句子成分和五种句子类型(全)课件

12什么是句子？3句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位．句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有．？！I

am

a

teacher.Are

you

astudent?How

beautiful

the

girl

is

!现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。按句子结构，句子可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句。只有一个主语（并列主语）和一个谓语（并列谓语），句子成分都是由单词

和短语表示，这样的句子称为简单句。简单句最基本的类型有五种，其他各种句型都是由这五种句型变化而来的。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。4句子包括哪些成分？句子成分的构成5句子的主要成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语句子的次要成分：定语、状语、补足语（同位语、插入语)1.主语(subject)1.主语是句子所要说明的动作或状态的主体.2.一般在句首。3.一般由名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语(不定式，动名词或从句)充当。4.Surfing,

diving

and

swimming

are

all

water

sports.7.The

young

should

respect

the

old.8.It

made

me

excited

that

dad

bought

me

a

computer.代词We

study

in

LianPing

Middle

School.Our

classroom

is

very

clean.

名词To

teach

you

English

is

my

job.

不定式动名词Four

plus

four

is

eight.数词What

you

said

made

me

sad.

从句the+adj.it作形式主语62.谓语(verb)1.表示主语的行为动作或所处的状态。2.必须由动词充当。3.一般在主语后面，和主语在人称和数方面必须一致。谓语有简单谓语、复合谓语之分。(1)简单谓语：是由动词或动词词组组成的。She

always

studies

hard.He

often

listens

to

music.(2)复合谓语：是由“情态动词或助动词+动词〞构成.He

can

speak

English.We

have

finished

reading

the

book.I

did

see

heryesterday.73.表语(predicative)1.说明主语的身份或特征、属性、状态等。2.位于在系动词后面。3.充当短语的可以使单词、短语或从句。形容词名词副词介词短语过去分词动名词1.You

look

younger

than

before.2.I

am

ateacher.3.Jim

is

out.4.Now

they

are

at

home.5.I’m

not

quite

myself

today.反身代词6.He

got

lost

in

the

forest.7.His

hobby

is

swimming.8.My

job

is

to

teach

youEnglish.

不定式9.The

book

is

what

I

need.从句84.宾语(object)1.一个动作的承受者，表示动作的对象或结果。2.用在及物动词或介词后面.

She

is

playing

the

piano.He

often

helps

me.He

likes

to

sleep

in

the

open

air.He

is

addicted

to

smoking.We

enjoyliving

in

China.3.宾语包括直接宾语和间接宾语。Please

pass

me

the

book.

=

Please

pass

the

book

to

me.He

boughther

some

flowers.

=He

boughtsome

flowers

for

her.9I

had

bread

and

milk

for

breakfast

this

morning.Where

didyoubuythat?(名词〕I

needtwentyworks.〔数词〕Healwaysdoesthe

unexpected.〔名词化的形容词Remember

to

tell

him

to

come

to

the

lecture.〔不定式I

enjoy

reading

foreign

stories,

especiallyAmerican

ones.〔V-ing形式〕We

all

believe

that

you

are

suitable

for

this

work.〔从句105.宾语补足语(object

complement)放在宾语后面,对宾语进展补充说明,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。I

made

my

roombeautiful.I

can

see

her

dancing

there.He

made

himself

known

to

them.Please

keep

the

dog

out.We

call

her

Miss

Zhang.形容词现在分词过去分词She

asked

me

to

lend

her

my

bike.不定式Please

make

yourself

at

home.

介词短语副词名词116.主语补足语(subject

complement)对主语进展补充说明。把以下句子改为被动语态:1.We

saw

Tom

dancing

in

his

room.Tom

was

seen

dancing

in

his

room.2.They

elected

Jim

monitor

of

their

class.Jim

was

elected

monitor

of

their

class.3.We

will

make

our

country

strong.Our

country

will

be

made

strong.12定语(attribute)5.Do

you

know

betty’s

sister?3.His

father

works

in

a

shoe

factory.物主代词4.There

are

66

students

in

our

class.数词名词所有格用来修饰名词或代词,起类似于形容词的修饰作用.1.You

are

a

clever

boy.

形容词2.I

want

to

tell

you

something

important.

形容词名词6.There

is

a

sleeping

baby

in

bed.现在分词7.The

girl

standing

under

the

tree

is

his

daughter.8.We

have

nothing

to

do.

不定式现在分词短语9.His

spoken

English

is

good.过去分词10.The

girl

in

red

is

his

sister.

介词短语11.Do

you

know

the

man

who

stands

there?从句13状语(adverbial)1.修饰动词，形容词或副词,起类似于副词的作用。2.一般表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度结果，条件，让步和伴随等意义。1.He

did

it

carefully.2.She

is

very

enthusiastic

aboutit.3.He

works

extremely

hard.4.He

comes

to

see

us

every

day.5.He

is

at

the

library

looking

up

some

information.6.I’ll

be

back

in

a

while.7.Without

his

help,

we

couldn’t

work

itout.8.He

was

late

because

of

the

heavy

rain.9.Please

call

me

up

if

it

is

necessary.10.She

was

beautiful

when

she

was

a

girl.14同位语apposition152.

I

myself

will

do

theexperiment.4.

The

news

that

he

is

ill

worries

us.对前面的名词或代词做进一步解释,说明它们的性质和情况。1.Tom,our

monitor,is

a

handsome

boy.名词反身代词3.She

is

the

oldest

among

them

six.

数词从句插入语(parentheses)对一句话进展附加说明或解释，通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成，常置于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。1.Generally

speaking,

the

more

hard-workingyouare,

the

more

likely

you

will

succeed.2.Two

middle-aged

passengers

fell

into

the

sea.Unfortunately，neither

of

them

could

swim.3.Your

performance

in

the

driving

test

didn’treach

the

required

standard，in

other

words,

youfailed.4.It

is

so

nice

to

hear

from

her.

Believe

it

or

not

，we

last

met

more

than

thirty

years

ago.5.

Strange

to

say,

he

should

have

done

such

athing.16Choose

the

right

answer17He

made

another

wonderful

discovery，

A

ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.which

I

think

is

B.which

I

think

it

isC.which

I

think

it

D.I

think

which

is分析以下句子成分181.

Everyone

laughed.2.

The

books

pleased

the

girl.3.

I

am

astonished.4.

I

heard

himshouting.5.

He

bought

his

son

some

books.6.The

young

girl

with

long

black

hair

is

Kate.7.Stephen

apologized

at

once.8.I

have

no

idea

when

they

will

go.9.

I

saw

my friend

Tom

standing

at

the

station.standing

at

the

station.19I

saw

my↓

↓

↓friend↓Tom↓主谓定宾同语语语语位语↓状语↓宾语补足语20种类 类型主语 谓语S

动词v表语/宾语

宾语p/O(IO)

0(DO)宾补oc第1

S+V种Wework种第２

Ｓ＋Ｖ＋０Heplaysviolin.种第３

Ｓ＋ｖ＋ｐWe

are

students种第４

S+v+IO+DOa

pen种第５

S+V+O+OCHeshe

gave

memade

melaugh21基本句型一：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）22Ｓ│Ｖ（是系动词）│Ｐ1.This

│is

│an

English-Chinese

dictionary.

这是本英汉辞典。The

dinner

│smells

│good.He

│fell

│inlove.Everything

│looks

│different.午餐的气味很好。他堕入了情网。一切看来都不同了。He

│is

growing│tall

and

strong.

他长得又高又壮The

trouble│is│that

they

are

short

ofmoney.

麻烦的是他们缺少钱。Our

well

│has

gone

│dry.His

face

│turned

│red.我们井干枯了。他的脸红了。基本句型二：ＳＶ（主＋谓）23主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We

come.此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。Ｓ│Ｖ（不及物动词）The

sun

│was

shining.The

universe

│remains.太阳在照耀着。宇宙长存。We

all

│breathe,eat,and

drink.

我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。Who

│cares?

管它呢？What

he

said

│does

notmatter.

他所讲的没有什么关系。The

pen

│writes

smoothly

这支笔书写流利。巩固练习：这个重五公斤。This

box

weighs

five

kilos.五年前我住在北京。7.I

lived

in

Beijing

five

yearsago.秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。In

autumn,

some

birds

fly

to

the

south.我的爷爷早晨起得很早。My

grandfather

gets

up

early

in

themorning.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。10.Every

afternoon

a

lot

of

students

come

tothe

library

to

borrow

books.24巩固练习：昨晚我写了一封信。I

wrote

a

letter

last

night.今天下午我想同你谈谈。I

want

to

talk

with

you

thisafternoon.这本书他读过多次了。He

has

read

this

book

many

times.他们成功地完成了计划。They

have

carried

out

the

plan

successfully.那位先生能流利地说三种语言。That

gentleman

can

speak

three

languagesfluently.25巩固练习：我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。I

received

a

letter

from

my

penfriend

in

Australia.Jim

还不会自己穿衣服。Jim

cannot

dress

himself.我们大家都相信Jack

是一个诚实男孩。All

of

us

believe

that

Jack

is

an

honest

boy.他不知道说什麽好。He

did

not

know

what

to

say.我开窗户你在意吗？Do

you

mind

my

opening

the

window?26根本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ〔主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾〕Ｓ│Ｖ〔及物〕│ｏ〔多指人〕│Ｏ〔多指物〕She

│ordered

│herself

│a

new

dress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。She

│cooked

│her

husband

│a

delicious

meal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。He

│brought

│you

│a

dictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。He

│denies

│her

│nothing.他对她什么都不拒绝I│told

│him│that

the

bus

was

late.我告诉他汽车晚点了。6.He

│showed

│me

│how

to

run

the

machine.

他27但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如：He

brings

cookies

to

me

every

day.She

made

a

beautiful

dress

for

me.28用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for

侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,

pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,

ask等；（需借助for

的）

buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。29巩固练习：Johnson

先生去年教我们德语。Mr

Johnson

taught

us

German

last

year.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。

Grandma

told

me

an

interesting

story

last

night.3．请把那本字典递给我好吗？Would

you

please

pass

me

the

dictionary?4．他把车票给列车员看。He

showed

the

ticket

to

the

conductor.30巩固练习：我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？

Shall

I

call

you

a

taxi?新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。The

new

machine

will

save

you

a

lot

of

labour.他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。7.He

bought

a

new

coat

for

his

motherwith

his

first

month’s

salary.31说明:此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。The

sun

keeps

us

warm.I

heard

him

singing.You

must

get

your

hair

cut.32基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）Ｓ│Ｖ〔及物〕│Ｏ〔宾语〕│Ｃ〔宾补〕名词/代词宾格+名词The

war|

made|

him

|a

soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词New

methods

|make

|the

job|

easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语I

|often

find|

him

|at

work./我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式The

teacher|

ask

|the

students

|to

close

the

windows./教师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词I

|saw

|a

cat

|running

across

the

road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.33用it

做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：I

found

it

very

pleasant

to

be

withyourfamily.34巩固练习：．我们叫她Alice.2．我们大家都认为他是诚实的。他们把小偷释放了。4．我要你把真相告诉我。5.卫兵命令我们立即离开。6.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。他每个月理一次发我们不会让她在晚上外出的。1

We

call

herAlice.All

of

us

considered

him

honest.3．They

have

set

the

thief

free.I

want

you

to

tell

me

thetruth.The

guards

ordered

us

to

leave

at

once.Every

morning

we

hear

him

read

English

aloud.7．He

has

his

hair

cut

every

month.8．

We

won’t

let

her

go

out

atnight.359．那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了0．她正在听人家讲故事。11．我从来没看见这个字这样用过。2．他感到很难跟你交谈。13．我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。4．学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。The

terrible

sound

made

the

children

frightened.1Sheislisteningtosomeonetelling

stories.I

have

never

seen

the

word

used

that

way

before.1He

felt

itvery

difficult

totalk

with

you.I

consider

it

possible

to

work

out

the

problemin

anotherway.1The

schoolmade

itarule

thatthe

studentsshould

stand

up

when

class

begins.36英语基本句型6

There

be

句型37说明：此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词be之后，

there

仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词，而用live,stand,come,go,

lie,remain,exist,arrive等。如：There

stands

a

hill

in

the

middle

of

thepark.Once

upon

a

time

there

lived

an

old

king

in

thetown.Be

与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：38be

…there

is/are

…there

was/were…there

will

be…；there

is

/are

going现在有过去有将来有tobe...现在已经有

there

has/have

been…可能有

there

might

be...肯定有

there

must

be

…/there

must

havebeen...过去曾经有

there

used

to

be

…似乎有

there

seems/seem/seemed

to

be

…碰巧有

there

happen/happens/happened

to巩固练习：这个村子过去只有一口井。There

was

only

a

well

in

the

village.客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。Among

the

guests

there

were

two

Americans

andtwoFrenchmen.天气预报说下午有大风。The

weatherman

says

there’ll

be

a

strongwind

in

theafternoon.灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。The

light

is

on.

There

must

be

someone

intheoffice.战前这儿一直有家电影院的.There

used

to

be

a

cinema

here

before

the

war.39巩固练习：恰好那时房里没人。There

happened

to

be

nobody

in

the

room.从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。

Once,there

lived

an

old

fisherman

in

a

village by

the

sea.公共汽车来了。There

comes

thebus.就只剩下二十八美元了。There

remained

only

twenty

–eight

dollars.铃响了。There

goes

the

bell.40简单句的五种句型411）SV

主语＋谓语eg.

His

father

might

havedied.2)SVP

主语＋谓语＋表语eg.

The

plan

sounds

perfect.3)SVO

主语＋谓语＋宾语eg.

My

sister

enjoyed

the

play.4）SVOiOd

主语＋谓语+间接宾语＋直接宾语eg.

My

father

bought

me

a

bicycle.5)

SVOC

主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语eg.

They

called

him

afool.Translate

the

following

sentences.421.在过去的十年里,我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。2.你们必须在两周内看完这些书。3.冬季白天短，夜晚长。4.李教师去年教我们德语。5.我要你把真相告