华中农业大学微生物英文版课件1

Biologyofmicroorganisms

ZhaoBinandHeshaojiangThecollegeofLifeScienceandTechnologyHuazhongAgriculturalUniversityIntroductionHowtouseyourtextbook?What’sthearrangementfortheteaching?WhyshouldwestudymicrobiologyLecture(70hours)Laboratorypractice(50hours)Mini-test(10times)Open-laboratorypracticeClubactivityArrangementWhyshouldwestudymicrobiology?Twomajorreasonsmicrobiologydealswithmanyimportantpracticalproblemsinmedicine,agriculture,andindustry.Biochemicalandgeneticstudy

AsabasicbiologicalscienceAsanappliedbiologicalscienceProvidesresearchtoolstheexperimentalbasisofmicrobiologythegeneralprinciplesofcellstructureandfunctiontheclassificationanddiversityofmicroorganismsbiochemicalprocessesincellsthegeneticbasisofmicrobialgrowthandevolutiontheecologicalactivitiesofmicroorganismsinnature.

Wewilldiscuss:

Howtouseyourtextbook?TheCHAPTEROUTLINE

providesanoverviewofthechapter’smainconcepts.

SECTIONNUMBERS

keydetopagenumbersprovideeasyreferencepoints.TheWORKINGGLOSSARY

providesdefinitionsofimportanttermswithineachchapter.(BrockBiologyofMicroorganisms,NinthEdition)CONCEPTCHECKS

summarizeeachsectionandprovidequizquestions,sostudentscanevaluatetheirunderstandingastheyprogressthroughthechapter.CONCEPTLINKS

alertstudentstomaterialthatbuildsonpreviousconceptsandprovidesausefulcross-referencingsystemfortheentirebook.OutstandingMICROGRAPHSareincludedthroughout.

TABLEShavebeenredesignedtomakekeyinformationevenmoreaccessibletostudents.TheART

inthenintheditionhasbeenthoroughlyrevised,butstillmaintainstheuseofconsistentcolorcoding.BOLDFACEDTERMS

aredefinedintheGlossary.FEATUREBOXES

provideadditional,relevantinformation.Sometakeanhistoricalperspective,somefocusontechniquesandapplications,andothersexploreatexttopicingreaterdepth.REVIEWQUESTIONS

challengethestudent’smasteryofchapterconcepts.APPLICATIONQUESTIONS

allowstudentstotesttheiranalyticalandproblem-solvingskills.APPENDICESprovideusefultutorialandreferenceinformation.BackBackBackBackBackBackBackBackAveryeffectivestudytechniquetoyou

SurveyQuestion

ReadReviseRecord

ReviewSQ4RTechniqueTocontinueSurvey

Brieflyscanthechaptertobecomefamiliarwithitsgeneralcontent.Quicklyreadthetitle,introduction,summary,andmainheadings.Recordthemajorideasandpointsthatyouthinkthechapterwillmake.Iftherearealistofchapterconceptsandachapteroutline,paycloseattentiontothese.Thissurveyshouldgiveyouafeelforthetopicandhowthechapterisapproachingit.Question

Asyoureacheachmainheadingorsubheading,trytocomposeanimportantquestionortwothatyoubelievethesectionwillanswer.Thispreviewquestionwillhelpfocusyourreadingofthesection.Itisalsoagoodideatokeepaskingyourselfquestionsasyouread.Thishabitfacilitatesactivereadingandlearning.

Read

Carefullyreadthesection.Readtounderstandconceptsandmajorpoints,andtrytofindtheanswertoyourpreviewquestion(s).Youmaywanttohighlightveryimportanttermsorexplanationsofconcepts,butdonotindiscriminantlyhighlighteverything.ReviseAfterreadingthesection,reviseyourquestion(s)tomoreaccuratelyreflectthesection'scontents.Thesequestionsshouldbeconcepttypequestionsthatforceyoutobringtogetheranumberofdetails.Theycanbewritteninthemarginsofyourtext.Record

Underlinetheinformationinthetextthatanswersyourquestions,ifyouhavenotalreadydoneso.Youmaywishtowritedowntheanswersinnoteformaswell.Thisprocesswillgiveyougoodmaterialtouseinpreparingforexams.Review

Reviewtheinformationbytryingtoansweryourquestionswithoutlookingatthetext.Ifthetexthasalistofkeywordsandasetofstudyquestions,besuretousetheseinyourreview.Youwillretainmuchmoreifyoureviewthematerialseveraltimes.1.1Whatisamicrobe?1.2TheimportanceofMicrobiology1.3Microbesinourlives1.4Thehistoryofmicrobiology1.5ImportanteventsinthedevelopmentofmicrobiologyCHAPTER1

MicroorganismsandMicrobiologyThewordmicrobe(microorganism)isusedtodescribeanorganismthatissosmallthat,normally,itcannotbeseenwithouttheuseofamicroscope.Viruses,bacteria,fungi,protozoaandsomealgaeareallincludedinthiscategory.1.1Whatisamicrobe?Ourworldispopulatedbyinvisiblecreaturestoosmalltobeseenwiththeunaidedeye.Theselifeforms,themicrobesormicroorganisms,maybeseenonlybymagnifyingtheirimagewithamicroscope.

MicrobialworldOrganisms

(living)Infectiousagents

(non-living)Prokaryotes(unicellular)eukaryotesvirusesviroidsprionsEubacteriaArchaeaAlgae(unicellularormulticellularFungi(unicellularormulticellularProtozoa(unicellular)OthermulticellularorganismsMostofthebacteria,proto-zoa,andfungiaresingle-celledmicroorganisms,andeventhemulticelledmicrobesdonothaveagreatrangeofcelltypes.Virusesarenotevencells,justgeneticmaterialsurroundedbyaproteincoatandincapableofindependentexistence.Thesizeandcelltypeofmicrobes

microbeApproximaterangeofsizesCelltypeViruses0.01-0.25µmAcellularBacteria0.1-10µmProkaryoteFungi2µm->1mEukaryoteProtozoa2-1000µmEukaryoteAlgae1µm-severalmetersEukaryoteMicrobesimpingeonallaspectsoflife,justafewofthesearelistedbelow:TheenvironmentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearch1.2TheimportanceofmicrobiologyTheenvironmentMedicineFood

BiotechnologyResearchPressheretocontinue

Microbesareresponsibleforthecyclingofcarbon,nitrogenandphosphors(geochemicalcycles),allessentialcomponentsoflivingorganisms(TopicFI).Theyarefoundinassociationwithplantsinsymbioticrelationships,maintainsoilfertilitvandmayalsobeusedtocleanuptheenvironmentoftoxiccompounds(bio-remediation;TopicsH6and14).Somemicrobesaredevastatingplantpathogens(TopicH7),whichdestroyimportantfoodcrops,butothersmayactasbiologicalcontrolagentsagainstthesediseases.Thedisease-causingabilityofsomemicrobessuchassmallpox.(Variolavirus;TopicKS),cholera(Vibriocholerabacteria;SectionF3)andmalaria(Plasmodiumprotozoa,TopicJ7)iswellknown.However,micro-organismshavealsoprovideduswiththemeansoftheircontrolintheformofantibiotics(TopicF7)andothermedicallyimportantdrugs.Microbeshavebeenusedforthousandsofyears,inmanyprocesses,toproducefood,frombrewingandwinemaking,throughcheeseproductionandbreadmaking,tothemanufactureofsoysauce(TopicF2).Attheotherendofthescale,microbesareresponsibleforfoodspoilage,anddisease-causingmicrobesarefrequentlycarriedonfood(TopicF5).Traditionallymicrobeshavebeenusedtosynthesizemanyimportantchemicalssuchasacetoneandaceticacid(TopicF2).Morerecentlyheadve