剑9阅读真题原文1WilliamHenryPerkin

CAMBRIDGEIELTS9NOTE原文真题ReadingPassage1WilliamHenryPerkinThemanwhoinventedsyntheticdyesWilliamHenryPerkinwasbornonMarch12,1838,inLondon,England.Asaboy,Perkin’scuriositypromptedearlyinterestsinthearts,sciences,photography,andengineering.Butitwasachancestumblinguponarun-down,yetfunctional,laboratoryinhislategrandfather’shomethatsolidifiedtheyoungman’senthusiasmforchemistry.AsastudentattheCityofLondonSchool,Perkinbecameimmersedinthestudyofchemistry.Histalentanddevotiontothesubjectwereperceivedbyhisteacher,ThomasHall,whoencouragedhimtoattendaseriesoflecturesgivenbytheeminentscientistMichaelFaradayattheRoyalInstitution.Thosespeechesfiredtheyoungchemist’senthusiasmfurther,andhelaterwentontoattendtheRoyalCollegeofChemistry,whichhesucceededinenteringin1853,attheageof15.AtthetimeofPerkin’senrolment,theRoyalCollegeofChemistrywasheadedbythenotedGermanchemistAugustWilhelmHofmann.Perkin’sscientificgiftssooncaughtHofmann’sattentionand,withintwoyears,hebecameHofmann’syoungestassistant.Notlongafterthat,Perkinmadethescientificbreakthroughthatwouldbringhimbothfameandfortune.Atthetime,quininewastheonlyviablemedicaltreatmentformalaria.Thedrugisderivedfromthebarkofthecinchonatree,nativetoSouthAmerica,andby1856demandforthedrugwassurpassingtheavailablesupply.Thus,whenHofmannmadesomepassingcommentsaboutthedesirabilityofasyntheticsubstituteforquinine,itwasunsurprisingthathisstarpupilwasmovedtotakeupthechallenge.Duringhisvacationin1856,Perkinspenthistimeinthelaboratoryonthetopfloorofhisfamily’shouse.Hewasattemptingtomanufacturequininefromaniline,aninexpensiveandreadilyavailablecoaltarwasteproduct.Despitehisbestefforts,however,hedidnotendupwithquinine.Instead,heproducedamysteriousdarksludge.Luckily,Perkin’sscientifictrainingandnaturepromptedhimtoinvestigatethesubstancefurther.Incorporatingpotassiumdichromateandalcoholintotheanilineatvariousstagesoftheexperimentalprocess,hefinallyproducedadeeppurplesolution.And,providingthetruthofthefamousscientistLouisPasteur’swords‘chancefavoursonlythepreparedmind’,Perkinsawthepotentialofhisunexpectedfind.Historically,textiledyesweremadefromsuchnaturalsourcesasplantsandanimalexcretions.Someofthese,suchastheglandularmucusofsnails,weredifficulttoobtainandoutrageouslyexpensive.Indeed,thepurplecoulourextractedfromasnailwasoncesocostlythatinsocietyatthetimeonlytherichcouldaffordit.Further,naturaldyestendedtomemuddyinhueandfadequickly.ItwasagainstthisbackdropthatPerkin’sdiscoverywasmade.Perkinquicklygraspedthathispurplesolutioncouldbeusedtocolourfabric,thusmakingittheworld’sfirstsyntheticdye.Realizingtheimportanceofthisbreakthrough,helostnotimeinpatentingit.ButperhapsthemostfascinatingofallPerkin’sreactionstohisfindwashisnearlyinstantrecognitionthatthenewdyehadcommercialpossibilities.PerkinoriginallynamedhisdyeTyrianPurple,butitlaterbecamecommonlyknownasmauve(fromtheFrenchfortheplantusedtomakethecolourviolet).HeaskedadviceofScottishdyeworksownerRobertPullar,whoassuredhimthatmanufacturingthedyewouldbewellworthitifthecoulourremainedfast(i.e.wouldnotfade)andthecostwasrelativelylow.So,overthefierceobjectionsofhismentorHofmann,heleftcollegetogivebirthtothemodernchemicalindustry.Withthehelpofhisfatherandbrother,PerkinsetupafactorynotfarfromLondon.UtilisingthecheapandplentifulcoaltarthatwasanalmostunlimitedbyproductofLondon’sgasstreetlighting,thedyeworksbeganproducingtheworld’sfirstsyntheticallydyedmaterialin1857.ThecompanyreceivedacommercialboostformtheEmpressEugenieofFrance,whenshedecidedthenewcolourflatteredher.Verysoon,mauvewasthenecessaryshadeforallthefashionableladiesinthatcountry.Nottobeoutdone,England’sQueenVictoriaalsoappearedinpublicwearingamauvegown,thusmakingitalltherageinEnglandaswell.Thedyewasboldandfast,andthepublicclamouredformore.PerkinwentbackAdj.专业的，赞成的，体育运动。Adv.正面地，赞成地。Prep赞成，为··的，按的；随，视。Process,processing12.enrolmentn.登记或者注册，入学，入伍，入会。13.breakthroug.突破，突破性进展。14.quinine.奎宁，金鸡纳霜，治疗疟疾的药。奎宁，在秘鲁语中是“树皮”的意思。15.viable.可行的，能生存的。16.treatment治疗，对待，处理17cinchonan.金鸡纳树(皮)18.surpassvt.超越，胜过19.passingcomment信口的评论。passingn.通过，逝去adj,经过的，短暂的，及格的，adv.非常。20.desirability.n.称心如意的人或物，有利条件。21.substitute.n.代替品，代用品，vt代替，用……代替，代之以。。sub潜艇，替代的。替代，转包合同21takeupv.拿起，开始，从事，吸收，接纳，占去，继续做，做某事消遣22vacationn.假期，度假，腾出。Vi，度假23anilinen苯胺，adj苯胺的，阿尼林油（音译好记忆）24.tar.n.焦油，柏油。【口】水手，vt涂以焦油25.sludge.n泥泞，淤泥，泥状雪。沉淀物26.substance实质，物质，财产，内容，重要性27.potassium钾K28dichromate.N.重铬酸钾。Chromate.铬酸钾。Di,重，双，两个？？29．Excretionn.排泄物Excrete.v.排泄，分泌30glandularadj,腺（状）的，起腺体功能的Gland腺31.mucus粘液，黏液32snail.蜗牛，慢吞吞的人物33outrageousadj.过分的，骇人的。Ragen.狂怒，肆虐，风行。V。大怒，怒斥，激烈进行34tendtovt倾向，易于，导致，有助于。35.muddy，泥泞的，浑浊的，糊涂的，V使沉烂泥，使迷惑36.hue色调，色彩。样子，意味，信仰，喊叫。37.fade,v褪色，凋谢，n淡入，淡出38backdrop背景39patent专利，特许，vt，给予专利权，adj，专利的，显著的。Patentee,n.专利权所有人。Patentright，专利权。Patentinfringment专利侵权40fascinating迷人的。41reaction反应，生理反应，反应能力，复旧，反动，化学反应