莎士比亚与戏剧lecture 10 William Shakespeare and his plays：Hamlet

Lecture10

WilliamShakespeare＆

HamletObjectiveLearnhowtoappreciateadramabyanalysingHamlet1.Abriefintroductiontodrama:Thetermcomesfroma

Greek

wordmeaning“action”(whichisderivedfromtheverbmeaning“todo”or“toact”）.Thedramaisenactedin

theatre,performedby

actors

ona

stagebeforean

audience.The

structureofdramatictexts,unlikeotherformsofliterature,isdirectlyinfluencedbythecollaborativeproductionandcollectivereception.

The

earlymodern

tragedy

Hamlet

(1601)byShakespeare

andthe

classicalAthenian

tragedy

OedipustheKing

(c.429BC)by

Sophocles

（索福克勒斯）

areamongthemasterpiecesoftheartofdrama.

Amodernexampleis

LongDay'sJourneyintoNight

byEugeneO’Neill

(1956).traditionalgeneric

division：Thetwomasksassociatedwithdramarepresentthetraditionalgeneric

divisionbetween

comedy

and

tragedy.Theyaresymbolsofthe

ancientGreek

Muses,

Thalia

and

Melpomene.ThaliawastheMuseofcomedy(thelaughingface),whileMelpomenewastheMuseoftragedy(theweepingface).Elements：Dramaisoftencombinedwith

music

and

dance:thedramain

operaisgenerallysungthroughout;

musicalsgenerallyincludebothspoken

dialogue

and

songs;andsomeformsofdramahave

incidentalmusicormusicalaccompanimentunderscoringthedialogue.

Incertainperiodsofhistory(theancient

Roman

andmodern

Romantic)somedramashavebeenwrittentobe

read

ratherthanperformed.Formsofdrama

Opera

Pantomime(哑剧或舞剧)Creativedrama2.1ClassicalGreekdrama

◆Western

dramaroughlyoriginatedin

the

theatreofancientGreece2500yearsago.

◆three

genres

ofdrama

:

tragedy,comdedy,andthesatyrplay.2.HistoryofWesterndramaAtragedyisaformof

drama

basedonhuman

suffering

thatinvokesinitsaudienceanaccompanying

catharsis

orpleasureintheviewing.亚里斯多德认为悲剧描写的是严肃的事件，是对有一定长度的动作的摹仿；目的在於引起怜悯和恐惧，并导致这些情感的净化。（Animitation

ofaserious,completeactionbyarousingtheemotionsofpityandfearinordertopurgeawaytheirexcess,toreducethesepassionstoahealthylevel.）鲁迅先生对悲喜剧的定义:悲剧就是把人生有价值的东西毁灭给人看,喜剧就是把无价值的东西展示/撕破给人看。A

comedy

isanysortofperformanceintendedtocause

laughter

ortheemotionsassociatedwithlaughter.Satyrplays

werean

ancientGreek

formof

tragicomedy,featuredchorusesof

satyrs,basedon

Greekmythology,andrifewithmockdrunkenness,brazensexuality,pranks,sightgags,andgeneralmerriment◆Onlyasmallfractionoftheworkoffivedramatists,however,hassurvivedtothisday.

Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯fatheroftragedy

）:ThePersians(theoldestsurvivingdrama,performedin472BC

)Sophocles（索福克勒斯）:OedipustheKingEuripides（欧里庇得斯）:Medea《美狄亚》Aristophanes（阿里斯多芬尼斯FatherofComedy

）:TheKnightsMenander

（米南德）:Dyskolos

（《恨世者》/《古怪人》）2.2Medievaldrama◆IntheMiddleAges,dramainthevernacularlanguagesofEuropemayhaveemergedfromreligiousenactmentsoftheliturgy.

◆Typesofdrama:mysteryplays/miracleplays;moralityplays;interludes2.3TheperiodofRenaissance

●MainlyrepresentedbydramasofBritainandspain.

●“TheThreeUnities”rulewasestablished.

●

ElizabethanandJacobeanDrama：

Floweringperiod:inthe16thand17thcenturies.

Writtenlanguageforms:inverse,particularly

iambicpentameter.

Representatives:Shakespeare,ChristopherMarlow,ThomasMiddleton,andBenJonson

Writingsources:GreekmythologyorRomanplaywrights.

2.4Theclassicismperiod:●representedbydramasofFrance.●Therepresentativesare:Corneille（高乃依）,Moliere（莫里哀）,Racine（拉辛）.

2.5Theenlightenmentperiod:●gotdevelopmentinFrance,Germany,BritainandItaly.●France：literaturebourgeoise（市民剧）byDiderot（狄德罗）

●

Italy：improvisation（即兴喜剧）●

Germany：Lessing（莱辛），Goethe，

Schiller（席勒）●

Britain：Fielding，Goldsmith（哥尔德斯密斯），Sheridan（谢里丹）

2.6The19thcentury

●Genres：Romanticandrealisticdrama

●Representatives:Hugo（雨果），AlexandreDumasFils（小仲马），Zola（左拉:Naturalismdrama）,

Ibsen（易卜生），BernardShaw（萧伯纳），Pushkin（普希金）；Galsworthy（高尔斯华绥）；Gorky（高尔基），Tolstoy（托尔斯泰），Gogol（果戈里），Chekhov（契诃夫），

Ostrovsky（奥斯特洛夫斯基）,2.7Modernandpostmoderndrama●Thepivotalandinnovativecontributionsofthe

19thcentury

Norwegiandramatist

HenrikIbsen

andthe

20thcentury

German

theatrepractitioner

BertoltBrecht(布莱希特)

dominatemoderndrama.●Writingways:intheirdifferentways-----modernism，

realism，symbolism,expressionism，futurism，surrealism，existentialism，absurdism.

Representatives:EugeneO‘Neill

(尤金·奥尼尔);

ArthurMiller(亚瑟·米勒),

TennesseeWilliams(田纳西·威廉姆斯),

EugèneIonesco(欧仁·

尤奈斯库),

SamuelBeckett（塞缪尔·贝克特）,

3.WilliamShakespeareandhisplaysuniversallyacknowledgedtobethesummitoftheEnglishRenaissanceoneofthemostremarkableplaywrightsandpoetstheworldhaseverknownrepresentativeworks:38plays,154sonnets,and2narrativepoems3.WilliamShakespeareandhisplaysAboutliteraryperiodsofplaysFourtragedies﹠FourcomidiesChiefachievementsandcharacteristicsofShakespeare’sdrama3.1ThreemajorperiodsofShakespeare’sdarmalife:

1.Thefirstperiod:1590to1600,inwhichhewrotealtogether22plays:11ccomedies,3tragediesand8historicalplays.2.Thesecondperiod:1601to1608,theperiodoftragedies.Thisperiodismarkedbygloomanddepressioncombinedwithmasterlyworkmanship.3.Thethirdperiod:1609to1612,theperiodofdramaticromances.Theplaysinthisperiodarefullofunrealisticcompromisesandfantasy.<<back3.3ChiefachievementsandcharacteristicsofShakespeare’sdrama●Shakespeare’ssuccessasagreatplaywrightchieflyrestonthefollowingfiveaspects:----Theprogressivesignificanceofhisthemes;-----Hissuccessfulcharacterportrayal;-----Hismaster-handinconstructingplays;----Theingenuityofhiscomposing;-----HismasteryofEnglishlanguage;3.2Fourtradgies《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》《哈姆雷特》3.2Fourcomedies《威尼斯商人》《仲夏夜之梦》《皆大欢喜》《第十二夜》4.Hamlet

1)ThestoryofHamlet

2)Hamlet(Act3,Scene1,Lines55-86)(SelectedReadings,3)ThethemeofHamlet4)ThecharacterofHamlet4.1Background：--TheTragedyofHamlet,PrinceofDenmark,oftenshortenedtoHamlet，isatragedywrittenbyWilliamShakespeareatanuncertaindatebetween1599and1602.--ThestoryofShakespeare'sHamletwasderivedfromthelegendofAmleth,preservedby13th-centurychroniclerSaxoGrammaticusinhisGestaDanorum,assubsequentlyretoldby16th-centuryscholarFrançoisdeBelleforest.(AmlethisafigureinamedievalScandinavianlegend,thedirectpredecessorofthecharacterofPrinceHamlet,theheroof

WilliamShakespeare'stragedy

Hamlet,PrinceofDenmark.ItwasrecordedthatprinceAmlethisthesonof

Horvendill

,kingofthe

Jutes.SetintheKingdomofDenmark,theplaydramatises

therevengethatPrinceHamletiscalledtowreakuponhisuncle,Claudius,bytheghostofHamlet'sfather,KingHamlet.Claudiushadmurderedhisownbrotherandseizedthethrone,alsomarryinghisdeceasedbrother'swidow.Denmarkhasalong-standingfeudwithneighboringNorway,whichculminatedwhenKingHamletslewKingFortinbrasofNorwayinabattleyearsago.AlthoughDenmarkdefeatedNorway,andtheNorwegianthronefelltoKingFortinbras'sinfirmbrother,DenmarkfearsthataninvasionledbythedeadNorwegianking'sson,Prince

Fortinbras,isimminent.4.2plots:Act1(5scences):Onacoldnight,ontherampartsof

Elsinore,theDanishroyalcastle,the

sentries

BernardoandMarcellusandHamlet'sfriend

Horatio

,

ghost

Courtgathers:learningoftheGhostfromHoratio,resolvingtoseeithimself.LaertespreparingtodepartforavisittoFrance

Thatnightontherampart,theGhostappearstoHamlet,ActII(2scenes)OpheliareportingHamlet’scrazybehaviourstoinvestigatethecauseofHamlet'smoodandbehavior

messengerssenttoNorwayreturningwithgoodnewsPoloniustellingClaudiusandGertrudehistheoryregardingHamlet'sbehavior,atroupeofactors’comingActIII(4scenes)PoloniusandClaudius’evaluatingHamlet'sreactionbyarrangingHamlet’smeetingwithOphelia(hamlet’sfamoussoliloquy

"tobeornottobe".)thecourtassemblingtowatchtheplayClaudiusabruptlyrisingandrunningfromtheroomHamletbeingsummonedbyGertrudetoherroomtogiveanexplanationHamletaccidentallykillingPoloniusBeingsenttoto

EnglandaccompaniedbyRosencrantzandGuildenstern

ActIV(7scences)Dealingwiththeincidentofpolonius’sdeathandHamlet’ssettingoutforEnglandNorwegian’sforcespassingbyDenmarkOphelia’smadness.Laertes’arrivingbackfromFrance,alettersoonarrivesindicatingthatHamlethasreturnedtoDenmarkafencingmatchproposedbetweenLaertesandHamletOphelia’sdrowningActV(2scenes)Two

gravediggers

HamletbanteringwithoneofthegravediggersOphelia's

funeralLaertesandHamletfighti