医学科技论文英文摘要的写作

医学科技论文英文摘要的写作

AbstractWritingforMedical

ResearchPapers南方医科大学学报宋建武

Thislecturedoesnotintendtoprovideanall-inclusiveinstructionforabstractwriting;rather,itservesasaguidingtourintheartofscientificwriting,inwhichmuchremainstobeexploredbytheaudiencethemselves.摘要的作用(Whybother?)对研究内容和结果的高度概括突出体现论文中最重要的研究成果判断研究价值的最便捷手段科研论文最高效（很可能也是唯一的)宣传手段所以，一定要重视摘要的写作什么时候写摘要（When）？在研究设计完成之后，摘要的主要框架就可以确定了；在写论文时先写摘要，并以之为框架扩展成全文。也可以在写完论文全文之后，对全文浓缩提炼而成。怎么写摘要（How）？看文章的用途向刊物投稿：务必查阅刊物对摘要的格式要求（结构、篇幅限制）毕业论文：咨询摘要的格式和篇幅的下限会议论文：大体同刊物投稿，一般会有相应会议投稿说明关键信息：研究背景、目的：为什么做实验？要解决的具体问题？研究设计：研究是如何设计？临床研究更要明确研究设计技术路线：实验对象、对照、是否采用随机方法、样本量、采用的主要方法主要结果：重要的结果指标，重要的统计检验指标量值最直接的结论：由结果得到的直接结论，不宜笼统，诸如“本研究为进一步研究某某问题奠定了基础”之类的结论可删去英文摘要的结构:结构式和非结构式非结构式非结构式主要用于综述、基础医学研究论文，但在国内，绝大多数期刊的基础医学论文同样使用结构式摘要。非结构式摘要形式上更像一篇缩微的论文，概括反映全文的主体内容，能够清楚的反映研究的思路、亮点和创新性，但是写作上存在一定难度，随意性较大，容易造成重要信息的遗漏。结构式摘要经典的IMRAD架构，或称简明型结构式摘要：包含目的（Objective/Aim）、方法（Methods）、结果（Results）、结论（Conclusion）完全型结构式摘要，包含更多标题：研究背景（Background）目的（Objective/Aim）试验设计（Design）试验环境（Setting）病例（Patients）干预措施（Intervention）主要观察指标（MainOutcomeMeasures）结果（Results）结论（Conclusion）研究缺陷(Limitation）

非结构式摘要示例

Psoriasis（银屑病）isacommonimmune-mediateddisorderthataffectstheskin,nailsandjoints.

Toidentifypsoriasissusceptibilityloci,wegenotyped438,670SNPsin1,409psoriasiscasesand1,436controlsofEuropeanancestry.Wefollowedup21promisingSNPsin5,048psoriasiscasesand5,041controls.

Ourresultsprovidestrongsupportfortheassociationofatleastsevengeneticlociandpsoriasis(eachwithcombinedP<5×10-8).

NairRP,DuffinKC,HelmsC,etal.Genome-widescanrevealsassociationofpsoriasiswithIL-23andNF-kappaBpathways.NatGenet,2009,41(2):199-204.LociwithconfirmedassociationincludeHLA-C,threegenesinvolvedinIL-23signaling(IL23A,IL23R,IL12B),twogenesthatactdownstreamofTNF-alphaandregulateNF-kappaBsignaling(TNIP1,TNFAIP3)andtwogenesinvolvedinthemodulationofTh2immuneresponses(IL4,IL13).Althoughtheproteinsencodedintheselociareknowntointeractbiologically,wefoundnoevidenceforepistasisbetweenassociatedSNPs.

Ourresultsexpandthecatalogofgeneticlociimplicatedinpsoriasissusceptibilityandsuggestprioritytargetsforstudyinotherauto-immunedisorders.结构式摘要BACKGROUND:Despitehighannualratesofinfluenzainchildren,influenzavaccinesaregiventochildreninfrequently.WemeasuredthediseaseburdenofinfluenzainalargecohortofhealthychildrenintheTennesseeMedicaidprogramwhowereyoungerthan15yearsofage.METHODS:Wedeterminedtheratesofhospitalizationforacutecardiopulmonaryconditions,outpatientvisits,andcoursesofantibioticsoveraperiodof19consecutiveyears.UsingthedifferencesintheratesoftheseeventswheninfluenzaviruswascirculatingandtheratesfromNovemberthroughAprilwhentherewasnoinfluenzainthecommunity,wecalculatedmorbidityattributabletoinfluenza.Therewasatotalof2,035,143person-yearsofobservation.RESULTS:Duringperiodswheninfluenzaviruswascirculating,theaveragenumberofhospitalizationsforcardiopulmonaryconditionsinexcessoftheexpectednumberwas104per10,000childrenperyearforchildrenyoungerthan6monthsofage,50per10,000peryearforthose6monthstolessthan12months,19per10,000peryearforthose1yeartolessthan3years,9per10,000peryearforthose3yearstolessthan5years,and4per10,000peryearforthose5yearstolessthan15years.Forevery100children,anannualaverageof6to15outpatientvisitsand3to9coursesofantibioticswereattributabletoinfluenza.Inwinter,10to30percentoftheexcessnumberofcoursesofantibioticsoccurredduringperiodswheninfluenzaviruswascirculating.

CONCLUSIONS:Healthychildrenyoungerthanoneyearofagearehospitalizedforillnessattributabletoinfluenzaatratessimilartothoseforadultsathighriskforinfluenza.Therateofhospitalizationdecreasesmarkedlywithage.Influenzaaccountsforasubstantialnumberofoutpatientvisitsandcoursesofantibioticsinchildrenofallages.

NeuzilKM,MellenBG,WrightPF,etal.Theeffectofinfluenzaonhospitalizations,outpatientvisits,andcoursesofantibioticsinchildren.N-Engl-J-Med.2000Jan27;342(4):225-31撰写摘要的基本原则准确用词，表达

清楚句子表达意思一定要足够清楚，避免复杂的长句简洁减少一切不必要的描述规范缩略语，术语名称，量和单位；合乎语法

使用的时态（一定要记住）背景一般现在时目的过去时态方法过去时态结果过去时态结论一般现在时语态和人称问题国内期刊多使用第三人称，被动语态

Clonogenicsurvivalassayisemployedtoassessradiosensitivityofthecellsafterdifferentdosesofirradiationexposure.Flowcytometrywasusedtodetectthechangesinthecellcycleandcellapoptosisaftertheexposure.国外鼓励多使用第一人称和主动语态WeinvestigatedthesecretionandcellsurfaceexpressionofPDI…intheFRTL5thyroidcellline.Inthisstudy,weinfectedamurineosteoprogenitorcelllinewitharetroviralvectorcontainingthehumanbonemorphogenicprotein2(BMP2)gene.个人经验：描述程序性、常规操作用被动语态较合适；而要表现与他人不同的做法时，主动语态更合适——但不绝对如此语态和人称的转化被动语态转化为主动语态时，常伴随人称变化Bothgeneswerefoundcoexpressedintheinterdigitalregionof12.5-and13.5-dayhindlimbs.Wefoundcoexpressionofbothgenesintheinterdigitalregionof12.5-and13.5-dayhindlimbs.Wefoundthatbothgenescoexpressedintheinterdigitalregionof12.5-and13.5-dayhindlimbs.可通过变换动词避免人称变化Thecontrolanimalsweregivensalinealone.Thecontrolanimalsreceivedsalinealone.ThepatientswereexaminedbybothCTandMRI.ThepatientsunderwentbothCTandMRIexaminations.但有些表达还是使用被动语态比较好Theratsweresacrificed/decapitatedtoharvesttherenalgraft.Wesacrificed/decapitated/killedtherats…有点残忍吧？摘要各部分的常用表达目的Toinvestigate/observe/explore/evaluate/assess/determine/identify/understand/compare/validate/improve……一般的论文，这些词足以应付Thepurposeofthisstudywastosurveytheincidenceof…Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectsof…Thisstudysoughttoexaminewhetherexena