计算机专业英语7-8-9-10章

计算机专业英语(2006-2007学年04本)ComputingEssentialsCHAPTER7CONNECTIVITY,THEWIRELESSREVOLUTION,ANDCOMMUNICATIONS连接Connectivity连接Bluetooth蓝牙(技术)、无线革命和通讯，连接性Communicationsystems通讯系统Sendingandreceivingdevices发送和接受设备Communicationchannel通讯信道Connectiondecices连接设备Datatransmissionspecification数据转送规格说明规范////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckWhatisthewirelessrevolution?Describerthefourelementsofeverycommunicationsystem?////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////Communicationchannels通讯信道Telephonelines电话线

Twistedpair网络双绞线Coaxialcable同轴电缆Microwave微波LineofsightcommunicationSatellite人造卫星视线通讯（微波）Fiber-opticcable光纤电缆ConceptChackDiscussthetypesofcommunicationchannels.Whichisthefastestformofcablecommunicationschannels?Whatisonelimitationofmicrowavecommunication?AnalogsignalsDigitalsignals模拟信号数字信号Modem调制解调器Modulation调制Demodulation解调Externalmodem外置调制解调器Internalmodem内置调制解调器PCcardmodemWirelessmodem无限调制解调器

Dial-upservice\拨号服务T1,T2,T3,T4lines定速Digitalsubscriberline(DSL)用户、订户Cablemodems电缆调制解调器Satellite/airconnectionservices卫星连接服务//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckDiscussthefourbasictypesofmodems.Describethehigh-speedinternetoptionsavailabletomostusers./////////////////////////////////////////Bandwidth带宽Voiceband音频带宽低频Lowbandwidth低宽带Mediumband中波段Broadband宽带Serialdatatransmission串行数据传送RS-232CconnectorRS232连接器

Asynchronouscommunicationsport异步通讯接口Paralleldatatransmission并行数据发送Simplexcommunication单向通讯Half-duplexcommunication半双工通讯Full-duplexcommunication全双工通讯PROTOCOLS协议TCP/IP(transmissioncontrolprotocol/internetprotocol)传输控制协议/网际协议Identification身份验证IPaddress(InternetProtocoladdress)IP地址Domainnamesystem(DNS)域名系统Reformatting重新格式化Packets数据包//////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckWhatarethethreecategoriesofbandwidth?Whatarethethreedirectionsofdataflow?WhatisthestandardprotocolfortheInternet?

////////////////////////////////////////////TERMS术语Node网络节点Client客户Server服务器Networkoperatingsystem(NOS)网络操作系统Distributedprocessing分布式处理Hostcomputer宿主机、主计算机CONFIGURATIONSTopology拓扑Starnetwork星型网络Polling循环控制Time-sharingsystem分时系统Busnetwork总线网络Bus总线Ringnetwork环行网络Distributeddataprocessingsystem分布式Hierarchicalnetwork分级网络hybridnetwork混合网络数据处理系统

/////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheck?Whatisanetworktopology?Listthefourprincipalnetworktopologies.Whatisoneadvantageofthestarnetworktopology?Wheremightyoufindahierarchicalnetwork?//////////////////////////////////////////////////STRATEGIES策略Strategy策略Terminalnetworksystem终端网络系统Peer-to-peernetworksystem对等网络系统Client/servernetworksystems客户/服务器系统Enterprisecomputing企业级数据处理////////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckWhatarethemostcommonnetworkstrategies?Whataretheadvantagesofeachnetworkstrategy?//////////////////////////////////////////////////////

LOCALAREANETWORKS局域网Localareanetworks(LANs)局域网络Networkgateway网关Networkbridge网桥METROPOLITANAREANETWORKS城市区域网MAN—metropolitanareanetwork城市区域网WIDEAREANETWORKS广域网Wideareanetworks(WANs)广域网//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckDistinguishthethreetypesofnetworksdescribedhere.Whatistheprimarydifferencebetweennetworktypes?////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////CHAPTER8THEINTERNETANDTHEWEB因特网和万维网AdvancedResearchProjectAgencyNetwork(ARPANET)代理网络高级研究项目（军方）ARPA计算机网（美国国防部高级研究计划局建立的计算机网。这个国际网允许其成员使用其设备并对大批不同的计算机存取数据）

Web万维网WWW(WorldWideWeb)万维网CenterforEuropeanNuclearResearch(CERN),欧洲粒子物理研究所Communicating通信Shopping购物Searching搜索Entertainment娱乐Education教育ACCESS访问、存取PROVIDERS供应商Provider供应商Hostcomputer主机Nationalserviceproviders全国服务供应商（网Regionalserviceproviders区域服务供应商（网Wirelessserviceproviders无线服务供应商（网上商业公司）上商业公司）上商业公司）Browsers浏览器Uniformresourcelocators(URLs)统一资源定位方法Domaincode域码Websites网站

Surfing网上冲浪HypertextMarkupLanguage(HTML)超文本链接标记语言Webpage网页Homepage主页Hyperlinks超链接Applet小应用程序,特指JAVA的应用程序Java计算机语言Webportals网络入口Horizontalportals水平入口Verticalportals垂直入口////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckWhatisabrowser?Howdobrowserslocate/connecttootherresources?WhatareWebportals?////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////COMMUNICATIONE-MAIL电子邮件Header首部

Addresses地址Subject标题Attachments附件Message消息Signatureline签名DISCUSSIONGROUPSMailinglist邮件发送清单Listaddress地址目录Subscriptionaddress子条目、详细地址Newsgroups新闻组UseNet全球新闻组网络Chatgroups群聊Channel频道InternetRelayChat(IRC)多线交谈（群聊）Instantmessaging即时信息Lurking隐藏用户/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckWhatarethethreebasicelementsofane-mailmessage?

Whatarethethreeelementsofane-mailaddress?Describethefourtypesofdiscussiongroups.//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////SEARCHTOOLS搜索工具Searchservices搜索服务Searchproviders搜索服务供应商Agents代理Spiders蜘蛛Bots蠕虫SEARCHENGINES搜索引擎Searchengines搜索引擎Keywordsearch关键字搜索Hits匹配条目Directorysearch目录搜索Indexsearch索引搜索METASEARCHENGINES元搜索引擎

Metasearchengines元搜索引擎Specializedsearchengines专用搜索引擎//////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckWhatisasearchengine?Whatarethetowapproachesusedbyasearchengine?HowdoesametasearchenginelocateWebresources?///////////////////////////////////////////////ELECTRONICCOMMERCE电子商务Business-to–consumer(B2C)供应商对客户Consumer-to-consumer(C2C)客户对客户Business-to-business(B2B)供应商对供应商Webstorefronts网络店铺Webstorefrontcreationpackages网络店铺创作软件包Webauctions拍卖网

Auctionhousesites拍卖行网站Person-personauctionsites公众拍卖网站ELECTRONICPAYMENT电子支付Carders刷工（黑社会的俚语）Electroniccash电子货币e-cash电子货币cybercash计算机货币digitalcash数字货币//////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckWhatarethethreetypesofelectroniccommerce?DescriberWebstorefrontsandWebauction.Whatarethethreebasicpaymentoptionsforelectronicpayment?////////////////////////////////////////////////////WEBUTILITIES网络应用程序Webutilities网络应用程序

Telnet用于远程联接服务的标准协议或者实现此协议的软件,可为动词.远程登录Filetransferprotocol(FTP)文件传输协议Downloading下载Uploading上载，上传Plug-ins即插即用，插件HELPERAPPLICATIONS助手（在线帮助）应用Add-ons原意，另外加上。后发式或主动式Helperapplications助手（在线帮助）应用Off-linebrowsers离线浏览器Web-downloadingutilities网页下载应用程Pullproducts收集信息网点。Push推，Pull—收集Informationpushers信息推动程信息加速器Webbroadcasters网上Pushproducts促动（序序，广播，网上传播信息）产品，发布信息网点ChannelsFilters过滤器/////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckWhatareWebutilities?

Whatarethetwocategoriesofutilities?////////////////////////////////////////////////////ORGANIZATIONALINTERNETS:INTRANETSANDEXTRANETSIntranet企业内部互联网Extranets外网Firewalls防火墙Proxyserver代理服务器CHAPTER9PEOPLEPrivacySecurityErgonomicsEnvironment

EthicsComputerethicsPrivacyAccuracyPropertyAccessLARGEDATABASESReversedirectorySpreadinginformationwithoutpersonalconsentSpreadinginaccurateinformationPRIVATENETWORKSSnoopwareIllusionofanonymityHistoryfileCookies

TraditionalcookiesAdnetworkcookiesCookies-cutterprograms////////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckWhatarefourprimarycomputerethicsissues?Namesomeprivacyissuesassociateswithlargedatabases,privatenetworksandtheinternet./////////////////////////////////////////////////////SECURITYComputercrimeEmployeesOutsideusersHackersandcrackersHackersCrackers饼干,解密高手OrganizedcrimeTerrorists

DamageVirusesDenialofserviceattackViruscheckersTheftSoftwarepiracySoftwarecopyrightActof1980ManipulationTheComputerFraudandAbuseActof1986Naturalhazards自然风险CivilstrifeandterrorismTechnologicalfailuresVoltagesurgeSpikeSurgeprotectorHumanerrorsMEASURESTOPROTECTCOMPUTERSECURITY

SecurityEncryptingPasswordsFirewallsPhysicalsecurityDatasecurity物理(设备)安全DisasterrecoveryplanHotsidesColdsidesAvoidextremeconditions避免极端事件GuardthecomputerGuardprogramsanddata///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckGiveexamplesofthreatstocomputersecuritythatinvolvecomputercrimes.Giveexamplesofotherhazardsthatcanthreatencomputersecurity.Whataresomeofthemeasurestakentoensurecomputersecurity?采取哪些措施

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////ERGONOMICS人类工程学ErgonomicsPHYSICALHEALTH身体健康Avoidingeyestrainandheadache眼睛疲劳和头疼AvoidingbackandneckpainAvoidingeffectsofelectromagneticfieldsAvoidingrepetitivestraininjuryRepetitivestraininjurry(RSI)RepetitivemotioninjuryCumulativetraumadisorderCarpaltunnelsyndromeMENTALHEALTHAvoidingnoise

AvoidingstressfromexcessivemonitoringTechnostress/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckWhatisergonomicsandwhyisitimportant?Whataresomeofthemostsignificantphysicalandmentalhealthconcerns?//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////THEENVIROMENTEnergyStarGreenPCSystemUnitDisplayManufacturingChlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)碳氟化合物Conserve保存,保藏

RecycleEducate/////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckWhatissGreenPC?WhatarethebasicelementsoftheGreenPC?Whatotheractionscanyoutaketohelpprotectenvironmrnt?////////////////////////////////////////////////////CHAPTER10CHANGINGTIMES////////////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheck

Citeexamplesofwayscomputersarechangingthebusinessworld.引用,引证Whatarethehumanrequirementsofnewtechnology?////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////TECHNOLOGYANDORGANIZATION////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////ConceptCheckHowdoestechnologychangethenatureofcompetitionamongbusinesses?WhatroledoWebmastersp