博士研究生考试

PaperOne(注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效。)PartIVocabularyandStructure(15%)Directions:Thereare30incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetIwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.1.He’scolor-blindandcan’t,thedifferencebetweenredandgreeneasily. A.detect B.discover C.distinguish D.determine2.Asmanyas100speciesoffish,sometothesewaters,mayhavebeenaffectedbythepollution. A.unusual B.particular C.typical D.unique3.Inherbrightyellowcoat,shewaseasilyinthecrowd. A.accessible B.identifiable C.negligible D.incredible4.Somepeoplefindthatcertainfoodstheirheadaches. A.introduce B.trigger C.summon D.create5.Theworkerschosetotheirdissatisfactioninaseriesofstrikes. A.deliver B.offer C.manifest D.indicate6.Livingwitharoommateconstraintsonher一一shecouldn’tplayhertrumpetorhavepartieslateatnight. A.imposed B.illustrated C.impressed D.left7.Idon’tknowhowtogetthereeither——perhapswe’dbetteramap. A.note B.mark C.consult D.draft8.Intheofrecentincidents,weareaskingourcustomerstotakeparticularcareoftheirbelongings. A.process B.company C.light D.form9.Thepolicearedoingalltheycantobringthoseresponsibleforthebombingto. A.evidence B.hearing C.justice D.rule10.Theprogrammeaimstomakethecountryinfoodandtocutenergyimports. A.self-confident B.self-sufficient C.self-satisfied D.self-restrained11.IthinkI’dliketostayathomethiseveninggoingoutasitisrainingsoheavily. A.belterthan B.otherthan C.ratherthan D.soonerthan12.Thepubliccanrestthatdetectivesaredoingeverythingpossibletofindthemurderer. A.assured B.approved C.guaranteed D.convinced13.Thechild’sbadbehaviorisoftennomorethanawayoftryingtohismother’sattentionawayfromhissister. A.reflect B.catch C.deflect D.reduce14.Thesmallbuildingwasmarkedwithamodestbrass,statingthenameandbusinessoftheoccupiers. A.plaque B.plateau C.plague D.plaster15.Idon’tknowwhatallthewasabout——itwasadullsortofafilmandtherewasalmostnosexinit. A.controversy B.conversation C.discussion D.illumination16.Imissedthelastflight,anddecidedtostaythenightattheairport. A.however B.therefore C.moreover D.meanwhile17.Youcouldbemanydangersbytravellingaloneinthatarea. A.subjectto B.immuneto C.sensitiveto D.resistantto18.Shechewedeachdeliciousmouthfulasslowlyasshecould,thepleasure. A.delaying B.prolonging C.insisting D.indulging19.Thecandidatehasanimpressivelyrangeofinterestsandexperience. A.diverse B.vivid C.mobile D.alive20.WhenIwassenttoprison,IreallyfeltIhadmyparents. A.let...off B.let...down C.let...out D.let...alone21.HeoutragebycallingtheTVprogrammes“talkingwallpaper”. A.provoked B.evoked C.revoked D.invoked22.Thegovernmentistryingtothepeopleintothinkingthatawarisnecessary. A.enlighten B.involve C.orient D.brainwash23.Allthequestionsaroundwhatshehadbeendoingonthenightoftherobbery. A.dissolved B.revolved C.evolved D.devolved24.Makesureyou’rehimbeforeyoustartsharingahouse. A.synonymouswith B.compatiblewith C.subordinateto D.autonomousof25.Shesaidthatthetreatmentshehadreceivedinthehospitalhadcompletelyherofherdignity. A.thrived B.suspended C.deprived D.contrived26.Shewasunimpressedbytheactor,describinghimas“avainmananddull”. A.intensively B.intensely C.downright D.actual27.downthanthetelephonerang. A.NotuntilIlay B.NosoonerhadIlain C.HardlyhadIlain D.ScarcelydidIlie28.I’msorryI’mlate——Ihadamentalandforgotthatwewouldhaveameetingtoday. A.aberration B.perversion C.imbalance D.sanity29.Iignoredanoldwomanwhoaskedmeformoneyinthestreetyesterdayandit’sbeenonmyeversince. A.morality B.conscience C.morale D.rationale30.Hesawuniversityasacommunityofscholars,wherestudentswerebyteachersintoanappreciationofdifferentphilosophicalapproaches. A.extracted B.deducted C.inducted DconductedPartIIReadingComprehension(40%)Directions:Therearefourreadingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedsentences.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestanswerandthenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetIwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.⑴Iamrunningdownanalleywithastolenavocado,havingclimbedoverawhitebrickfenceandintotheforbiddenbackyardofacarefullymanicuredestateatthecomerofElDoradoandCrescentDriveinBeverlyHills,Calif.Ihavesnatchedarock-hardFuerteavocadofromoneofthethreeavocadotreesnearthefence.Ihavebeentoldthatmanyferociousdogspatrolthegrounds;theyarekillers,thesedogs.Iamdefyingthem.Theyarenowheretobefound,exceptinmymind,andI’moutandgoneandinthealleywiththeirgrowlsdirectingmyimagination.Iamrunningwithfearandexhilaration,beginningaperiodofsummer.EmergingfromtheshieldofthealleyIcutoutintotheopen.Summerisaboutrunning,andIamrunning,protectedbydistancefromthedogs.AtthecomerofCrescentDriveandLomitasIspotBobbyTornitzeronabike.Ishout“Tornitzer!”Heturnshishead.Hisbikewobbles.AnautomobilemovingrapidlycatchesTornitzer’sbackwheel.TornitzeristhrownhighintotheairandontotheconcretesidewalkofCrescentDrive.Thedriver,awomanwithgrayhair,swirlsfromthecarhystericallyandhoversnoisilyoverTornitzer,whowillnotsurvivetheaccident.Iholdtheavocadotomychestandstand,frozen,acrossthestreet.Iamshiveringintheheat,andsinktomyknees.Itisapproximately3:30intheafternoon.ItisJune21,1946.InsevendaysIwillbe8yearsold.31.Thebesttitleforthisstorycouldbe.A.SummerB.KillerDogsC.MyEighthBirthdayD.TheAlley32.Themainimageinparagraph1isofayoungboy.A.climbingawhitebrickfences.B.snatchingavocados.C.runningwithfearandexhilaration.D.defyingferociousdogs.33.Themainimageinparagraph2isofA.Tornitzerridinghisbike.B.exhilarationturningintohorror.C.the7-year-oldemergingfromthealley.D.thehysteriaofthewomandriver.34.Thestorystartswiththefeelingofandendswiththefeelingof.A.joyfulaction...horrifiedinactionB.running...standingC.beingalone...beingwithothersD.beingoutintheopen...shiveringintheheat35.Thephrase“shiveringintheheat”dramaticallydescribesshockthroughA.theuseofminutedetail.B.theunexpectedcombinationofhotandcold.C.itsimpliedreferencetotheword“frozen”.D.thecontrastofdeathandplay.(2)Analystshavehadtheirgoathumor,andIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature,butwithoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbedissected,asafrogcan,butthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsarediscouragingtoanybutthepurescientificmind.InanewsreeltheatretheotherdayIsawapictureofamanwhohaddevelopedthesoapbubbletoahigherpointthanithadeverbeforereached.HehadbecometheacesoapbubbleblowerofAmerica,hadperfectedthebusinessofblowingbubbles,refinedit,doubledit,squaredit,andhadevenworkedhimselfupintoaconvenientlather.Theeffectwasnotpretty.Someofthebubblesweretoobigtobebeautiful,andtheblowerwasalwaysjumpingintothemoroutofthem,orplayingsomesortofunattractivetrickwiththem.Itwas,ifanything,aratherrepulsivesight.Humorisalittlelikethat:Itwon’tstandmuchblowingup,anditwon’tstandmuchpoking.Ithasacertainfragility,anevasiveness,whichonehadbestrespect.Essentially,itisacompletemystery.Ahumanframeconvulsedwithlaughter,andthelaughterbecominghystericalanduncontrollable,isasfaroutofbalanceasoneshakenwiththehiccoughsorinthethroesofasneezingfit.Oneofthethingscommonlysaidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysadpeople---clownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinit,butitisbadlystated.Itwouldbemoreaccurate,Ithink,tosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumorist,perhapsmoresensibleofitthansomeothers,compensatesforitactivelyandpositively.Humoristsfattenontrouble.Theyhavealwaysmadetroublepay.Theystragglealongwithagoodwillandendurepaincheerfully,knowinghowwellitwillservetheminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguages,fightingfoldingironingboardsandswollendrainpipes,sufferingtheterriblediscomfortoftightboots(orasJoshBillingswittilycalledthem,“tite”boots).Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitably,inaformthatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparklingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrongtideofhumanwoe.36.Thecentralthemeofthisessayis:A.Thereislittlehumorinoldnewsreel.B.Humorcanbedissectedlikeafrog.C.Humorisessentiallyamystery,andbecausehumoristsaremoreawareofmelancholy,theyseemsadderthanmostpeople.D.Humoristsneedtocompensateforthepaintheyhavesuffered37.Themainideaofparagraph2is:A.Theauthoroncesawapictureofthelargestsoapbubbleevermade.B.Thebubbleblowingperformancewasarepulsivesight.C.Humorisfragile.D.Laughterisnotameasureofhumor.38.Whydoestheauthorfeelthatwhenhumorisdissected,itdiesintheprocess?A.Thefuninhumorliesinexaminingitscontents.B.Humormusttantalizethesensesonimpact—ifithastobeexplained,itlosesitseffect.C.Humorisbestenjoyedbypeoplewithscientificminds.D.Agoodhumoristshouldexplainhisorherjoketomakesureeveryoneunderstandsit.39.Theword“melancholy”inparagraph3probablymeans.A.joyB.sadnessC.hysteriaD.exhilaration40.Inhisfinalsentence,theauthorisevokinganimageof.A.theoceanB.sparklinggemsC.hightideD.flowingwater(3)Everytimeanoldbuildingistorndowninthiscountry,andanewbuildinggoesup,thegroundfloorbecomesabank.Thereasonforthisisthatbanksaretheonlyoneswhocanaffordtherentforthegroundfloorofthenewbuildingsgoingup.Besides,whenabankloanssomeonemoneytobuildanewbuilding,itusuallytakesanoptionforthestreet-floorfacilities.Mostpeopledon’tthinkthereisanythingwrongwiththisandtheyacceptitaspartoftheAmericanfree-enterprisesystem.ButthereisasmallgroupofpeopleinthiscountrywhoarefightingforBankBirthControl.ThisishowHuddlestoneHubbard,theBBC’schairman,explainedit.“Wheneveryouseeanoldbuildingtorndown,”Hubbardsaid,“youusuallyseeacandystore,adrycleaner,adelicatessen,andpossiblyafloristtorndownwithit.Theseshopsareallreplacedinthenewbuildingswithabeautifulglass,aluminum,wall-to-wall-carpetedmoneyfactory.“Nowfromanaestheticviewpoint,abanklooksbetterthanafrycleaner,acandystore,adelicatessenandaflorist.Butfromapracticalpointofview,it’sasheerdisaster.Ifyouwantanewspaper,acandybarorachocolatemilkshake,youcan’tgetitatabank.NorcanyourunouttoabankforapoundofSwisscheeseandasix-packofbeerwhenhaveguestscomingover.“Abankisgreatifyouwanttobuyacar,butit’suselessifyouwanttohaveyourdresscleaned.“Andwhileabankmightbuyflowerstogiveitselfahumanimage,itdoesn’tsellanywhenyouwanttomakeupwithyourwife.”“Whatyou’resayingthen,Mr.Hubbard,isthateverytimeabankgoesup,somethinginallofusdies.”“Exactly.Oneofthereasonskidsaregettinginsomuchtroublethesedaysisthattherearenocandystorestohangaroundanymore.Whentheyteardownadelicatessen，thetangysmellsofpotatosalad,cornedbeefanddillpicklesarelostforever.Unlessyou’retryingtomakealoan,nooneeversalivatesinabank.”“Itistrue,”Isaid.“Thesituationismorecrucialthananyonethinks,”Hubbardsaid,“attheratethey’retearingdownconsumerstoresandreplacingthemwithbanks,weestimatethatintenyearsitwillbeimpossibletobuyaloafofbreadinthecountry.Whatgoodisittoget7percentonyourmoneyifyoustarvetodeath?”“Thenwhatyou’resayingisthatitisn’taquestionofnottakingitwithyou.It’saquestionofstayingalivewhileyouhaveit,”Isaid.“Somethinglikethat,”Hubbardagreed.“We’retryingtogetthepublictowakeuptothefactthatit’sbettertohaveastorethatsellsscrewdriversthanabankthatgivesawayalarmclocks.”“What’sthesolution?”“Agovernmentdecreethatabankhastosupplythesameservicesofthestoresittore,downonthesameproperty.Ifit’sabakery,theyhavetosellcake;ifit’saphotographyshop,theyhavetodevelopfilms;andifit’sadry-goodsstore,theyhavetosellwarmunderwear.Iftheyprovidetheservicesofthestorestheytoredown,thenwe’llletthemdoalittlemoneylendingontheside.”41.Thecentralthemeoftheessayis:A.Practicallyeverynewcommercialbuildingerectedtodayisownedbyabank.B.Banksareattemptingtodrivesmallmerchantsoutofservice.C.Newbanksarenotassetstoaneighborhoodinspiteoftheirattractiveappearance.D.Byoccupyinggroundfloorspaceinnewbuildings,banksarereplacingneighborhoodshoppingconveniences42.Thisessayiswritteninatoneof.A.humorousexaggerationB.humorousunderstatementC.seriousangerD.seriousfearofthefuture43.Theauthortalksaboutthe“BankBirthControl”groupbecause.A.itisthenameofarealgroupB.hehopestobecomeitspresidentC.heisbeinghumoroustomakehispointD.heisinfavorofallkindsofbirthcontrol44.Theattitudeoftheauthortowardsmallneighborhoodstoresisthatthey.A.aredirtyB.areconvenientandcolorfulC.shouldbereplacedbybanksD.shouldbecomesupermarkets45.Theauthormakeshispointbyusing.A.satireB.dramaC.romanceD.poetry(4)Whatifoursocietyusesnew-foundtechnologiesof“geneticengineering”tointerferewiththebiologicalnatureofhumanbeings?Mightthatnotbedisastrous?Whataboutcloning,forinstance?Cloningisatermoriginallyusedinconnectionwithnonsexualreproductionofplantsandverysimpleanimals.Nowitiscomingintouseinconnectionwithhigheranimals,sincebiologistsarefindingwaysofstartingwithanindividualcellofagrownanimalandinducingittomultiplyintoanothergrownanimal.Undoubtedly,ifpermitted,humanbeingcanbeclonedinthesamewayinthefuture.Butiscloningasafethingtounleashonsociety?Mightitnotbeusedfordestructivepurposes?Forinstance,mightnotsomerulinggroupdecidetoclonetheirsubmissive,downtroddenpeasantry,andthusproduceendlesshordesofsemi-robotswhowillslavetokeepafewinluxuryandwhomayevenserveasendlessranksofsoldiersdesignedtoconquertherestoftheworld?Adreadfulthought,butanunnecessaryfear.Foronething,thereisnoneedtocloneforthepurpose.Theordinarymethodofreproductionproducesallthehumanbeingsthatareneededandasrapidlyasisneeded.Rightnow,theordinarymethodisproducingsomanypeopleastoputcivilizationindangerofimminentdestruction.Whatmorecancloningdo?Secondly,unskilledsemi-robotscannotbesuccessfullypittedagainsttheskilledusersofmachines,eitheronfarms,infactoriesorinarmies.Anynationdependingondowntroddenmasseswillfinditselfaneasymarkforexploitationbyalesspopulousbutmoreskilledandversatilesociety.Thishashappenedinthepastoftenenough.Butevenifweforgetaboutself-hordes,whataboutthecloningofarelativelyfewindividuals?Therearerichpeoplewhocouldaffordtheexpense,orpoliticianswhocouldhavetheinfluenceforit,orthegiftedwhocouldundergoitbypopulardemand.Therecanbetwoofaparticularbankerorgovernororscientist——orthree——orathousand.Mightthisnotcreateakindofprivilegedcaste,whowouldreproducethemselvesingreaterandgreaternumbers,andwhowouldgraduallytakeovertheworld?Beforewegrowconcernedaboutthis,wemustaskwhethertherewillreallybeanygreatdemandforcloning.Wouldyouwanttobecloned?Thenewindividualformedfromyourcellwillhaveyourgenesandthereforeyourappearanceand,possibly,talents,buthewillnotbeyon.Theclonewillbe,atbest,merelyyouridenticaltwin.Identicaltwinssharethesamegeneticpattern,buttheyeachhavetheirownindividualityandareseparatepersons.Cloningisnotapathwaytoimmortality,then,becauseyourconsciousnessdoesnotsurviveinyourclone,anymorethanitwouldinyouridenticaltwinifyouhadone.Infact,yourclonewouldbefarlessthanyouridenticaltwin.Whatshapesandformsapersonalityisnotgenesalone,butalltheenvironmenttowhichitisexposed.Identicaltwinsgrowupinidenticalsurroundings,inthesamefamily,andundereachother’sinfluence.Acloneofyourself,perhapsthirtyorfortyyearsyounger,wouldgrowupinadifferentworldaltogetherandwouldbeshapedbyinfluencesthatwouldbesuretomakehimlessandlesslikeyouashegrowsolder.Hemayevenearnyourjealousy.Afterall,youareoldandheisyoung.Youmayoncehavebeenpoorandstruggledtobecomewell-to-do,buthewillbewell-to-dofromthestart.Themerefactthatyouwon’tbeabletoviewitasachild,butasanothercompetingandbetter-advantagedyou,mayaccentuatethejealousy.No!Iimaginethat,aftersomeinitialexperiments,thedemandforcloningwillbevirtuallynonexistent.46.Thecentralthemeofthisessayis:A.Geneticengineersareexperimentingwithcloning.B.Thecloningofhumanscouldproduceaprivilegedclass.C.Worriesaboutthedangersofhumancloningareill-founded.D.Personalitytraitscannotbepassedonthroughcloning.47.Theauthorassumesthatthereaderis.A.afraidofanationofdictatorsB.worriedabouttheabusesofcloningC.eagertoputcloningtopracticaluseD.readytobecloned48.Theauthorassumesthatthereaderthinks“immortality”A.frighteningB.unavoidableC.profitableD.desirable49.Toholdthereader’sinterest,theauthor.A.usesquotationsbyfamouspeopleB.asksfrequentquestionsofthereaderC.presentsmanyresearchstatisticsD.tellsmanyamusingstories50.Theword“hordes”asusedinthepassagemeans.A.swarmsoffishB.largegroupsofpeopleC.mountainrangesinAsiaD.largefieldsofgrainPaperTwo(注意：以下各题的答案必须写在AnswerSheetII上)PartIIICloze(10%)Directions:FillineachofthefollowingblankswithONEwordtocompletethemeaningofthepassage.WriteyouransweronAnswerSheetII.Aconsiderableamountofmedicalresearchisaimedatidentifyingriskfactorsfordisease.Therationalebehindthisworkisthatwhenpeopleareinformedoftheirrisk,theywillhappilychangetheirbehaviortolowerthatrisk.51thisiscertainlyareasonableassumption,itturnsoutthatthingsarenotquitethatsimpleandstraightforward.Firstofall,healthisnotnecessarilyatoppriorityineveryone’slifeand,forthesepeople,changingbehaviorintheinterestsofhealthmayinterfere52other