythrocytereleasinghemoglobinErythrocytesOrigin:bonemarrow

Reticulocytes:ribosomalRNA(brilliantcresylblue)anetlikestructureincytoplasm.0.5-1.5%oftotalblooderythrocytesLifespan:120daysWorn-outcellsareremovedbymacrophagesofthespleen,bonemarrowandliver.Erythrocyteserythrocytes2.0µm

1.0µm

ErythrocytesThemeshworkmakestheerythrocytetoadapttotheirregularshapeandsmalldiameterofcapillaries.Anerythrocyteispassingthroughthewallofsplenicsinusoid.ReticulocytesReticulocyteswithnet-likeribosomalRNA.Giemsa&brilliantcresylbluestainribosomalRNA2.2Leukocytes(Whitebloodcells)ClassificationGranulocytes(polymorphnuclearleukocyte)Neutrophils(neutrophilicgranulocytes)Eosinophils(eosinophilicgranulocytes)Basophils(basophilicgranulocytes)Agranulocytes(mononuclearleukocyte)Lymphocytes

MonocytesConcentration:4~10×109/LFunction:cellularandhumoraldefensewithinconnectivetissues.amoeboidmovement,whichaidstheirpassagethroughthewallsofbloodvesselsandtheirpenetrationofconnectivetissues.ClassificationofleukocytesGranulocyteswithirregularnuclei&specificgranulesAgranulocyteswithregularnuclei&azurophilicgranulesNeutrophilsPercentage:50~70%LM:Polymorphousnucleuswith2~5lobeslinkedwithfinetreadsofchromatin.Specificgranules（80%）0.3~0.4μmindiameter,reddishAzurophilicgranules（20%）PalepurplewithGiemsastainlysosomes0.5μmindiameterNeutrophilsEM:Granulesaresurroundedbymembrane.Specificgranules:More,smallerandirregularly-shapedcontainalkalinephosphatase,bactericidalphagocytins（吞噬素）andlysozymes（溶菌酶）.Azurophilicgranules:largeandhighelectron-densecontainlysosomalenzymesandperoxidase.Glycogen:yieldenergyinanaerobicenvironmentsuchabilityofneutrophilsishighlyadvantageousforthemtokillbacteriaandcleanupdebrisinpoorlyoxygenatedregions,forexample,inflamedornecrotictissue.NeutrophilsFunctionmobileandphagocyticDefenseagainstbacterialinfectionParticipateininflammatoryprocessesLifespan:2~3daysThecellsdieoncetheirsupplyofgranuleshasbeenexhausted.puscellsDeadneutrophilsandtissuedebrisarethemajor

componentsofpusNeutrophilsanderythrocytesEachneutrophilhasonlyonenucleus,withavariablenumberoflobes.Therearelotsoffinegranulesincytoplasm.Specificgranulesarereddish,butazurophilicgranulesarepalepurple.(Bloodsmear,Giemsastain.)finethreadsofchromatin

NeutrophilSpecificgranulesAzurophilicgranulesEosinophilsPercentage:0.5-3%LM10~15μm,BilobednucleusLarge,salmon-pink,refractilegranulesEMEosinophilicgranules:unitmembrane,crystalcore,matrixLysosome/阳离子蛋白、组胺酶、芳基硫酸酯酶FunctionPhagocytoseantigen-antibodycomplexesWeakenallergicreaction;Killparasite(阳离子蛋白)Lifespan:8~12daysEosinophilsEosinophilicgranulesBilobednucleustypicalbilobednucleusandcoarsecytoplasmicgranules.EosinophilgranuleswithcrystalloidcoreandmatrixBasophilsPercentage:0~1%LM10~12μm,S-shapednucleusBasophilicgranulesEMelectron-dense,boundedbyamembraneHeparinandhistamine/白三烯/中（嗜酸）性粒细胞趋化因子FunctionmobileandphagocyticAllergicandinflammatoryreactionsLifespan:10~15daysBasophilsBasophilicgranulesnucleusAbasophilwithmanybasophilicgranulescoveringtheS-shapednucleus.BasophilN:NucleusB:Basophilicgranule

NNBBLymphocytesPercentage:25~30%LMSmall,medium-sized,largeSphericalnucleus:darkblue,indentationCytoplasm:athinrim,basophilic,lightblueEMazurophilicgranulesmitochonddra;smallGoligcomplex;manyfreeribosomesClassificationandfunctionsTcells:maturedinthethymusandoperatecellularimmunityin

whichTcellsdirectlykillthetargetcells.Bcells:maturedinbonemarrowandinvolveinhumoralimmunity

viadifferentiatingintoplasmacells.

NK(naturalkiller)cells:attackvirus-infectedandcancercellsdirectlyLymphocytesmedium-sizedLymphocytesmalllymphocyteAnintenselystainedsphericalnucleuswithindentation.Theslightlybasophilic,light-bluecytoplasmappearsasathinrim.

Lymphocytenucleus(N),thenucleolus(Nu),mitochondria(M).azurophilicgranules

freepolyribosomesMonocytesPercentage:3-8%LM14-20μmOval,horseshoe,orkidney-shapednucleuswithdelicatechromatinCytoplasm:bluish-greyEMManyfineazurophilicgranulesroughendoplasmicreticulumFewribosomesFunctionMigrateintotissuestobecomemacrophagesMonocytesThiscellhasaneccentrickidney-shapednucleuswithdelicatelystainedchromatin.Thecytoplasmisslightlybasophilic,bluish-greyincolour.MonocyteGolgicomplex(G),mitochondria(M),azurophilicgranule(A).freeribosomes(R).

2.3

Platelets(Thrombocytes)(100~300)×109/LLM2~4μm,anucleated,biconvexdisk-like,fragmentsofcytoplasmofmegakaryocytesActivatedcellwithfilopod-likeprocessesPlateletsacentralpurplegranularzone(granulomere)aperipherallightblue-stainedtransparentzone(Hyalomere)

plateletsoftenappearinclumps

granulomereHyalomerePlatelets(Thrombocytes)EM颗粒区（membrane-boundgranules）

特殊颗粒：血小板因子IV、血小板源性生长因子、凝血酶敏感蛋白致密颗粒：含有ATP、ADP、5-羟色胺、钙离子、肾上腺素等。溶酶体透明区：微管和微丝，维持血小板的形态Opencanalicularsystem:利于摄取血浆物质和释放颗粒内容物densetubularsystem:收集钙离子和合成前列腺素Function:formingthrombus&controlhemorrhageLife-span:7~14daysPlateletsBiconvexdisk-like.EM.Verticalsection.opencanalicularsystemdensetubularsystem

granulePlatelets

血细胞的寿命

血岛（胚胎3周）卵黄囊胎肝（胚胎6周）脾（胚胎12周）骨髓（胚胎后期至生后）II骨髓和血细胞的发生1.骨髓的微细结构骨髓分为红骨髓和黄骨髓红骨髓有造血功能黄骨髓内仅有少量幼稚的血细胞，仍保持造血潜能，当机体需要时可转变为红骨髓，进行造血。红骨髓主要由造血组织和血窦组成。MA:adipocyteE:erythrocyteinclusterM:macrophage;S:sinusoid1.1造血组织

主要由网状组织和造血细胞组成即：网状细胞和网状纤维构成支架，网眼内充满不同发育阶段的各种血细胞及少量的造血干细胞、巨噬细胞、脂肪细胞和间充质细胞等。造血诱导微环境（HIM）

造血诱导微环境结缔组织成分：纤维、基质和各类基质细胞基质细胞（stromalcells）：网状细胞

成纤维细胞

血窦内皮细胞

巨噬细胞

脂肪细胞基质细胞的功能：支持，分泌细胞因子，调节造血细胞的增殖分化

发育中血细胞的分布规律：①幼稚红细胞常位于血窦附近，成群嵌附在巨噬细胞表面，构成幼红细胞岛；②幼稚粒细胞多远离血窦；③巨核细胞常靠近血窦内皮间隙，将胞质突起伸入窦腔，脱落形成血小板。sinusoidalcapillariesDiscontinuousendotheliaIncompletebasementmembrane2.造血干细胞生成各种血细胞的原始细胞,又称多能干细胞。脾集落生成实验基本特性:①有很强的增殖潜能②有多向分化能力③有自我复制能力

↖小鼠脾集落生成实验造血祖细胞也称定向干细胞，它能向一个或几个血细胞系定向增殖分化（增殖能力有限）。目前已确认的造血祖细胞有:①红细胞系造血祖细胞-红细胞生成素（肾）②性粒细胞-单核细胞系造血祖细胞粒细胞生成素（巨噬细胞产生）③巨核细胞系造血祖细胞-血小板生成素3.Maturationofbloodcells

BasicprocessTheproblaststage(原始阶段)Theblaststage（幼稚阶段）earlystageintermediatestagelatestageThematurestage（成熟阶段）MaturationoferythrocytesProerythroblasts:

isalargestcellwithloosechromatinandclearlynucleoli.Thecytoplasmisintenselybasophilic.Earlyerythroblasts(Basophilicerythroblasts):withastronglybasophilccytoplasmandacondensednucleuswithoutnucleolus.Intermediateerythroblasts(Polychromatophilicerythroblasts):thecytoplasmvariesincolorfromapurplish-bluetopalepurpleorgrey,owingtothepresenceofvaryingamountsofpink-staininghaemoglobinwithinthebasophiliccytoplasm.MaturationoferythrocytesProerythroblastEarlyerythroblastsIntermediateerythroblastsLateerythroblasts,Normoblasts(Orthochromatophilicerythroblasts):thenucleuscontinuestocondense,andthecytoplasmisalmostasacidophilic.Gradually,thenucleusbecomespyknoticandnofurthermitoticactivityoccurs.Finally,thenucleusisextrudedfromthecell.ReticulocytesMatureerythrocyteMaturationoferythrocytesMaturationoferythr