英语国家社会与文化-第一章-Introduction-of-uk

TheAimsoftheCourseAccumulationofnecessarybackgroundknowledgeofwesternculture,mainlyofEnglish-speakingcountries.ToshortendistancebetweendifferentculturesToassistbettercommunicationToincreasecross-culturalskillsonjobsinfutureTeachingStrategyfortheCourseThecoursewillbetaughtbyacombinationofteachinganddiscussion.Theteachingwillproviderelevantknowledgeincludingthatofgeographical&historicalbackground,politics,socialcustoms,wayofthinking,livingstyleandsoonwhilethediscussionismainlyintendedtohelpstudentstogetfamiliarwiththoseknowledgeandtoapplyit.ExpectationArriveontimeforclass;takepartindiscussioninclass;takenotesbyyourself;previewbeforeclass;reviewafterclass;readsomereferencesoutsideclass.Assessment Studentswillbeassessedonclassparticipationandexamination.---Geography,People,andLanguageSurveyofUKTheLocationsoftheUKTheGeographicalFeaturesoftheUKClimateTheMajorCitiesPopulationTheEnglishLanguageThreeterms

BritishIslesBritainGreatBritainTwolargeislandsseveralsmallonesGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandEngland,WalesScotlandFocusquestionsWhatisthefullnameofBritain?Howmanypartsdoesitconsistof?WhatisthetotalpopulationoftheUnitedKingdom?Whereisthemostdenselypopulatedregion?Whereistheleastpopulated?WhatarethemajorcitiesinBritain?

Location:North-westerncoastofcontinentalEuropepopulation:62,770,000(2013)density:270.1persons/sqkm(2013)totalarea:244,820sqkm

ThecomplicatedfullnameoftheUKTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandFourparts:EnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIrelandUnionJackRemember:askyoutoreadallthenamesonthemapofUKnextweeknationalidentityapersonfromChina--ChineseapersonfromUS---American…apersonfromUK?England--EnglishScotland--Scottish/Scot(s)Wales---WelshNorthernIreland---IrishThelocationoftheUKBritainissituatedinwesternEuropeandisseparatedfromtheEuropeancontinentbytheNorthSea,theStraitofDoverandtheEnglishChannel.Itisaninsularcountry.Itscoastlineruns12,429km,Itisoneof

thecountrieswithlongestcoastline.TothewestofitliestheAtlanticOcean,acrossandbeyonditisAmerica.TheGeographicalFeaturesoftheUKVariedlandscapeFlatlandsinEnglandMountainsinScotlandandWalesEnglandAflatlandcountry,alsocalledLowlandzonePennines:thebackboneofEnglandLakedistrictHighlyurbanizedPhysicallylargestwithlargestpopulationDominancein:size/culture/economy----takeEnglandforUK

LakeDistrictascenicspotinNorthWestEnglandApopularholidaydestinationbeingfamousforitslakesanditsmountainsitsassociationswiththeearly19thcenturypoetryandwritingsofWilliamWordsworth

andotherpoets.WilliamWordswortharomanticpoetPoetLaureatein1843（1770—1850）Scotland

mountainousthreenaturalzones:HighlandsinthenorthCentralLowlandsUplandsinthesouthBenNevis:thehighestmountainacountryofcastlesHighlandsinScotlandBenNevis(1343metershigh)Airthcastle(埃斯城堡)

A14thcenturycastleScottishcastleweddings.

Stirlingcastle(斯特灵城堡)

PalaceforScottishkingAlonghistory,animportantfortificationandthesiteofmanysiegesandbattles,

standingoutforitsimpressinglocationandstoriedhistoryWalesmountainousSnowdon(highestinWales)takinguplessthan9%ofthewholeisland.NorthernIrelandthesmallestoneMostlyrural,lowhills,beautifulruggedcoastlineLoughNeagh(内伊湖)----thelargestlakeinUKGiant’sCauseway(巨人之路)The8thNaturalWonderoftheWorldSixtymillionyearsagoastretchofrockpillarsweathered风化todifferentheightsandpresentingasteppedsurfaceClimateandWeatherAmaritimetypeofclimate:rainy,changeableandunpredictablerarelyrisingabove32℃insummerorfallsbelow–10℃inwinter,mildwintersandcoolsummers(warmsummersandcoolwintersasisstatedinthetext)IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureClimateFeaturesAtemperatemaritimeclimateThreefeaturesThereisoftenalotoffogorsmoginwinter.Therearemanymorerainydaysthansunnydays.Theweatherisquiteinstableandchangeable.MountainsandRiversThebackboneofUK:PenninesChiefmountainranges:theCambriansinWalestheGrampiansinScotland(thelargestmountainrangeintheUK)(1343metershigh)BenNevisBenNevis

ThelongestriverinEngland:RiverSevernNEWSEVERNBRIDGE:thelongestbridgeintheUK,connectingWalesandEngland

AnImportantRiverinBritain:

RiverThames

thesecondlongestbestknownforflowingthroughcentralLondoncentreofmanyeventsandfashionsinBritishhistoryamajorleisureareasupportingtourismaswellasthesportsaspecialappealtowriters,artists,musiciansandfilm-makersmanyriversideattractions:LondonEye,TowerofLondon,HouseofParliament,etc.Majorcities

LondonLiverpoolEdinburghCardiffBelfastLondonThecommercialcenter:theWestEndThepoliticalcenter:Downingstreet,BuckinghamPalaceTheculturalcenter:LondonUniversity(thebiggest)LondonLondonThecapital,thelargestportandthelargestcityinBritainTheCityofLondon+InnerLondon+OuterLondon=GreaterLondonThecommercialcenter:theWestEndThepoliticalcenter:theCityofWestminster

(Downingstreet,BuckinghamPalace)Theculturalcenter:LondonUniversity(thebiggest)ThecenterofLaborMovement(Chartism)宪章运动TheOlympicgamesheldherein2012TheLondonEyethelargestFerriswheelinEurope(135meters)themostpopularpaidtouristattractionintheUK

BigBenthelargestfour-facedclockthethird-tallestfree-standingclocktowerintheworldItscelebrationofits150thanniversaryinMay2009TowerBridgeaniconicsymbolofLondon

Carries–motorvehicles,cyclists,pedestriansCrossesThamesOpened30June1894WestminsterGothicchurchburialsiteformonarchsaswellaspoliticians,scientists,scholars,poetsStPaul’sCathedralWaterlooBridgeTube/subwayWaterlooBridge《魂断蓝桥》AmericanfilmThemesong:AuldLangSyne

TrafalgarsquareasquareincentralLondonatouristattractionLiverpoolThesecondlargestportofEnglandAmetropolitancityShipbuildingFoodprocessingEdinburghthecapitalcityofScotlandeconomiccenterofScotlandatouristcitysecondonlytoLondoninU.K.aculturalcity，holdinganinternationalfestivalofmusicandartsevery

year

IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureEdinburghEdinburghFestival

Explanationoftheterm:EdinburghiswellknownfortheannualEdinburghFestival,theworld’slargestartsfestival.Establishedin1947,ittakesplaceinthecityduringthreeweekseveryAugustalongsideseveralotherartsandculturalfestivals,collectivelyknownastheEdinburghFestival.ThenewcityofEdinburghCastlesinEdiburghNovisittoEdinburghiscompletewithoutavisittoEdinburghCastle

EdinburghcastleThesymbolofEdinburghsituatedonamoundofvolcanicrockoneofScotland'soldestcastles,unequalledinthewholeoftheBritishIslesaremarkablefortress,thehistoricalinterestofandformerroyalresidence,visitedannuallybyapproximatelyonemillionpeopleCardiffThecapitalcityofWalesAportShippingIronSteelBelfastThecapitalofNorthernIrelandAnindustrialseaportthewheelofBelfastBelfastcityhallPopulationThetotalpopulation:about62million(2009)Highlyurbanized:80%livingincitiesand20%livinginthecountrysideThemostdenselypopulatedarea:England(51million)Theleastpopulatedarea:NorthernIrelandTheofficiallanguage:EnglishCeltic,thenativeBetweenthe5thandthe7thcenturies,Anglo-Saxons,aGermanicpeoplefromEuropedrovethenativestothemountainsofWalesandScotland.MajoritypopulationaredescendantsoftheAnglo-Saxons.CelticaretheancestersofWelsh,ScottishandIrishpeople.Italians,Greeks,Australians,andNewZealanders:permanentresidents;ImmigrantsfromAfricaandAsia;India,Pakistan,BangladeshInLondon,youseldomhearpeoplespeakEnglishTheEnglishLanguageEnglishisaWestGermaniclanguagethataroseintheAnglo-SaxonkingdomsofEnglandandspreadintowhatwastobecomesouth-eastScotland.Followingtheeconomic,political,military,scientific,cultural,andcolonialinfluenceoftheUnitedKingdomfromthe18thcentury,viatheBritishEmpire,andoftheUnitedStatessincethemid-20thcentury,ithasbeenwidelydispersedaroundtheworld,becometheleadinglanguageofinternationaldiscourse,andhasacquireduseaslinguafrancainmanyregions.ItiswidelylearnedasasecondlanguageandusedasanofficiallanguageoftheEuropeanUnionandmanyCommonwealthcountries,aswellasinmanyworldorganizations.Itisthethirdmostnativelyspokenlanguageintheworld,afterMandarinChineseandSpanish.Itisthemostwidelyspokenlanguageacrosstheworld.ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagereallystartedwiththearrivalofthreeGermanictribeswhoinvadedBritainduringthe5thcenturyAD.Thesetribes,theAngles,theSaxonsandtheJutes,crossedtheNorthSeafromwhattodayisDenmarkandnorthernGermany.AtthattimetheinhabitantsofBritainspokeaCelticlanguage.ButmostoftheCelticspeakerswerepushedwestandnorthbytheinvaders-mainlyintowhatisnowWales,ScotlandandIreland.TheAnglescamefromEnglalandandtheirlanguagewascalledEnglisc-fromwhichthewordsEnglandandEnglisharederived.OldEnglish(450-1100AD)TheinvadingGermanictribesspokesimilarlanguages,whichinBritaindevelopedintowhatwenowcallOldEnglish.OldEnglishdidnotsoundorlooklikeEnglishtoday.NativeEnglishspeakersnowwouldhavegreatdifficultyunderstandingOldEnglish.Nevertheless,abouthalfofthemostcommonlyusedwordsinModernEnglishhaveOldEnglishroots.Thewordsbe,strongandwater,forexample,derivefromOldEnglish.OldEnglishwasspokenuntilaround1100.MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)In1066WilliamtheConqueror,theDukeofNormandy(partofmodernFrance),invadedandconqueredEngland.Thenewconquerors(calledtheNormans)broughtwiththemakindofFrench,whichbecamethelanguageoftheRoyalCourt,andtherulingandbusinessclasses.Foraperiodtherewasakindoflinguisticclassdivision,wherethelowerclassesspokeEnglishandtheupperclassesspokeFrench.Inthe14thcenturyEnglishbecamedominantinBritainagain,butwithmanyFrenchwordsadded.ThislanguageiscalledMiddleEnglish.ItwasthelanguageofthegreatpoetChaucer(c1340-1400),butitwouldstillbedifficultfornativeEnglishspeakerstounderstandtoday.ModernEnglish

EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1800)TowardstheendofMiddleEnglish,asuddenanddistinctchangeinpronunciation(theGreatVowelShift)started,withvowelsbeingpronouncedshorterandshorter.Fromthe16thcenturytheBritishhadcontactwithmanypeoplesfromaroundtheworld.This,andtheRenaissanceofClassicallearning,meantthatmanynewwordsandphrasesenteredthelanguage.Theinventionofprintingalsomeantthattherewasnowacommonlanguageinprint.Booksbecamecheaperandmorepeoplelearnedtoread.PrintingalsobroughtstandardizationtoEnglish.Spellingandgrammarbecamefixed,andthedialectofLondon,wheremostpublishinghouseswere,becamethestandard.In1604thefirstEnglishdictionarywaspublished.LateModernEnglish(1800-Present)ThemaindifferencebetweenEarlyModernEnglishandLateModernEnglishisvocabulary.LateModernEnglishhasmanymorewords,arisingfromtwoprincipalfactors:firstly,theIndustrialRevolutionandtechnologycreatedaneedfornewwords;secondly,theBritishEmpireatitsheightcoveredonequarteroftheearth'ssurface,andtheEnglishlanguageadoptedforeignwordsfrommanycountries.StandardEnglishBasedonthespeechofupperclassofsoutheasternEnglandAdoptedasabroadcastingstandardintheBritishmediaUsedinprintedmaterialsNormallytaughtinschoolsandtonon-nativespeakerslearningthelanguageQueen’sEnglishorBBCEnglishAmodelforthecorrectBritishEnglishThenormcarriedtooverseasfornon-nativespeakerslearningEnglishExercisesThefullnameoftheUnitedKingdomis___.TheislandofGreatBritainismadeupof___,___and___.TheUnitedKingdomhasbeenamemberof___since1973.ThehighestmountaininBritainis___._____flowsthroughcentralLondonanditisaveryimportantriver.____isthecapitalofScotland.AnswersTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritain

theNorthernIrelandEngland,Scotland,WalesEuropeanUnionBenNevisThamesriverEdinburghclarificationthePennines:奔宁山脉(backbone,principalmountainchain)otherranges:theCambriansinWalestheGrampiansinScotlandBenNevis:尼维斯山(midwestofScotland,thehighestmountaininUK)LoughNeagh:内伊湖(inNorthernIreland,thelargestlakeinBritain)WestminsterAbby:wedding,inauguration,burialsitecapitalcitiesandtheiridentityEngland:LondonEnglishScotland:EdinburghScottishWales:CardiffWelshNorthernIreland:BelfastIrishIreland:Dublincapital?首都？省会？首府？unitarystate:UK,China单一制政府，中央集权制政府London英格兰的首府，英国的首都federalstate:US联邦制政府英国原本是四个国家，在中世纪，苏格兰是苏格兰，英格兰是英格兰，其差距和德国与法国一样大。但英格兰在金雀花王朝开始就不断侵入威尔士公国，最终完全掌握了威尔士的大公位，而苏格兰的斯图亚特王朝国王詹姆士六世凭借着母系血统继承了英格兰王位成为詹姆士一世，从而使英格兰苏格兰成为一个邦联。但两者有两套政府来管辖，其唯一的通点就是国王是同一个人。就像当年满清的皇帝同时继承了中国皇帝的称号和蒙古大汗的称号是一样的（同样还有奥匈帝国，奥地利皇帝会兼任匈牙利国王。）而爱尔兰则一直在受到来自大不列颠的侵犯，英国资产阶级革命后被并入英国，最初英国的全称是:"大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国"后来虽然爱尔兰独立了，但北部一直被不列颠人控制着，所以英国的全称便改为今天的:"大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国"HomeworkKingArthurRobinHoodWilliamtheConquerorWilliamandMaryHistoricalbackgroundofMacbethandBraveHeartIdentificationofnationalidentityofScotlandKingArthur:p5,3rdparafromEngland;p65thcentury,unitedtheBritish,drovetheSaxonsback,Excalibur,legend,knights,roundtable,allwouldhaveequalprecedenceRobinHood:p6,lastpara;p7Normans--arulingclass,aSaxonnobleman--anoutlaw,merrymen,forestrobfromtherichtogivethepoorWilliamtheConqueror:P6aboveRobbinHood;p6-71066,WillliamofNormandy,BattleofHastings,KingHaroddefeatedWilliamtheFirstofEnglandtheTowerofLondonItmarksthelasttimethatanyarmyfromoutsidetheBritishIslessucceededininvading.

WilliamandMary:P7midpara;P7-8conflictbetweenmonarchandparliament1640s,CharlestheFirst,civilwar(wantedtooverruleparliament)executedruledbyparliament'sleaderOliverCromwell,monarchyrestored复辟WilliamandMaryimported,establishedParliament'sdominanceMacbeth：P9whenScotlandexperiencedtheVikingraidsinthe9thcentury.BraveHeart:howtheScotswonindependenceIdentificationofnationalidentityofScotlandScotlandisthemostconfidentofitsownidentity,sinceithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUK.Watchtheclipsandattempttoanswerquestions1.WhatwerethemajorinfluenceoftheEnglishlanguage?2.WhatweretheAnglo-Saxonwordsmentione