化学专业词汇

化学专业词汇JennywascompiledinJanuary2021普通化学术语中英文对照表物质的量amountofsubStance原子atomadj.atomic原子核nucleus质子proton中子neutron电子electron(abbr.e)离子ion[an]阳离子cation?阴离子anion?分子molecular[mlekjl]单质element化合物compound纯净物PUresUbstance/chemicalsubstance混合物mixture相对原子质量relativeatomicmass(abbr.Ar)相对分子质量relatiVemolecUlarmaSS(abbr.Mr)阿伏加德罗常数AVogadroconStant(abbr.NA)摩尔mole摩尔质量molarmass实验式/最简式/经验式empirical?formula气体摩尔体积molar?volume阿伏加德罗定律AVOgadro'sLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve浓度concentration质量/体积分数mass/volumeconcentration浓缩concentrate稀释dilute蒸馏distillation萃取extraction化学反应方程式chemicalequation反应物reactant生成物product化学式量relativeformulamass固体solid液体liquid歧化反应气体gaseous溶液aqueous配平balance化学计量学stoichiometry酸acid碱base/alkali(referstosolublebases)盐salt酸式盐acidsalt离子方程式ionicequation结晶水WaterofCryStaniSation水合的hydrated无水的anhydrous滴定titration指示剂indicator氧化数oxidationnumber氧化还原反应redoxreaction氧化反应oxidationreactiondisproportionationreaction归中反应COmproportionation(symproportionation)reaction氧化剂oxidisingagent还原剂reducingagent电子层(壳)(electron)shell?电离能ionisationenergy(abbr.I.E.)第一，第二，第三等电离能first,second,third,etc.ionisationenergy(abbr.1st,2nd,3rd,etc.I.E.)电子亲和能electronaffinityenergy(abbr.A.E.)屏蔽效应还原反应reductionreactionelectronicshielding(screening)原子轨道atomiCorbital巨型离子结构giantionicstructure电子云electroncloud电子亚层SUb-Shell能层layer能级energylevel电子排布electronconfiguration电子云重叠shell?overlap洪特规则Hund's?rule泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple基态ground?State激发态excited?State跃迁transition手性Chirality[kai-]化学键chemicalbond键长bondlength键级bond?order键角bondangle键能bond?enthalpies离子键ionicbond供体donor受体acceptor静电吸弓Ielectrostatic?attraction共价键covalent[k'velnt]bond巨型共价结构giantcovalentstructure共用电子对sharedpair/bondingpair孤对电子lonepair/non-bondingpair。键。—bond?∏键∏—bond?δ键δ-bond?极性共价键polarbond非极性共价键non-polarbond配位键dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinate?bond电负性electronegativity极性polarity偶极子dipole分子间作用力intermolecularforces氢键hydrogenbond范德华力VanderWaal'sforce色散力dispersion?force诱导力induction?force取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce金属键metalliCbond离域delocalisation[di:,luklai'zein]延展性malleability[,ml'blti]可锻性ductility[dk'tlt]导电性electricalconductivity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable周期period族group原子序数proton?number同位素isotope[astp]核素nuclide['njuklad]同量异位素isobar['as()bɑ]金属metal非金属nonmetal碱金属alkalimetal碱土金属alkalineearthmetal卤素halogen稀有气体noblegas元素周期律periodic?trends活泼active稳定noble分解反应decompositionreaction化合反应COmbination(synthesis)reaction取代反应displacement?reaction复分解反应saltmetathesis[mtθsis]reaction/doublereplacement(displacement)reaction沉淀PreCiPitation[pr,sp'te()n]官能团functionalgroup碳氢化合物/烃hydrocarbon?饱和烃Saturatedhydrocarbon不饱和烃Unsaturated?hydrocarbon脂肪烃aliphatic[,l'ftk]hydrocarbon脂环烃alicyclic['saklk;]hrdrocarbon?同系物homologous[h'mlgs]series?异构现象isomerism['aismrizm]同分异构体isomeride[ai'smraid]同素异形体allotropy/allotropism?分子式molecularformula通式generalformula结构式displayedformula结构简式StrUctUralformUla键线式Skeletal?formula均裂homolytic?fission异裂heterOlyticfiSSion亲核试剂nucleophile['njuklifail]亲电子试剂electrophile?力口成反应additionreaction力口水加成hydrationreaction力成聚合反应addition?PolymeriSation聚合物polymer链节repeat?Unit缩合聚合反应condenSation?reaction缩聚物condenSationpolymer取代反应SUbStitUtion?reaction脱水dehydration水解hydrolySiS?卤代反应halogenation?reaction酯化反应eSterification?reaction亲核取代nUcleophilic?SUbStitUtion消去反应elimination?reaction裂化反应cracking(reaction)石油分馏fractional?diStillation燃烧combUStion发酵fermentation氟氯烃chloroflUorocarbonS产率percentageyield原子利用率atom?economy红外光谱学infrared?SPectroScoPy单体monomer质谱分析maSSSpectroScopy光谱spectrum挥发性volatility冷凝回流reflux反应机理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy热力学thermOdynamiC[θ:mudai-]焓enthalpy(abbr.H)[en'θlpi]焓变enthalPyChange(abbr.ΔH)标准焓StandardenthalpyChange(abbr.ΔH)标准反应焓StandardenthalpyChange(abbr.ΔHr?)燃烧热heatofcombustion标准燃烧焓standardenthalpychangeofcombustion(abbr.ΔHc?)标准生成焓standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbr.ΔHf?)放热反应exothermic[eksu-]reaction吸热反应endothermic?reaction?热化学方程式thermoChemiCal[O:mu-]equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比热容Specificheatcapacity键焓bondenthalpy平均键焓averagebondenthalpy盖斯定律Hess'law有效碰撞理论ConiSion?theory反应速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反应动力学reactionkinetics催化剂catalyst催化作用CatalySiS酶enzyme['enzaim]波尔兹曼分布律溶解度solubilitytheBoltzmanndistribution化学平衡(chemical)equilibrium[i:kwi-]可逆反应reversiblereaCtion动态平衡dynamicequilibrium平衡常数chemicalequilibriumconstant浓度幂Concentration?PoWer平衡移动shift?ofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.ΔG)阿累尼乌斯方程theArrhenius[ri:nis]Equation自发反应SpontaneoUs[spnteinis]reaCtion熵entropy(abbr.ΔS)温室效应greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsorption离子反应ionicreaction电离ionisation电解质electrolyte电离平衡ionisationequilibrium电离常数ionisationconstant离子积ion-product?ConStant氢离子浓度指数hydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfromFrenchpotentield'hydrogene)溶解平衡dissolution?equilibrium[ds'lu()n]ekw溶度积solubilityproduct原电池galvanic(voltaic)cell[gl'vnk]盐桥saltbridge电极electrode正极/阳极anode?负极/阴极cathode绿色化学greenchemistry标准电极电势standardelectrodepotential(abbr.E0)干电池drycell一次电池Primarycen(battery)二次电池/蓄电池Secondarycen/storagebattery充电charge?放电discharge燃料电池fuel?cell电解electrolysis电解池/电解槽electrolyticcell电镀galvanisation],glvnai'zein]电偶腐蚀/电化腐蚀galvaniccorrosion分子空间构型moleculargeometries杂化hybrid轨道orbital晶格lattice晶体crystal晶胞crystalstructure堆积作用Sedimentation[,sedmn'ten]常见元素氢hydrogen(abbr.H)['haidrdn]氦helium(abbr.He)['hi:lim]锂Iithium(abbr.Li)['liθim]硼boron(abbr.B)['b:rn]碳carbon(abbr.C)['ka:bn]氮nitrogen(abbr.N)['naitrdn]氧oxygen(abbr.O)['ksidn]氟fluorine(abbr.F)['fluri:n]氖neon(abbr.Ne)['ni:n]钠Sodium(abbr.Na)['sudim]镁magnesium(abbr.Mg)专铝aluminum(abbr.Al)[,lminim]硅SiIicon(abbr.Si)['silikn]磷PhoSphoruS(abbr.P)['fsfrs]硫SuIfur(abbr.S)['slf]氯chlorine(abbr.Cl)['kl:ri:n]氩argon(abbr.Ar)['ɑ:gn]车用PotaSSium(abbr.K)[ptsim]钙calcium(abbr.Ca)[klsim]钛titanium(abbr.Ti)[tai'teinim]铬chromium(abbr.Cr)['krumjm]锰manganese(abbr.Mn)[mgni:z]铁iron(abbr.Fe)[′an]钴Cobalt(abbr.Co)[ku'b:lt]镍nickel(abbr.Ni)['nikl]铜Copper(abbr.Cu)['kp]锌zinc(abbr.Zn)[zik]砷arsenic(abbr.As)['ɑ:snik]溴bromine(abbr.Br)['brumi:n]车艮SilVer(abbr.Ag)['silv]锡tin(abbr.Sn)[tin]碘iodine(abbr.I)氙xenon(abbr.Xe)['zenn]钡barium(abbr.Ba)['berim]钨tungsten(abbr.W)[tstn]铂platinum(abbr.Pt)['pltinm]金gold(abbr.Au)[guld]汞mercury(abbr.Hg)['m:kjuri]铅lead(abbr.Pb)[led]常见单质氢气、氮气、氧气、氟气、氯气、液溴、固态碘的名称同元素名称金刚石diamond['daimnd]石墨graphite['grfait]臭氧ozone['uzun]红磷redphosphorus白磷Whitephosphorus常见根离子(Common?radicals)氢化的hydride['haidraid]硼酸boric(acid)adj.borate['bret]碳化的Carbide['ka:baid]碳酸CarboniC[kɑ'bnk](acid)adj.Carbonate?碳酸氢根biCarbonate/hydrogenCarbonate氮化的nitride['naitraid]叠氮化的azide['zaid]硝酸nitriC(aCid)adj.nitrate亚硝酸nitrous?['natrs](aCid)adj.nitrite氧化的oxide['ksaid]二氧化的dioxide[dai-']三氧化的trioxide?[tra'ksad]过氧根PeroXy(radical)adj.peroXide[p'ksaid]超氧化的SuperoXide[sjup'ksaid]氢氧根hydroxyl[hai'drksil](radical)adj.hydroXide?水合氢离子hydronium氟化的fluoride?偏铝酸meta-aluminic[met'ljuminik](acid)adj.meta-aluminate?['ljumnet]四羟基合铝酸hydroXyl-aluminic[hai'drksil-'](acid)硅酸Silicic['silisik](acid)adj.silic磷酸phoSphoric(acid)adj.phoSphate磷酸二氢根dihydrogenphosphate磷酸氢根hydrogenphosphate硫化的sulfide?硫氢根bisulphide/sulphanide/hydrogensulphide硫酸SulphUric(acid)adj.sulphate硫酸氢根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亚硫酸sulphurous(acid)adj.sulphite亚硫酸氢根bisulphite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosUlphate[θaiu-']焦硫酸根persulphate[p:-']氯化的chloride['klraid]氢氯酸/盐酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸ateperchloric(acid)adj.perchlorate氯酸Chloric(acid)adj.chloratesodium?hydride亚氯酸chlorous(acid)adj.chlorite次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)adj.hypochlorite溴化的bromide氢溴酸、高溴酸、溴酸、亚溴酸、次溴酸名称参见氯碘化的iodide['aidaid]氢碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亚碘酸、次碘酸名称参见氯卤化的halide铵木艮ammonium[munim]高锰酸根permanganate?锰酸根manganate?氰根cyanide['sainaid]硫氰根thiocyanate[θaiusaineit]铬酸根chromate重铬酸根dichromate常见无机化合物(commoninorganiccompounds)氨ammonia/azane[-]硅烷Silane[si-]磷化氢phosphine?硫化氢hydrogensulphide氮化镁magnesiumnitride四氧化三铁iron(II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氢hydrogenchloride氯化亚铁iron(II)chloride/ferrouschloride氯化铁iron(III)chloride/ferricchloride氯化亚锡tin(II)chloride/stannouschloride四羟基合铝酸钠sodiumaluminate磷酸二氢钠monosodiumphosphate磷酸氢二钠disodiumphosphate氯化铵ammoniumchloride硫氢化钠/硫氢酸钠氢化钠sodiumhydrosulphide系统命名法(ChemicalnomenclatUre) 壬non-一mono- 癸dec-十一undec-二di-十二dodec-三tri-四tetra- 十三tridec-五penta-十四tetradec-六hexa-十五pentadec-七hepta-十六hexadec-八octa-十七heptadec-九nona-十八octadec-十deca-十九nonadec-烷烃alkane(preffiXalkyl-,suffix-二十eicosane)三十triacont-甲meth-四十tetracont-乙eth-五十prntacont-丙prop-正构型normal-(n-)Tbut-异构型iso-(i-)戊pent-新构型neo-(n-)己hex-聚poly-庚hept-辛oct-烷基alkyl甲基me基yl(abbr.Me)乙基ethyl(abbr.Et)丙基Propyl(abbr.Pr)环烷烃cycloalkane(preffix-cyclo,suffix-ane)烯烃alkene(preffiXalkenyl-,suffix-ene)二烯烃allene(suffiχ-adiene)环烯烃cycloalkene(preffiXcyclo-,suffiX-ene)炔烃alkyne(preffixalkynyl-,suffiX-yne)顺式异构preffiXcis-(Z-)反式异构preffiXtrans-(E-)苯基phenyl(abbr.Ph)(preffiXphenyl-,suffiX-benzene)苄基benzyl(abbr.Bn)(preffixbenzyl-,suffix-toluene)醇alcohol(preffixhydroxy-,suffiX-ol)带卤素的化合物halogens(preffixfluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,etc.)酮ketone(preffixoxo-,suffix-one)醛aldehyde(preffixoxo-,suffix-alornotincludedincarbonchainpreffixformyl-,suffix-carbaldehyde)羧酸carboxylic[ka:bk'silik](acid)adj.carboxylate(suffix-oicacid)羧基carboxyl(preffixcarboxyl-,suffix-oicacidormultiplegroupssuffix-di,tri,tetracarbonylacid)乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr.Ac)醚ether(suffix-aneand-oxy)脂ester(preffixR-oxycarbonyl-,suffix-oicacid/-oate)胺和酰胺amine(preffixamino-,suffix-amineoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)andamide(preffixcarbamoyl-andamido-,sUffiX-amideand-carboxamideoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffiX-N-)氨基amino酰胺基amido磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffiXsulpho-,suffiX-sulphonicacid)睛nitrile(preffiXcyano-,suffiX-nitrile)酚Phenol/carbolicacid常见有机化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚酞Phenolphthalein(abbr.[fin?lf'Oeili:n]石蕊litmus?溴酚蓝bromophenoblue百里酚蓝thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龙胆紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform异戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcene[mair'si:n]聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯poly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龙poly(tetrafluoroethene)/teflon(abbr.PTF)晴纶orlon二甲醚methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoateHln/phph)甲酸/蚁酸methanoicacid/formicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicacid/aceticacid乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj.oxalate丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid软脂酸/棕榈酸hexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid硬脂酸钠sodiumstearate柠檬酸CitriCaCid柠檬酸钠sodiumcitrate乳酸lacticacid乳酸钠sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj.gluconate氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose半乳糖galactose核糖ribose脱氧核糖desoxyribose核糖核酸rebonucleicacid(abbr.RNA)脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleicacid(abbr.DNA)麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose磺酸SUlphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho-,suffix-sulphonicacid)睛