ITS 系统发展趋势

ITS系统发展趋势1IntroductionTheplanningaspectsoftransportengineeringrelatetourbanplanning,andinvolvetechnicalforecastingdecisionsandpoliticalfactors.Humanfactorsareanaspectoftransportengineering,particularlyconcerningdriver-vehicleinterfaceanduserinterfaceofroadsigns,signals,andmarkings.Technicalforecastingofpassengertravelusuallyinvolvesanurbantransportationplanningmodel,requiringtheestimationoftripgeneration

(howmanytripsforwhatpurpose),tripdistribution(destinationchoice,whereisthetravelergoing),modechoice(whatmodeisbeingtaken),androuteassignment(whichstreetsorroutesarebeingused).Moresophisticatedforecastingcanincludeotheraspectsoftravelerdecisions,includingautoownership,tripchaining(thedecisiontolinkindividualtripstogetherinatour)andthechoiceofresidentialorbusinesslocation(knownaslanduseforecasting).Transportationengineering,aspracticedbycivilengineers,primarilyinvolvesplanning,design,construction,maintenance,andoperationoftransportationfacilities.Operationsandmanagementinvolvetrafficengineering,sothatvehiclesmovesmoothlyontheroadortrack.Oldertechniquesincludesigns,signals,markings,andtolling.Newertechnologiesinvolveintelligenttransportationsystems(ITS),includingadvancedtravelerinformationsystems

(suchasvariablemessagesigns),advancedtrafficcontrolsystems

(suchasrampmeters),andvehicleinfrastructureintegration.ITS(Intelligenttransportationsystem)ITSreferstoeffortstoaddinformationandcommunicationstechnologytotransportinfrastructure

andvehiclesinanefforttomanagefactorsthattypicallyareatodds(不一致)witheachother,suchasvehicles,loads,androutestoimprovesafetyandreducevehiclewear,transportationtimes,andfuelconsumption.ITScomesfromtheproblemscausedbytrafficcongestion(擁塞)andasynergy(協同增效作用)ofnewinformationtechnologyforsimulation,real-timecontrol,andcommunicationsnetworks.What

is

ITS?智慧型運輸系統

(ITS,IntelligentTransportationSystem)乃是應用先進的電子、通信、資訊與感測等技術，以整合人、路、車的管理策略，提供即時(real-time)資訊以增進運輸系統的安全、效率及舒適性，同時也減少交通對環境的衝擊。78ITS概念模式9Congestion

reducesefficiencyoftransportationinfrastructureandincreasestraveltime,airpollution,andfuelconsumption."Roadoperators,infrastructure,vehicles,theirdriversandotherroaduserswillcooperatetodeliverthemostefficient,safe,secureandcomfortablejourney.Thevehicle-vehicleandvehicle-infrastructureco-operativesystemswillcontributetotheseobjectivesbeyondtheimprovementsachievablewithstand-alonesystems."為什麼要發展ITS交通擁擠交通事故能源消耗空氣汙染11運輸需求大幅增加，道路建設緩不濟急，交通擁擠造成運輸機動性與經濟生產力的降低。車禍死傷嚴重，造成龐大的社會成本與負擔。公路運輸過度消耗石油能源，造成國家整體資源分配的不均衡。大量的汽、機車排放廢氣，威脅大自然與環境的永續發展。ITS目標增進交通安全(減少交通事故，提昇行車安全)降低環境衝擊(減少空氣、噪音污染，提高能源使用效率)改善運輸效率(降低交通擁擠，提高運輸機動性)提昇經濟生產力(促進相關產業發展，增加就業機會)12

Factorsforbothmotorizationandurbanization:industrialeconomyreplacedtheagriculturaleconomy.Populationtomovefromrurallocationsintourbancenters.motorizationwascausingcitiestoexpand.

Suburbs(近郊住宅區)providedareasonablecompromisebetweenpopulationdensityandaccesstoemployment,goods,andservices.suburbaninfrastructurecouldbebuiltquickly,supportingarapidtransitionfromarural/agriculturaleconomytoanindustrial/urbaneconomy.Further,ITScanplayaroleintherapidmassevacuation

ofpeopleinurbancentersafterlargecasualtyeventssuchasaresultofanaturaldisasterorthreat.MuchoftheinfrastructureandplanninginvolvedwithITSparallelstheneedforhomelandsecuritysystems.Inthedevelopingworld,themigrationofpeoplefromruraltourbanizedhabitatshasprogresseddifferentlyandsupportedbyamultimodalsystemofwalking,bicycletransportation,motorcycles,

buses,andtrains.15ITS的技術骨幹

資訊收集：感測技術資訊處理：電腦技術資訊傳輸：通信技術16九大服務領域17執行架構18ThesuccessofITSisheavilydependentontheavailabilityoftimelyandaccurateestimatesoftrafficconditions.Theneededsystemistoutilizeadvancedtrafficmodelstoanalyzedata,especiallyreal-timetrafficdata,fromdifferentsourcestoestimateandpredicttrafficconditionssothatproactive(前瞻性)AdvancedTrafficManagementSystems(ATMS)andAdvancedTravelerInformationSystems(ATIS)strategiescanbeimplementedtomeetvarioustrafficcontrol,management,andoperationobjectives.先進交通管理系統

(AdvancedTrafficManagementSystems,

ATMS)ATMS為智慧型運輸系統(ITS)的核心與基礎。利用偵測、通訊及控制等技術，將交通監控所得之交通狀況，經由通訊網路傳輸到控制中心，制定及評估交通控制策略，執行整體性的交通管理。相關資訊傳送給用路人與相關道路管理單位，以達到運輸效率最大化及運輸安全之目的。20Activetrafficmanagement(ATM),alsoknownasmanagedlanesorsmartlanes,isaschemeforimprovingtrafficflowandreducingcongestiononmotorways.Ithasbeenimplementedinseveralcountries,includingGermany,theUnitedKingdom,andtheUnitedStates.Itmakesuseofautomaticsystemsandhumaninterventiontomanagetrafficflowandensurethesafetyofroadusers.交通管理功能與其他各功能間的關係

22ATMS之涵蓋範圍23有效改善交通擁擠問題提高交通服務水準交通資訊需求管理高速公路匝道控制幹道號誌控制ATMS之相關技術電腦交通號誌匝道儀控事件自動偵測動態交通預測自動車輛定位可變訊息標誌地理資訊系統行進間測重自動車輛分類電子式自動收費自動車輛辨識最佳路線導引2425IntelligenttransportationapplicationsElectronictollcollection(ETC)makesitpossibleforvehiclestodrivethroughtollgatesattrafficspeed,reducingcongestionattollplazasandautomatingtollcollection.MostETCsystemswerebasedonusingradiodevicesinvehiclesthatwoulduseproprietary(專利的)protocolstoidentifyavehicleasitpassedunderagantryovertheroadway.ManyETCsystemsusetransponderslikethisonetoelectronicallydebittheaccountsofregisteredcarswithouttheirstoppingNorwaynowhas25tollroadsoperatingwithelectronicfeecollection(EFC),astheNorwegiantechnologyiscalled(seeAutoPASS).In1995,Portugalbecamethefirstcountrytoapplyasingle,universalsystemtoalltollsinthecountry,電子式自動收費

28AutomatedvehicleidentificationSomeearlyAVI(Automatedvehicleidentification)systemsusedbarcodesaffixedtoeachvehicle,tobereadopticallyatthetollbooth.Opticalsystemsprovedtohavepoorreadingreliability,especiallywhenfacedwithinclementweatheranddirtyvehicles.MostcurrentAVIsystemsrelyonradio-frequencyidentification,whereanantennaatthetollgatecommunicateswithatransponderonthevehicleviaDedicatedShortRangeCommunications(DSRC).HighoccupancytolllanesHighoccupancytolllanes(HOTlanes)isaroadpricingschemethatgivesmotoristsinsingle-occupantvehiclesaccesstohigh-occupancyvehiclelanes(or"HOVlanes").Typically,thesetollsincreaseastrafficdensityandcongestionwithinthetolledlanesincreases,apolicyknownascongestionpricing.Thegoalofthispricingschemeistominimizetrafficcongestionwithinthelanes.CordonzoneswithcongestionpricingThemainobjectiveofthischargeistoreducetrafficcongestionwithinthecordonarea.Thisfeeortollischargedautomaticallyusingelectronictollcollectionorautomaticnumberplaterecognition,sincestoppingtheusersatconventionaltollboothswouldcauselongqueues,longdelays,andevengridlock(市區交通大堵塞).CongestionpricinggantryatNorthBridgeRoad,Singapore.Cordonzones(管制區)havebeenimplementedinSingapore,Stockholm,andLondon,whereacongestionchargeorfeeiscollectedfromvehiclesenteringacongestedcitycenter.VariablespeedlimitsVariablespeedlimitswhichchangewithroadcongestionandotherfactors.Typicallysuchspeedlimitsonlychangetodeclineduringpoorconditions,ratherthanbeingimprovedingoodones.ExamplevariablespeedlimitsignintheUnitedStates.EmergencyvehiclenotificationsystemsThein-vehicleeCallisanemergencycallgeneratedeithermanuallybythevehicleoccupantsorautomaticallyviaactivationofin-vehiclesensorsafteranaccident.Whenactivated,thein-vehicleeCalldevicewillestablishanemergencycallcarryingbothvoiceanddatadirectlytothenearestemergencypoint.Theminimumsetofdatacontainsinformationabouttheincident,includingtime,preciselocation,thedirectionthevehiclewastraveling,andvehicleidentification.CooperativesystemsontheroadCommunicationcooperationontheroadincludescar-to-car,car-to-infrastructure,andviceversa.Dataavailablefromvehiclesisacquiredandtransmit