初中英语 知识讲解（ 含答案）

PAGEUnit4LifeonMars词句精讲精练词汇精练1.rapidrapid作形容词，意为“快的，迅速的”。例如：HemaderapidprogressinEnglish.他在英语方面取得了很快的进步。【拓展】rapid，fast＆quickrapid较正式，常指突然或急速（且连续不断的动作）Thediseaseisspreadatarapidrate.这种疾病正在迅速蔓延。fast侧重指速度方面“快”Sheranfast.她快速地跑。quick表示某事来得突然或动作反应敏捷，有时还含有“匆忙”之意。Sheateaquickbreakfastandrushedofftowork.她匆匆吃了早餐就赶去上班。2.largenumbersoflargenumbersof表示“许多，大量的”，相当于alargenumberof。anumberof意为“许多……”，修饰可数名词复数。做主语时，谓语动词用复数。number前可用large，small等修饰，以表示程度。例如：Largenumbersofstudentsareplayinggamestogether.许多学生正在一起玩儿游戏。Anumberofvillagersareplantingtreesonthehill.许多村民正在山上植树。3.journey,travel,trip,tourjourney指“有固定地点的陆上，水上或空中的单程长、短途旅行”，着重指“长距离的、陆上的旅行”。We’llhaveajourneyfromBeijingtoTianjin.我们将做一次从北京到天津的旅行。travel泛指旅行的过程，指具体的旅行时，常用复数形式，尤指出国旅行。Mymotherisn’tinterestedintravels.我妈妈对旅行不感兴趣。trip指“任何方式的，从事事业或者游览的旅行”，侧重于“短途旅行”，可与journey互换。ImadeatriptoXi’anlastweek.我上周去了趟西安。tour指“以游览，视察，购物等为目的的旅行”，含有“最后回到原出发点”的意思。Theyareonaweddingtour.他们正在进行新婚旅行。4.tastytasty作形容词，意为“美味的，可口的”。例如：Thedishesaretasty.这些菜很美味。【拓展】（1）taste为连系动词，意为“尝起来”，后接形容词，有时可接介词like。例如：Thistomatotastesgood.这个西红柿尝起来不错。（2）taste也可以作名词，意为“味道，滋味”。例如：Thisorangehassweettaste.这种橘子有甜味。5.kind（1）kind作可数名词，意为“种类，类别，类型”，常与of连用构成短语，常见的有：akindof(一种);differentkindsof(不同种类的)；allkindsof(各种各样的);这些短语后可以接不可数名词或可数名词的单数或复数。例如：Thesupermarketsellsallkindsofgoods.超市出售各种各样的商品。（2）kind作形容词，意为“友好的，善良的”，bekindtosb.表示“对某人（友）好。例如：Theoldwomanhasakindheart.那位老人有一颗善良的心。Ourteacheriskindtous.我们老师对我们很好。（3）kindof是非常口语化的表达方式，意为“有点儿，稍微”，用来修饰形容词。相当于alittle/bit,也可以单独使用。例如：Thatmademefeelkindofnervous.那使我感到有点儿紧张。Sheiskindofshy.她有点害羞。6.freshfresh形容词，意为“新鲜的”。例如：Thebeansarefreshfromthegarden.这些豆是刚从菜园里摘来的。【拓展】fresh作为形容词还有如下含义：（1）意为“新的，新做的”。例如：I’llmakesomefreshcoffee.我要煮点新鲜的咖啡（我要重新煮点咖啡）。（2）意为“新颖的，独创的”。例如：Hewillbringafreshapproachtothejob.他将带来新的工作方法。（3）意为“新近的”。例如：Therearefreshfoxtracknearby.附近有狐狸的新足迹。7.awareaware作形容词，意为“知道的，察觉的”。常见用法如下：（1）beawareof+名词/代词/动名词。例如：Thegovernmentwasquiteawareoftheproblem.政府很清楚这个问题。（2）beaware接从句，其前常被副词well，quite，fully等修饰。例如：Iamwellawarethatthisisatoughjob.我深知这是一件棘手的工作。（3）aware的名词形式为awareness，意为“察觉，觉悟，意识”。Thereisageneralawarenessthatsmokingisharmful.8.similarsimilar用作形容词，意为“相似的，类似的”，可作定语或表语。例如：MywifeandIhavethesimilartastesinmusic.我的妻子和我在音乐方面有相似的爱好。【拓展】besimilartosb./sth.意为“与某人/某物相似”；besimilarin…意为“在……方面相似”。例如：Hislifeexperiencewassimilartomine.他的生活经历与我相似。Ourcarsaresimilaronlyincolour.我们的车只是颜色相似。词汇精练I.英汉互译。1.largenumbersof_________2.干粮_________3.睡袋________4.(all)overagain__________5.intheformof_________6.ata/thespeedof________7.以……的形式__________8.与……相比__________9.beafraidofsth.________10.believeinsb.__________II.根据首字母或汉语提示，完成下列单词的拼写，使句意明确，语言通顺。1.Wecan’tbreathef_______airbecauseofpollutedenvironment.2.Shewasnot_______(察觉的)ofhavingdonewrong.3.Ournewteacheris________(和气的，友好的)tous.4.Openthewindowandletthef________aircomein.5.Thankyouforyoudeliciousdinner.Allthedishesaret________.6.Withthedevelopmentof________(科技)，bytheyear2100,thejourneymightonlytakeabout20minutesinspacecraftthattravelatthespeedoflight!7.Arescientistsin________(同意)thatlivingonMarswouldbepossibleforhumansinthefuture?8.Doyouandyourtwinsisterhave________(相似的)characteristics?9.Thepriceofpetrol________(增加)again.10.Atpresent,ourspacecraftaretooslowtocarrylargenumbersof_________(乘客)toMars.III.用所给动词的正确形式填空。1.Thepopulationofdevelopingcountriesisgrowing________(rapid).2.Anumberofpeople_______(be)standinginthestreet。3.Ifwedinkthe_______(pollute)water,wemaygetill.4.Isometimesfeel_________(comfortable)aftereatingtoomuchintheevening.5.Thespecialbootscanpreventthemselves________(float)offintospace.IV.听力链接。(2014石景山一模)请听一段对话，完成第11至第13小题。11.Howarethespeakerstalking?A.Ontheradio.B.Facetoface.C.Onthephone.12.Howmuchdoesthewomanneedtopay?A.$26.B.$31.C.$38.13.Whatdoweknowaboutthewoman?A.Shelikesblue.B.Sheisagoodswimmer.C.Sheprefersshoppingonline.请听一段独白，完成第14至第16小题。14.What’sthespeakermainlytalkingabout?A.Histravelprograms.B.Hisdifficultiesintravel.C.HisplansfortheTVprograms.15.Whatdoesthespeakerthinkofhisjob?A.Boringbutlucky. B.Funandrelaxing. C.Pleasantbuttiring.16.Whatcanwelearnaboutthespeaker?A.Heloveslongtripsanddoesn’twantachange.B.Hisnextprogrammaybeaboutanoldtown.C.Hehasjustfinisheda‘roundtheworld’journey.参考答案I.英汉互译。1.许多，大量2.driedfood3.sleepingbag4.重新5.以……的形式6.以……的速度7.intheformof8.comparewith/to9.害怕某事10.信任某人II.根据首字母或汉语提示，完成下列单词的拼写，使句意明确，语言通顺。1.fresh2.aware3.kind4.fresh5.tasty6.technology7.agreement8.similar9.increased10.passengersIII.用所给动词的正确形式填空。1.rapidly2.are3.polluted4.uncomfortable5.floatingIV.听力链接。答案：11.C12.B13.A14.A15.C16.B原文：请听一段对话，完成第11至第13小题。M:Goodmorning.Swimshop,Kevinspeaking.HowcanIhelpyou?W:Hello.I’vegotyourcataloguehereandI’dlikesomeinformation.Canyougivemesomeprices?M:Ofcourse.Pleasetellmethepagenumberyou’relookingat.W:OK.Thefirstthingisonpage15andit’stheMaruswimmingsuit.M:OK.Thesmallandmediumsizesare$22andthelargeoneis$26.W:Right.I’dliketoordertheblueone,please,sizesmall.M:Fine.Haveyougotmorethingstoorder?W:Yes.I’dlikesomepoolshoesforwatersports.Theyareonpage77.Howmucharethey?M:Well,theyare$16butnowthey’reonly$9.Whatshoesizeareyou?W:I’ma6.M:Letmecheck.Yes,we’vejustgotabluepairinthatsize.W:Blue?Great!Well,that’sallIneed.Mynameandaddressis…请听一段独白，完成第14至第16小题。PeoplealwaysaskmewhyIonlytravelthehardway!Alotoftelevisiontravelprogramsareaboutrelaxingholidaysonthebeach,butI’veonlyevermadeprogramsaboutreallylongtrips.ThelasttripIdidwasa50,000-milejourneyaroundthePacificOcean,andittook12months.Butmyveryfirsttripwasa‘roundtheworld’journey,andthemostdifficultonewasprobablythecarjourneyfromtheNorthPoletotheSouthPole.Asyoucanimagine,I’veseenalotoftheworld!I’mluckytobeinreallyexcellenthealth,butlifeisveryshortandI’vedonesomuchtravelingthatIwantachange.Travelinglongdistancesmakesyouverytired,andalthoughit’sstillagreatpleasureforme,Iwanttodosomethingmorerelaxingnow.IthinkmynexttelevisionseriesmightbemadenearerEngland.There’ssomereallyinterestingworkgoingoninWales,wherethey’vejustfoundwhatremainsofa2,000-year-oldtown.ButIhopetheprogramsI’vemadeaboutthereallylongtripswillencourageotherpeopletogetonaplaneandhavesomeadventures.Somepeopleseemtobeafraidofgoingtoastrangecountryandperhapsbeingillthere,butmaybetheyrealizenowthatifIcandothesetrips,socanthey…句式精讲1.“比较级+and+比较级”或与“moreandmore+原级”“比较级+and+比较级”与“moreandmore+原级”，表示“越来越……”。例如：Ourcityisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.我们的城市变得越来越美。Hergrandmotherisbetterandbettereveryday.她的祖母身体状况一天比一天好。Nowitisgettingcolderandcolder.现在天气越来越冷了。Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportanttoday.如今，英语变得越来越重要。2.makesb.dosth.makesbdosth意为“使某人做某事”，此句式是省略to的不定式，如果用在被动句式中要还原to。例如：Don’tmakethebabycryanymore.不要再让婴儿哭了。Hewasmadetowaitforoveranhour.他被迫等了一个多小时。类似make这种用法的动词还有：have，let，notice，see，feel等。例如：Shewasseentogointotheclassroom.有人看见她进了教室。3.sofar,nobodyknowswhethertherewouldbeenoughwateroroxygenonMarsforpeoplethere.

whether和if常引导宾语从句，表示“是否”之意。当把一般疑问句的直接引语转化成间接引语时，常用if或whether作引导词。例如：Iaskedher,“DoyoustudyEnglishhere?”我问她：“你在这里学习英语吗？”

→Iaskedherif/whethershestudiedEnglishthere.我问她是否在那里学习英语。【拓展】if与whetherif和whether均可表示“是否”，一般情况下二者可以互换。但在下列条件下，只能用whether而不能用if：（1）if后不能直接接ornot。（2）whether可作介词的宾语。（3）whether后可接不定式。（4）whether可用于句首。（5）whether可引导主语从句、表语从句。例如：Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney.一切都取决于我们是否有足够的钱。Whetheritisrightorwrong,Idon’tknow.正确与否，我不知道。Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherhewillcomeornot.他来不来没关系。4.Moreover,scientistsarenotsurewhetherplantscouldgrowonMars.besure＝makesure，意思是“确信”，它的后面可以用宾语从句，也可以用动词不定式。

(1)besureofsth对某事很确定Iamsureofhisguilt.我确定他有罪。Iamsureofhiscoming.我确定他会来。(2)besuretodosth一定会做某事Iamsuretoclosethewindowafterschool.放学后我一定会关窗的。Iamsuretohelpyoutomorrow.我明天一定会帮你。(3)besurethat从句，意为“对某事很确定”；notsure+whether/if引导的从句，意为“不确信是否……”。Iamsurethathewillachievehisgoal.我确定他会实现目标的。Heisnotsurewhetherhismotherwillcometoseehimthisafternoon.他不确信今天下午他妈妈是否会来看他。5.Peoplehavetowearbootsthatarespeciallydesignedtopreventthemselvesfromfloatingoffintospace.prevent作动词，意为“阻止”，常用于prevent…(from)doing中，意为“阻止或避免某种情况的发生”。

等同于stop…(from)doing

及keep…fromdoing。stop/prevent后的from可以省略，但在被动语态中不能省。例如：

Therainpreventedhimfromcoming.

大雨使他不能来。

Shewasprevented/stopped/keptbyillnessfromtakingtheexam.

她因病未能参加考试。句式精练I.句型转换，每空一词。1.Theheavyrainstoppedhimfromgoinghome.（改为同义句）Theheavyrain_______him______________home.2.Iaskedher,“DoyoulikeEnglish?”（合并为一句）Iaskedher_____________________English.3.Heissureofthathewillwin.(改为同义句)Heissure___________.4.HestartedtolearnEnglishwhenhewasseven.(改为简单句)HestartedtolearnEnglish__________________________________.5.Doyouknowtheboyinablackcoatoverthere?(改为复合句)Doyouknowtheboy__________________________________overthere?6.Iprefertostayinahotelroomwhichhasaseaview.(改为简单句)Iprefertostayinahotelroom____________________________.7.Ifthereisnohelp,Icannotworkouttheproblem.(改为简单句)______________,Icannotworkouttheproblem.II．根据汉语提示，完成英语句子（每空一词）1.我想让我们的国家变得越来越美丽。Wewanttomakeourcountry______________________________.2.他问我是否曾经去过长城。Heaskedme________Ihad_______________theGreatWallbefore.3.我不确信是否能通过考试。Iam_____________________Icanpasstheexam.4.任何事情都无法阻止他学习英语。Nothingcan_______him______________English.5.在火星上你可能会看到穿着特殊靴子的人。OnMarsyoumightseepeople______________________.6.火星是一个环境类似于地球的行星。Marsisaplanetthathasanenvironment________________________oftheEarth.7.你认识他们非常喜欢的那个女孩儿吗？Doyouknowthegirl________they_______verymuch？8.这个计划有一些大的不利因素。Therearesome_________________totheplan.Ⅲ.根据短文内容和所给的首字母，写出所缺的单词，使短文内容完整、意思正确。Scientistsaretryingtoturnthedeserts(沙漠)intogoodlandagain.Theywanttob__1__watertothedeserts,sopeoplecanliveandplanttreesthere.Theyarel__2__alotaboutthedeserts.Butmoreandmoreoftheeartharebecomingdeserts.Scientistsmaynotbea__3__tochangethedesertsintime.Whyismoreandmorelandbecomingdeserts?Scientiststhinkthatpeoplearedesertmakers.Peoplearedoingbadt__4__totheearth.Someplacesontheearthdon’tg__5__muchrain,buttheystilldon’tbecomedeserts.Thisisb__6__somegreenplantsaregrowingthere.Smallgreenplantsandgrassareveryi__7__todryplaces.Theynotonlystopthehotsunfrommakingtheearthevend__8__,butalsostopthewindfromb__9__thedirtaway.Whenabitofrainfalls,theplantshelpholdthew__10__.Withoutplants,thelandcanbecomeadesertmuchmoreeasily.1.__________2.__________3.__________4.__________5.__________6._________