儿童语言发展阶段-Stages-in-child-language-developmenter

Stages

in

child

language

developmentPhonological

development（音位的发展）Vocabulary

development（词汇的发展）Grammatical

development

（语法的发展）Pragmatic

development（语用的发展）

Phonologicaldevelopment

（音位的发展）Childrenarebornwithanabilitytodiscriminateandproducesounds,andtheacquisitionofsoundsisuniversalacrossallcultureandlanguages.Thesequenceinwhichthesoundsareacquiredworkslikeasystemofpre-requisites,thatistosay,themustpasseachstagebeforehecanproceedtothenextone.

儿童语音的发展始于婴儿的咿呀学语阶段。儿童早期所习得的声音不受儿童语言环境的影响，所发出的音也不局限于某一特定的语言中。在早期发出的音包括/b/,/m/,/d/,/k/等相对简单的音，而在发音的后期，才出现发音较难的音，如/θ/。Vocabularydevelopment

(词汇的发展)Childrendon’tlearnthemeaningofaword“allatonce”.Whenachildlearnanewword,hemaywellunder-extendorover-extendit.1)Under-extension外延缩小（语义不足，大词小用）e.g.denialthatthecolorofwhitecanbeusedforpaperdenialthatbirdsareanimals否定鸟是动物callingallmaleadultsdaddy儿童称所有成人为daddy2)Over-extension过分延伸(theextensionofcategoriesoranalogiesandtheextensionoffamilyresemblance)e.g.appleforallfruitappleforanythingroundVocabularydevelopment

(词汇的发展)3)lexicalcontrast词汇对照理论Childrenhaveconventionalwordsforthings.Theyuseconventionalwordsforsomethingelsewhenaproperwordisavailable,thentheycontrastitwithotherwords.4)Prototypetheory原型理论Childrenmaybeginawordwithaprototypeandextenditsfeatureslater.Grammatical

development

(语法发展)1)Telegraphicspeech(电报式语言)contentwords,two-wordutterances,lackingoffunctionelements,nosyntacticormorphologicalmarkers.e.g.MamabookDaddygo2)Sentencesofthreemainelements(三词句阶段)thegraspoftheprincipleofsentenceformation.e.g.daddykickballthatbigbed

Pragmaticdevelopment

(语用的发展)howtospeaktoothersinanappropriatemanner,including:thegreetingstobeused,

thetaboowords,

thepoliteformsofaddress,

the

variousstylesappropriateto

differentspeechsituationofhiscommunity.

Children’slearningofquestionconstruction

(1)formaquestionbyusingaquestionintonation.e.g.sitchair?putit?(2)merely“takeon”aquestionwordinfrontofthesentence,don’tchangethewordorder,orinsertdo.e.g.Whathewants?whereIshouldputit?(3)untilhaveacquiredauxiliarywords,theycanusethequestioncorrectly.whatdoeshewant?Pragmaticdevelopment

(语用的发展)(1)Genderisanimportantaspectofspeechtoimitatecertainrole,itcanalsobefoundinthetopicandquantityofchildrentalk.e.g.Aboysaidtoayoungerchild:“cometodaddy,there’sagoodgirl.”(2)Politenessisoneofthefewaspectsofspeechthatareexplicitlytaughtbyadults:theappropriateuseoflanguage.e.g.Pleaseandthankyou.Don’ttalkwhenI’mtalking.Don’tshoutatthetable.（3）Childrenlearntheintentionbeneaththelinguistic

form.Inotherwordshehastolearnto"readbetweenthelines".lookatthefollowingschooldialogue:teacher:That'stube'sbroken.child:Yes,sir.teacher:Don'tjustsay"yes,sir".Iwanttoknowwhodidit.儿童学习本族语的发展过程是怎样的？虽然从“前语言期”到“语言期”的过程中各阶段是连续的，并且个人素质方面可能有相当大的不同，但儿童学习本族语的发展过程在时间上可以分为下列几个阶段：3-6月咿呀学语的婴儿语期或语言游戏期。这是能理解面部表情和语调，能运用发音器官发出各种声音，但不会说连贯的话。6-9月为幼儿语期。这时能对手势和简单的指令做出反应，在自身刺激的情况下不断的进行