ppms生物电子考試及評核局

香港考試及評核局HONGKONGEXAMINATIONSANDASSESSMENT香港中學文憑考試HONGKONGDIPLOMAOFSECONDARYEDUCATION練習卷PRACTICE生物試卷一 PAPER評卷參MARKING(2012年2月24日修訂稿(updatedasat24Feb本評卷參考乃香港考試及評核局專為本科練習卷而編寫，供教師和學生參考之用。學生不應將評卷參考視為標準答案，硬背死記，活剝生吞。這種學習態度，既無助學生改善學習，學懂應對及解難，亦有違考試着重理解能力與運用技巧之旨。ThismarkingschemehasbeenpreparedbytheHongKongExaminationsandAssessmentAuthorityforteachers’andstudents’reference.ThismarkingschemeshouldNOTberegardedasasetofmodelanswers.Ourexaminationsemphasisethetestingofunderstanding,thepracticalapplicationofknowledgeandtheuseofprocessingskills.Hencetheuseofmodelanswers,oranythingelsewhichencouragesrotememorisation,willnothelpstudentstoimprovetheirlearningnordeveloptheirabilitiesinaddressingandsolvingproblems.香港考試及評核 保留版HongKongExaminationsandAssessmentAuthorityAllRightsReserved2012SectionQuestionQuestion1CC2DC3AB4BC5DA6BA7CC8AA9ABDBBBAAADBCDDCDDBCDSectionMarkingGeneralNotesforTeachersonThismarkingschemehasbeenupdated,withrevisionsmadeafterthescrutinyofactualsamplesofstudentperformanceinthepracticepapers.Teachersarestronglyadvisedtoconducttheirowninternalstandardisationproceduresbeforeapplyingthemarkingschemes.Afterstandardisation,teachersshouldadheretothemarkingschemetoensureauniformstandardofmarkingwithintheschool.Themarkingschememaynotexhaustallpossibleanswersforeachquestion.Teachersshouldexercisetheirprofessionaldiscretionandjudgmentinacceptingalternativeanswersthatarenotinthemarkingschemebutarecorrectandwellreasoned.Thefollowingsymbolsare((Bracketedwords,figuresorideasarenotessentialforthecandidatetobeawardedthe/Asingleslashindicatesanacceptablealternativewithinan+Aplussignindicatesthattherearetwopiecesofinformationnecessarytobeawardedthepoint:thefirstpieceofinformationcomesbeforetheplussignandthesecondafter.*CorrectspellingInquestionsaskingforaspecifiednumberofreasonsorexamplesetc.andastudentgivesmorethantherequirednumber,theextraanswersshouldnotbemarked.Forinstance,inaquestionaskingstudentstoprovidetwoexamples,andifastudentgivesthreeanswers,onlythefirsttwoshouldbemarked.Cholera: Denguefever: (Palisade/spongy)mesophyllcell Q(1)Q(1)SPProcessofATPsynthesisphotophosphorylation/photochemicalreactions(1)substratelevelphosphorylation/glycolysis(1)any2 [1+1]x whilephotoreceptorBisresponsibleforcolour PhotoreceptorBisonlystimulatedbystronglight, alargernumberofphotoreceptorBisstimulatedinbrightlightthanindimlight./ smallernumberofphotoreceptorBisstimulatedindimThusthecolouredobjectisperceivedasbeingmorecolourfulinbright PHBAreducestherateofenzymatic However,therateofenzymaticreactionisincreasedandreachesaratewhich comparabletothatwithoutPHBAwhenthesubstrateconcentrationisThisshowsthatPHBAisacompetitiveinhibitoroftheenzymediphenol RelativeRelativerateofenzymaticreaction(arbitraryunit)diphenoloxidasealonediphenoloxidase+PHBAConcentrationofphenol(arbitrary AchangeinpHmaycauseconformationalchangeintheactivesite/changein shapeoftheactivesiteoftheThesubstratethencannotfitintotheactivesiteoftheenzymetoformthe andhencewouldaffecttheactivityofthe Noreplicateiscarriedoutandsotheresultsmaynotbe Quadratsamplingisnotaccuratefordeterminingthenumberof animalslike )any 1xBurrowingbivalveswillbemissedifonlyanimalsonthesurface are Samplingisnotrandomandhenceabiasedsamplemaybe Thepopulationsizeofthecrabsremainsconstant asthecrabswilleatmoresnailswhentheabundanceofclamsisreduced.Thepopulationsizeofthecrabsmaybereducedasmoresnailsareconsumedwhenthenumberofclamsisreduced.Thenumberofsnailsmaynotbeenoughtomaintainthepopulationsizeofthecrab.(1) Sincethebacteriaweretakenfromahumanbeing,thehumanbodytemperature thereforesuitableforthegrowthofthe D,A,C, Theantibioticdiffusesoutwardfromthepaper Thefartherawayfromthedisc,theloweristheconcentrationofthe Alargerclearzoneindicatesthattheantibioticiseffectiveininhibiting growthevenatalowerGeneticvariationsexistamongbacteriaintheirresistancetoantibiotic Thenon-resistantstrainofthisbacteriahasbeencontinuouslyeliminatedbyantibiotic whiletheresistantstrainofthisbacteriahasandreproducedtoproduceresistant Theproportionoftheresistantstraininthisbacteriapopulation Thus,theeffectivenessofantibioticB Coronary Theworkloadoftheheartmusclecellsisincreasedduring NarrowingofarteryXresultsinareducedbloodflowtotheheartmuscles, thusreducingthesupplyofoxygenandglucosetotheheartmuscleSomeheartmusclecellsmay Thus,Mr.Chanmaysufferfromaheartattackduringvigorous Thecarbonmonoxideincigarettesmokewillreducetheoxygen- capacityoftheblood./Quittingsmokingreducestheamountofcarbonmonoxideinhaled,andhencehelpsincreasethebloodoxygenation. Alowfatdietreducesthechanceoffattysubstancesinthedietbeing onthewallinsidethecoronary (Primary/ecological) nitrogenfixing Thebacteriafixedatmosphericnitrogenintoammonium andsuppliedthenitrogenouscompoundsforplantspeciesAandB synthesiseThedecay/decompositionoftheplantspeciesAandBaftertheir releasedthefixednitrogentotheThisincreasedthesoilnitrogencontentinStages1and(ii)ThenitrogenrequirementofspeciesCshouldbequitehigh,whichmeansit unabletosurviveinStage1whenthenitrogencontentwaslow./TheabsenceofsymbioticnitrogenfixingbacteriainspeciesCmeansthatitwasunabletosurviveinStage1whenthenitrogencontentwaslow.ItsgrowthwasonlypossibleinStage2whenthesoilnitrogencontent SpeciesCout-competedspeciesAandBinStage3andbecamethe Duringgameteformation/meiosis,membersofthe21sthomologouschromosomes toAfterthegametebearingtheextrachromosomefuseswithanormalgamete,the formedwillhaveDown Beingasex-linktrait,thealleleforcolourblindnessislocatedon X-AstheXchromosomeofindividualEmustcomefromthemother themothermusthaveanXchromosomewithanalleleforcolour Beingnormal,themothermustbeartheallelefornormalcolourvisionon otherXHence,thegenotypeofthemothermustbeheterozygous/XBXb(whereBis allelefornormalcolourvision&bisthealleleforcolour LetBrepresenttheallelefornormalcolourandbrepresentthealleleforcolour Genetic XBXb Geneticdiagramnotinaproperformat(parent,gameteandoffspringnot Theprobabilityofgivingbirthtoacolour-blinddaughteris Theanthersacsarehangingoutofthe Wateristosoftentheseedcoatfortheemergenceofthe toactivatetheenzymesneededfor tohydrolysethestoredfood(e.g.starch)foruseinrespirationto providetheenergyneeded. toprovideamediumfortransportingthesolublefoodto growingpartsfor

1xSamplesize:Soakasufficientlylargenumberofwheatgrains(e.g.50)inwater Settingupofthecontrol:Soakequalnumberofwheatgrainsinwaterwithout Controlledvariables:Allowthegrainsinthe2set-upstogerminateunder environmentalconditionsforthesameperiodofMeasurement:Comparethesuccessrateofgerminationtoseeifthereisany Thecellmembraneiscomposedofaphospholipid Beingnon-polar,thefattyacidscandissolveinthephospholipidlayer diffusethroughthecell(ii)Beingpolar,theaminoacidsarerepelledbythephospholipidbilayer/cannotdissolveinthephospholipidbilayer(1)andthuscannotdiffuseacrossthecellSomeproteinsspanningacrossthephospholipidbilayerprovide(hydrophilic)channelsforthepassageoftheaminoacids/actascarriersfortransportingtheaminoacidsacrossthemembrane.(1)Transportofaminoacidsbythesechannels/carriersisunidirectional.

max. Active Activetransportrequiresenergywhereasdiffusionisapassiveprocess)whichdoesnotrequiresenergy.(1) Activetransportneedscarrierproteinsfortransporting whilediffusiondoesnotneedcarrierproteins. )anyActivetransportcantransportasubstanceagainstitsconcentration gradientwhereasdiffusioncannot. [AcceptablealternativeFacilitateddiffusion*(1);Carrierproteinsareneededforfacilitateddiffusionwhereasnocarrierproteinsareneededfordiffusion.(1)]Positivephototropicresponseoftheshoot(1)enablestheleavestobebroughtintopositionsthatenablethemtoreceivemaximumsunlightforphotosynthesis(1)Negativephototropicresponseoftheroot(1)enablestheroottogrowdeepintothesoilforfirmanchorage/obtainwaterfromdeeperground.(1)Tropicresponseisadirectionalgrowthresponseofsomepartsoftheplanttoaunidirectionalstimulus(1)whereasreflexactionisastereotypedresponsetoastimulus.[i.e.growthresponseVsnon-growthresponse;unidirectionalstimulusVsstimulusnotnecessarilybeunidirectional]Tropicresponseismediatedbyauxins/chemicalsubstanceswhilereflexactionismediatedbynerveimpulseswhichareelectrochemicalinnature.(1)Theresponseintropismisslowwhereasthereflexresponseisalwaysfast.Differenteffectors(e.g.shoottips/roottips)canshowdifferentresponses(positiveornegative)tothesamestimulus(e.g.unidirectionallight).However,theeffectorsinthereflexactionalwaysgivethesameresponse.(1)Thesamestimuluscancausetropicresponsesindifferentpartsoftheplants(e.g.roottipsandshoottips),buttheresponseinreflexactionislocalised.(1)

2max. MarkawardforClarityofexpressionandrelevancetothequestion3Answersareeasytounderstand.Theyarefluentshowinggoodcommandoflanguage.ThereisnoorlittleAnswersarewellstructuredshowingcoherenceofthoughtandorganisationofideas.2Languageusedisunderstandable,butthereissomeinappropriateuseofwords.Alittleirrelevantmaterialincluded,butdoesnotmartheoverallanswer.Answersareorganised,butthereissomerepetitionofideas.1MarkershavetospendsometimeandeffortonunderstandingtheIrrelevantmaterialobscuresminorAnswersareabitdisorganised,butparagraphingisevident.Repetitionisnoticeable.0 Irrelevantmaterialburiesthemajorideasrequiredbythequestion.Ideasarenotcoherentandsystematic.Candidateshowsnoattempttoorganisethoughts.香港考試及評核局香港中學文憑考試練習卷PRACTICE生 試卷二 評卷參(2012224日修訂稿(updatedasat24Feb本評卷參考乃香港考試及評核局專為本科練習卷而編寫，供教師和學生參考之用。學生不應將評卷參考視為標準答案，硬背死記，活剝生吞。這種學習態度，既無助學生改善學習，學懂應對及解難，亦有違考試着重理解能力與運用技巧之旨。ThismarkingschemehasbeenpreparedbytheHongKongExaminationsandAssessmentAuthorityforteachers’andstudents’reference.ThismarkingschemeshouldNOTberegardedasasetofmodelanswers.Ourexaminationsemphasisethetestingofunderstanding,thepracticalapplicationofknowledgeandtheuseofprocessingskills.Hencetheuseofmodelanswers,oranythingelsewhichencouragesrotememorisation,willnothelpstudentstoimprovetheirlearningnordeveloptheirabilitiesinaddressingandsolvingproblems.香港考試及評核 保留版HongKongExaminationsandAssessmentAuthorityAllRightsReserved2012MarkingGeneralNotesforTeachersonThismarkingschemehasbeenupdated,withrevisionsmadeafterthescrutinyofactualsamplesofstudentperformanceinthepracticepapers.Teachersarestronglyadvisedtoconducttheirowninternalstandardisationproceduresbeforeapplyingthemarkingschemes.Afterstandardisation,teachersshouldadheretothemarkingschemetoensureauniformstandardofmarkingwithintheschool.Themarkingschememaynotexhaustallpossibleanswersforeachquestion.Teachersshouldexercisetheirprofessionaldiscretionandjudgmentinacceptingalternativeanswersthatarenotinthemarkingschemebutarecorrectandwellreasoned.Thefollowingsymbolsare Bracketedwords,figuresorideasarenotessentialforthecandidatetobeawardedthe/Asingleslashindicatesanacceptablealternativewithinan+Aplussignindicatesthattherearetwopiecesofinformationnecessarytobeawardedthepoint:thefirstpieceofinformationcomesbeforetheplussignandthesecondafter.*CorrectspellingInquestionsaskingforaspecifiednumberofreasonsorexamplesetc.andastudentgivesmorethantherequirednumber,theextraanswersshouldnotbemarked.Forinstance,inaquestionaskingstudentstoprovidetwoexamples,andifastudentgivesthreeanswers,onlythefirsttwoshouldbemarked. HumanPhysiology:Regulationand(a) AhighLHlevelstimulatestherupturedfollicletodevelopintoacorpusluteum(yellow afterdayTheproductionofprogesteronebythecorpusluteumaccountsforthecontinuousrisein concentrationofprogesteronefromday14Thehighlevelofprogesterone(afterday28)indicatesthatthiswomanispregnantandthe luteumcontinuestoproduceAsignificantdropintheprogesteronelevelwillcausemiscarriage/causethedetachmentof uterinelining/triggerAhighprogesteronelevelafterday14causesthelevelsofbothFSHandLHtobecome AtalowlevelofFSHandLH,thereisnofolliculardevelopment/nomaturationof andhencenoovulationwilltake Thus,progesteronecanbeusedasadrugforAtLightAtLightCardiac (dm3/Ventilationrate(dm3/11Boththecardiacoutputandventilationrateincreasewiththeincreasinglevelof Thesechangesenableagreatersupplyofoxygenandglucosetoreachtheskeletal forrespirationtoproducemoreenergyfor andspeeduptheremovalofcarbondioxideandlacticacidtopreventtheiraccumulationin bodyandmusclesDuringexercise,thesympatheticnerveinnervatingtheheartismoreactiveandincreases output(releasesmorenoradrenaline)/stimulatestheadrenalglandtoreleasemoreThisstimulatestheSAnodetoincreaseits thusincreasingboththeheartrateandstrokevolumeandhencethecardiacDuringvigorousexercise,thepersonsweatsmoretopreventoverheatingofthe Thewaterlossduetosweatingresultsinadecreaseinthewaterpotentialofthe ThepituitaryglandisstimulatedtosecretemoreADHintothe whichmakesthecollectingductsofthenephronsinthekidneysmorepermeabletowatersoagreaterproportionofwaterisreabsorbedalongthecollecting Hence,asmallervolumeofurineisSECTION Applied2.(a)(i)Mark-and-recapturemethod(e.g.markthebirdsatthesiteinCanadabyputtingspecificringsonthelegsofthebirdsandcheckiftheringedbirdsberetrievedatthewinteringgroundintheU.S.A.)/InstallingaGPStrackingdeviceonthebirds

1 TheaverageJanuarytemperatureintheU.S.A.showsanincreasing Thebirdspecieshaveshiftedtheirwinterdestinationfarthernorthastheseareas becomeAsthenorthernpartbecomeswarmer,thebirdscanfindasuitablehabitatwith foodsupplyforwinteringwithoutflyingfartherThemigratorybirdspeciescompeteforfood/territorywithnativebirdbecomethepreyofnativebirdspeciesandthismayleadtoagrowthinthepopulationofthenativebirds.(AcceptothercorrectTheatmosphericconcentrationofcarbondioxide/methane(greenhousegases)hasbeenduetotheincreasingconsumptionoffossilfuels(forstatingcarbondioxideasthegreenhousegas)/rearingoflivestockordecompositionofincreasingamountoforganicwastedumpedinlandfills(forstatingmethaneasthegreenhousegas).WhentheEarthsurfaceemits(the)radiation(itabsorbsfromthesun)intotheatmosphere,theradiationistrapped/absorbedbythegreenhousegasesandwarmstheatmosphere.ThisleadstoglobalwarmingandthustheincreaseintheaverageJanuary2.(b) AnytwoofthefollowingsetsofAcidraindepositedinwaterbodiesdecreasesthepH,whichmaykillorganismsthataresensitivetoacidity.(1)Thisreducesthepopulationsofspecificspeciesinthehabitat.(1)AcidrainenhancesthereleaseofaluminiumionsfromsoilwhicharetoxictoplantThisreducesthepopulationsizeofplants/reducesbiodiversity.Acidrainreducessoilfertility/dissolvessoilnutrientsandfacilitatestheirlossthroughleaching.(1)Thisreducesplantproductivity.(1)[Foreachsetofanswer,1markisforthecauseleadingtotheimpactand1markisfortheLoggingremovesthebiomassabovetheforestForestBwillreestablishmorequicklyafterbecauseitretainsagreaterproportionofnutrientsintherootsandsoilbelowtheforest AnyoneoftheBiodiversityprovidesuswithavarietyofusefulmaterialsforhumanusedirectly(e.g.food)orindirectly(e.g.woodproducts).Biodiversityhelpsmaintainthestabilityofanecosystem/recoveryofanecosystemafterdisturbance.Biodiversityprovidesbiologicalresources(e.g.breedingstocks,populationreservoirs,genepools)forscientificresearch/education.Biodiversityprovidesrecreationalservicetohumans(e.g.Anyoneofthefollowingcapableofestablishingthemselvesindamaged(AcceptothercorrectAnyoneofthefollowinglackofbiodiversityinthetheplantationmayquicklybedestroyedasthespreadofdiseases/parasitesspecifictoitwillbequickdepletionofspecificsoilnutrients(Acceptothercorrectalternatives.)

1111112x111111SECTIONMicroorganismsand3(a)Stage1isessentialformakingthesystemreadyfor 1todigestthesoybeansandwheatreleasetherawmaterials(e.g.breakproteinsintoaminoacids)forintothefinalproducts(e.g. anyproviderespiratorysubstratesandfoodtoenablethefermentingagent(bacteria1yeasts)toThehighsaltconcentrationcreatesaselectiveconditionwhicheffectivelyinhibitsthegrowth1otherundesirableThisensuresthedesiredfermentation(bythesalttolerantbacteriaandyeasts)can1Pasteurisationiscarriedoutatatemperatureatwhichtheproteinsandaminoacidcomposition1thesoysaucecanbeThehightemperaturedenaturestheenzymes/stopstheactivitiesoftheenzymesintheraw1saucetostabilise/avoidfurtherchangeinthequalityofthesoyMakingsurethattheworkplaceisclean/fermentationtankandallequipmentused11Propersanitarymanagementofpersonnel/workersintherefiningprocess[stage3]1wearinglaboratorygowns;sterilisingthehandsbeforeworking/coveringthemouthnoseduring3.(b) MicrobeMisavirus/1Anyoneofthefollowing1 MicrobeMismuchsmallerinsizethanE. MicrobeMhasaheadandatailbutE.colidoes E.coliisrod-shapedbutmicrobeMis E.colihasacellwallbutmicrobeMdoesMicrobeMadheresitselftothesurfaceoftheE.andinjectsitsnucleicacidintotheE.AnytwooftheTheplasmidsinthecytoplasmofbacteriaisadesirablevectorforrecombinantDNAtechnology.(1)ThefollowingcharacteristicsofbacteriamakeitacommonlyusedhostinDNArecombinanttechnology:Theyreproducerapidlybyasexualreproductionandproducealargeamountofthegeneproductswithinashorttime.(1)Theyareeasytocultivateastheirgrowthconditionsareknown/canbeconvenientlymanipulated.(1)ThepathogenicityofEcoliisweakingeneralandposeslittledangertohumanhealth(1).(AcceptableonlyifthecandidateusesE.coliasanexample.)(ii)(1)AhighE.colicountindicatesahighlevelofwaterpollutionduetofaecalcontaminationandsuggeststhepossiblepresenceofalargenumberofdisease-causingmicrobesinthe(2)(I)EachE.colicelltrappedinthemembranefilterreproduces(bybinaryfission)duringtheincubationperiodtoasufficientlylargeamounttoformavisiblecolony.ThenumberofcolonieswillcorrespondtothenumberofE.colicellspresentinthewatersampletested.Thus,thecolonycountobtainedaftertheincubationwillgivetheE.coli Thequalityofthebeachisnot‘VeryPoor’becausetheE.colicountinthewater=262per100=52per100cm3,whichisbelow1600per100cm3sea

1111111SECTION (a)(i) Bonemarrowstemcellsarecapableofdifferentiatingintolymphocytessothatthepatientscanbe protectedagainstinfections.Somatic