动物在汉英文化中的喻义及其翻译

动物在汉英文化中的喻义及其翻译(１)

1.Introduｃｔioｎﻫ1.1CloｓereｌationｓhｉpbｅtｗeeｎanimalsaｎｄｈｕmａｎbｅinｇsﻫHｕmanbeingsａnｄanimalsarebｏｔhtheｐroｄｕctsoｆnatｕraleｖoｌutioｎ,aｎdfａctuaｌlymaｎhａdevｏｌｖeｄfrｏmaniｍaｌｓ.Buｔsincｅhumanbeinｇscrｅatｅｄｌanｇuａge,ｔhｅrehaveexisｔｅｄsｏｍｅgreatｄifferｅncesbｅtweenmａnａｎｄａｎimals。Ｌａnｇuａｇｅ,thｅresuｌtofhｕmaｎlabｏｒaｎdsoｃialａctｉvitｉｅs，ｉshumaｎspecｉfiｃ,HYPERLINK”ｈｔtｐ：／／ｗww.sｔuda.ｎet/Eｎgｌｉsh/"whicｈiｓｔheｍaｊorfactｏｒｔhaｔdistiｎguiｓheshｕmanｂｅinｇsfroｍaｎｉｍalｓ．Iｎｔｈelongprｏgressofhumansocｉｅty,aｎiｍals,whiｃｈｐrｏｖidｅfoodandｌabｏrforｃｅfｏrhumａｎ,havebeencloｓｅｌybounduｐwithhｕmanexistenceanddｅvｅｌopｍeｎt。Tｈeｉrｆｕrsｗｅrealｓogooｄdresｓmateｒiａlsforanｃienｔhumanｔｏｋｅeｐoｕtｗiｎｄaｎdcｏld.Inacertaiｎsｔａｇeｏfpriｍitiｖｅsｏciｅty，maｎoncecｏｎsidｅreｄaｎimaｌsasGoｄｓtｏworship。Ｓｏfａraniｍaｌｓａｒeｓtiｌlｃlｏｓefrieｎdsｏfhumａnbｅings。Nowthatanｉmalｓplayanimｐortanｔroleｉnhumaｎliｖｅs，ｔｈｅaniｍalwｏrｄｓｉnhumａnlａｎguaｇeswｉllbｅartheｄｅｅｐｓｏｃio－cuｌtｕｒalｉmprinｔsｉnｔhecoｕrseofbｅｉnｇusｅｄloｎgbytheｈuｍanｂeinｇs．ﻫ1。2IｎflｕeｎｃeｏfａｎimalwoｒｄsｉnbothChineｓeandＥnｇlｉshｃulｔurｅﻫ

Lａｎｇｕagｅｉsthecarriｅraｎdcoｎtainerｏfｃｕlｔurａlｉｎforｍatiｏｎ．Huｍanbｅinｇsｈavebeｅｎinｔｅractｉngｗitｈｔheworldaｎdaｃcｕｍｕｌaｔeｄtheiｒexperiｅnｃｅaｎdknowledgeａｂoｕttｈｅwｏｒlｄ，wｈicharerepreseｎtｅdｉnｌangｕaｇe．Ａｓａrｅsulｔ，ｗecaｎfindｉnｌａnguaｇｅallhumankｎowlｅdｇeanｄexperieｎｃewｈｉchａrｅｉnterprｅtedaｓculturaｌｉnformａtｉon．［1］Ｓｏｉｎhｕmanlaｎgｕａgｅthereexisｔaplｅntyofａniｍalｗorｄstｈatarｅofｔenusedaskｉnｄsofasｓociaｔｉonveｈiclｅs.Ｈumanbeｉngｓofｔeｎａsｓoｃiateｔheirfeelingｓaｎdemｏtionｓwitｈvａrｉousａnimａlｓaｃｃｏｒdingtoａnimals’featｕrｅｓsuｃhasｔheiraｐpｅarances，habitsaｎdchａrａctｅｒisｔicsｓothａtｔｈenａmｅｓｏｒimａgｅsoｆanｉｍａlspossesｓｓpeciｆicｃulｔuralconnｏｔａtioｎs．ﻫ

Cultureiｓｔhｅｓｏiloflanguaｇe．ＳirEdwａrｄTylｏr,aBrｉtisｈanthropologisｔ,wasoｎｅoｆthｏsewhofirstdefｉnｅdcuｌtuｒe,inPｒimiｔiｖeCulture（1８7１）．Ｈisdeｆiｎitｉｏnwasthat“Cultuｒｅiｓcｏmｐlexｗｈolｅ，wｈｉchinｃｌｕdeｓｋｎｏwleｄgｅ，ｂelief，art，ｌaw,moｒals,ｃustｏｍsandanyoｔheｒcａpａbiｌiｔｉｅsandhabitｓacｑuｉredｂymａｎａsaｍｅｍbeｒofｓoｃiety."Tylor’sdｅfｉniｔiｏnｈａｓcontｉnｕaｌlybeenthｅbasiｓofmosｔａntｈrｏpologicａlcｏｎceptｉｏｎofcｕlturｅ。[2］Cultｕreiｓalｓoａhistorｉcａlphenoｍenoｎ．Ｅａｃhｇeｎeratiｏnｉnheritsｔｈｅｃultuｒeesｔａblｉsｈｅdbyｉtsｆｏｒefatｈersandmakesｉｔｓowncoｎtributiｏnstｏtｈedevelopmeｎtoｆculturｅ；sodifｆｅrｅntnａtionsｈaveｄiｆｆeｒｅnｔcｕlｔureｓ。UniｖerｓalｉtybeｔweeｎChineseａndEnｇlisｈculｔurｅsandsｉｍｉlaritｙinthetｈｉnｋingmodeｓｍakepｅoｐlｅａsｓociａtethesameａnｉmａｌwoｒdｓwｉｔhtｈｅsaｍeｏrsimｉlａｒfｉｇuｒａtiveｍeaｎiｎｇs。Butdiｆfereｎcesbetｗeeｎthesetwoculｔuｒesａlwayｓleaｄｔoｄifferentasｓｏciatiｏn，i。ｅ．ChinｅseanｄＥｎｇlisｈｐeopｌehavｅdｉffeｒｅntfigurａtiveｍeaｎiｎｇstosameanimａlwoｒdsｏｒuｓedifｆｅｒentanｉmaｌasｓoｃiationｖｅhiclｅsｔoｅｘpｒｅsssａｍeｏrsimilarfiｇuｒatｉvemeaniｎｇs。ﻫ

ＥｎｇlishandＣhinｅｓeａreｒiｃhinanimａlworｄsasaｓsoｃiaｔionｖeｈｉｃles,ｓointhiｓpapertheauｔhoｒmainｌｙcｏmpａresfiｇuｒativeｍeａｎiｎｇsｏfanｉmａｌｗｏｒdsinＥngliｓｈandＣｈiｎesecｕｌtuｒeaｎｄiｎｄｉcａtestranslａtioｎｔechniqｕｅs。

２．Aｎｉｍalｗｏｒdｓasaｓsociationvｅhiclｅsﻫ

IｔiｓwｅllkｎｏwntｈatｔherearemａnyｆiguｒatiｖeexpｒeｓsioｎsｉnEnglishaｎdChiｎeｓe，esｐecialｌｙａnimａlmｅtaphors。ＨＹPERLIＮＫ"httｐ：／/www．ｓtuｄａ。nｅt/Engliｓh／”Hｏwever，bｅｃauｓeoｆdｉｆfeｒentｈisｔorieｓ，sociａlbackｇｒounｄｓandcultureｓ,theｃonnotationsofａｎimalｗoｒｄsaｒediｆfeｒｅｎt。IfChinesepeｏpｌｅａndEnｇｌiｓｈｐeoplｅｗａnttousethefigｕraｔiveｗaytｏeｘpressthｅsamｅtｅnor,thｅｙｗoｕｌｄuｓeｔhesameordｉffｅrentassocｉatiｏｎvehiclｅｓ，soｔｈｅcorreｓpondｉｎgｒelａｔionshipsbetweeｎaｓsocｉatioｎvehicleｓandfｉgｕrａｔｉveｍｅａningsarealsｏｄｉfｆeｒenｔ.ﻫ２．1Ｓａmeaｎｉmalasｓｏciａtｉonvehｉclesaｎdｓiｍiｌａrfｉgｕｒａtivemｅaningsﻫ

Aｓallhｕｍａｎbeｉngslｉveintｈesimｉｌarｅｎvirｏｎmeｎt,theChiｎesepeopｌeandEnglishpeoｐlenearlｙhavetｈesａｍekｎoｗledgｅoｆanｉｍalｓ。Therefｏｒe，theyhavethesａｍeorsｉmilａrfigｕratｉｖemeａｎｉｎｇｓtoａnimalwoｒds。Fｏrｅxample,Ｅｎglishｐｅoｐｌewoulｄsaｙ,“Ｈeiｓａfoｘ．”Simｉlarlｙ,Chinｅsepeoｐｌｅcanunderｓtaｎdｔheｍｅａｎingoｆthesenｔenｃe“Heisafox。”inChｉnese“他是一只狐狸。”ＴhiseｘaｍpｌesｈowsthatinＥngｌiｓh“ｆoｘ”cａnbeusedtoｄｅscｒｉbｅsomｅbodｙwhoｉscｕnnｉngａnｄdisｈｏｎｅｓt.Ｔｈｉsｅｘaｍpｌeiｎｄiｃatｅsthａtdiffeｒentlanｇuagesanｄｃultuｒesenｄow“fｏx’'thesaｍｅｆｉｇuｒａｔｉvemｅａninｇs。

ＴheｆolloｗingａnimalｗorｄsｈavetｈｅｓｉｍilarfｉｇurativemeanｉngｓbothinEｎgｌishandCｈｉｎesｅ．“Shｅｅp(羊)orlamb（羔羊）”caｎbｅconsideredａsａkindofanimａlwithaｓwｅetandtaｍetemper．Asarｅｓｕlt，the“ｓheep（羊)ｏrｌａmｂ(羔羊)”iｓusedｔｏsｈoｗtheｃhａraｃｔerｗｉthａsweeｔandｔａｍetempｅrｂｏｔhiｎＥnｇlｉsｈandＣhineｓe，fｏrｅxample：“asｌovelyａｓａlittlesheｅp（像小羊羔一样可爱)"．ﻫ

Ｗolｆ(狼）ｉsaｋiｎｄｏfgrｅedy，sａvageａndcruｅｌｂeast,soinChinｅsｅthereexisｔsｕcheｘpｒessｉｏｎｓ:“狼心狗肺”，“豺狼当道”，“如狼似虎”,“狼吞虎咽”,“狼狈为奸”,“狼子野心”。Ｓimｉlａｒｌy，theｇｒeedｙ，ｓiniｓteｒ,ｄisｈoｎeｓtcharａｃｔerofｗolfaｌsｏｄisｐｌayｓvｉvｉdlyaｎdinｃiｓiｖｅlｙinweｓteｒnｃuｌｔuｒｅ,e。ｇ。:“aｗｏlfiｎasｈｅｅp’ｓｃlｏｔhiｎgｏrawoｌfｉｎlamb’ｓｓkin（披着羊皮的狼)”；“wakeaslｅｅpｉngwｏlf（自找麻烦）”;“hoｌdawolfｂytheeａrs（骑虎难下,进退两难）"；“keepthewｏｌｆfromtheｄoor(勉强度日）”.［3］

Inaｄdiｔion,HYPERＬIＮＫ"hｔtp://www.sｔ／Engliｓh/”ｗｈen“wｏlf”isuseｄtｏｒefeｒtｏapｅrson，ｉtmeａｎs“ａmanｗhocharmｓｗomeｎsoａstousｅｔhemforhiｓｏｗnplｅasure’’.Ｔherefｏre,ｉｎEnｇlisｈｔhｅｒｅisaｎidｉom“aｗolｆwhisｔle(挑逗口哨)”。InＣｈiｎｅｓe，theｒeisaｌsosucｈaｎexpｒeｓsion“色狼”。ﻫ

“Ass（驴）”iｎＥnｇlｉｓhaｎdＣｈinｅseｈａsｔheｓａmｅcｏnnotaｔionandｆigｕrａｔivｅmeaｎｉng“foolish，stupid”．InＣhｉnesｅtheｅxprｅsｓion“笨驴"isｕsedｔoiｎdicateafooｌｏrａnｉｄiｏt。ＩnＥｎｇliｓｈ,ｍｏsｔoftｈｅsetpｈrａｓes,idioｍsaｎdproｖeｒbsincludingｔhｅword“asｓ''ａllｉmpｌythemeanｉｎgｏf“foolish”，e．g.“ａｓｓingｒaiｎ（十足的大傻瓜)”;“ａｎaｓsinaｌiｏn’ｓｓkin（ｆromAesｏｐ'sＦableｓ,冒充聪明人的傻瓜）"；“alｌaｓｓeswagthｅiｒeaｒs(谚语:驴子摇耳朵，傻瓜装聪明）”;“aｓｓｅs’ｂrｉdｇe（笨人难过的桥)”；“aｃｔｔheａsｓ（做糊涂事)”；“makｅaｎａssofoｎｅｓｅｌf(做蠢事)";“seｌlyoｕass(口语：不要这样呆头呆脑）”.[4］ﻫTheworｄ“dovｅ”inＣhiｎesｅａndＥnｇliｓhshａrｅstｈesａmｅmeanｉｎg，anｄｓymｂolizesforpeacｅ．Wｅregａrdthｅdoveａs“ｐeaｃedoｖe”。Insomegrandcｅlebｒatiｏnｓ,ｗｅｏｆtenｓeethesceneoftakingthedovesaway，sｔａndiｎｇfｏrchｅrishｅｄdesirefｏrpeａceｗｏrｌｄofallｏfuｓ．[5］ﻫTｈｅfolｌowingaresoｍeotｈｅｒfａmiｌiａｒｅｘampleｓ：aｓｆreeａsabird（像鸟儿一样自由)；asｕｇｌyasａtｏad(像癞蛤蟆一样丑);asbusyａsａbｅe（像蜜蜂一样忙碌）；aｓslowasaｎail（像蜗牛一样慢）．

Thｉｓkiｎｄｏftermswitｈsameorsｉmiｌarｆｉｇuratｉｖｅｍｅaninｇsshoｗtｈaｔiｎｄifｆerｅntｃｕｌtuｒｅｓtｈｅredoeｓeｘistsomeｔｈingincoｍmoｎ,wｈichrｅｆｌeｃtstｈecｏmmonneｓｓｏfｄifｆeｒentｎatiｏnaｌcultuｒes．

２。２SaｍeanimalａsｓoｃiationveｈｉclesaｎdｄiffｅreｎtfiguratｉvemeａniｎｇsﻫDｉfｆereｎtｌivinｇｃｏnｄｉｔionshａvｅcａｕｓｅdvarieｄstatesofｍiｎdａｎdwaysofｔhinkinｇ，ｓｏＣhiｎｅseaｎdEnglｉshpeｏpleｈavｅdifｆerentｉdｅａsandａｔtｉtudestosomｅanimaｌｓsｕｃhasdrａgon，dｏgs，ｅtc.Aｎｄｔheirfiguｒativｅmeanｉngｓinｂｏthlａnguageｓanｄｃulturesdiffｅrｇreａｔly。ﻫ2．２．1SomeanimａlwｏrdｓwｉｔhcoｍmeｎｄatoryｆｉgｕrａtivemｅaｎinginChineｓｅ,bｕtwitｈdeｒogatｏｒｙｆigurａｔivemｅaniｎgｉｎEnglｉshﻫWemustbeveｒyｆamｉliａｒｗitｈthｅｗｏｒd“dragon（龙）”，ｗhichｉｓcomｐｌｅtｅlyｏｐpositeiｎChｉneseanｄＥngｌiｓh.“Draｇon(龙）”isｎotａrealanimalｂutａnimaｇｉnａｒyｏne.ＩnＣhinａ，draｇonisthｅsyｍbolofthｅＣhｉnesenaｔion,especiaｌlyｉntheaｎｃｉeｎttime，ｐeoｐｌeworshiｐeddragontｏbegfｏrraｉn.ＡndtheChinesｅfeuｄalｅｍperｏrswerｅoｆteｎｒeferｒｅdtｏaｓｓｏnｓofdrａｇｏns(龙子）,ｗeariｎgｃｌotheswithｄｅsignsofｄｒａgons(龙袍）．ＡｎｄalｓoｔｈeChinesｅalｌcallthemｓelveｓdesｃenｄentsoｆtｈｅdraｇoｎ(龙的传人）ａnｄａreｖeryprｏudofbeingtheｄｅscｅnｄentsｏfthedｒagon。Ｈoｗｅvｅｒ，ｉnＷｅｓtｅrｎｐeｏplｅ’smｉnｄｓ，ｔhｅdｒａgoniｓsoｍeｅvilmoｎsｔｅrwithalargetａilｗｉtｈwingｓａndclaｗｓ，ｂreａｔｈingｏutｆireaｎdsmｏke．Itsymbｏｌｉzｅsｅvil.ﻫ“Moｎkey（猴子）"ｈasｄｉｆｆeｒentfiguratｉveｍeaｎiｎgiｎＣhinｅseａndＥｎglｉshlａngｕａges。ＩnCｈineｓｅ,“moｎkeｙ”isoftｅnlikenedtoaｓmａrｔandaｇiｌｅpersoｎ，withcoｍｍendａtｏｒysｅnse．TheＣhiｎesｅｐeoｐleｏｆｔeｎjｏkiｎｇlycallcｌｅvｅrandcｕｔechilｄreｎ“lｉｔｔｌeｍoｎｋｅy”。Ｂｕt，ｉfｙouprａisｅａwｅsｔｅrｎcｈild“Youarｅlｉｋealｉttｌｅｍonkey．",ｈｅｗｉｌlbeaｎｇrｙ,ｔｈiｎｋiｎｇthatyｏｕcurｓehｉm．BｅcauｓeiｎEｎgliｓｈ，“lｉttlｅｍonkey,”meａｎs“atroubleｓoｍeplaｙｆulchild”．And“ｍonkｅｙ"isoftｅnlikｅｎeｄtoaｐersonwｉtｈawholeｂagｏfｔriｃkｓ，e.g．“Themanisaｓtriｃｋyaｓamoｎｋｅy。（那人诡计多端，极为狡猾。）”Theｒefoｒe，inＥngｌish，eｘｐｒesｓionsｗｉtｈ“ｍｏnｋeｙ”hａvｅdｅｒｏgａtorymeaｎinｇs，e。ｇ。“moｎkeybｕsｉｎeｓs（捣鬼，骗人的勾当)”；“mｏnkeｙａｒouｎｄ（闲荡,瞎弄）”;“ｍｏnｋｅｙｍeａt（美俚：劣等牛肉)”；“ｓucktｈemonkeｙ(英俚：酗酒）”．［6］ﻫLeｔ’stakｅaｌoｏｋａtｔhｅwｏrd“petrel(海燕）”。InＥｎgｌｉshtｈｅpetｒeliscｏnsｉdeｒedasanｏmenｏｆdisaｓｔeｒ．ＴhｅＬoｎgmaｎＤｉｃtionａryofEnglish－Cｈｉneseofｆersustｈeexpｌanatｉonｓ:“Ａstoｒmypｅtrelisaperｓｏnwhosepｒeseｎceｅxｃｉｔeｓdｉscｏｎtentｍeｎt,quａｒrｅlling，ｅtｃ．iｎaｓoｃialｇroｕｐ。”Theｒｅasonfｏrｓｕｃhadiｓlikｅiｓthattｈeytｈｉnｋｐetreｌistｈｅsｙmbｏｌfordｉsａster。However，iｎＣｈｉnathｅｗorｄ“ｐetrel”isassociａｔｅdwｉｔhｂrａvｉngharｄshｉpａｎdadvｅｒｓitｙ，ａdvanciｎgwithpｅrｓeveraｎcｅanｄｃｏuragｅ．ＴhｅspiriｔiｓwｅllrefｌｅctedｉｎthepｏeｍpetｒelwrittenｂyGorky，ａfamousRussｉaｎwriｔｅr．ﻫToEｎgliｓｈｐｅople,ifaｍagｐie(喜鹊）flｉｅｓneａraｗｉndｏｗ，itｉsasymｂolofbadlucｋ。TherｅaｒeｔwoexplaｎａtｉoｎsinＴhｅＯxfoｒｄAｄvａｎcｅｄLearｎｅr’sEnｇlｉsh－ChｉneseDiｃｔiｏｎary：(a）personwhocollectsｏrhoａrdsthｉngｓ（爱收藏或贮藏东西的人)，（b）pｅrsonwhochａttersalｏt（爱饶舌的人）．Ａｌｌtheseexplａｎationsareｆigurａtｉvewithdｅrｏgａtｏryｍeaninｇs。Onｔｈｅcoｎｔrａry,amaｇpieisasymboｌｏｆｇoodｌuckinChina．Ifamagｐieｓinｇｓinatreｅneaｒｈｏuses，ｐeｏｐleｗouldtｈiｎｋsomeｈaｐpｙthingｓwouｌdｈａｐpｅn。ＳoChiｎｅｓepeopleｏｆtｅnsａy,“Mａｇpｉesings,haｐｐythｉngcomes．”

Whaｔ'ｓaｂｏuttheaniｍaｌword“fｉsh”？“fish”ａnd“鱼”ｈａsqｕitｅdｉｆｆｅrentｃｕｌtuｒalfigｕｒａtｉveｍeanｉngｓiｎEｎglishａｎｄCｈinesｅ。IｎEngliｓh“fish”ｈａsｄｅrogatｏｒymeａｎiｎgthatrefeｒｓtｏbaｄｔhｉｎgｓａndｐerｓonｓ，e。ｇ.：“aｐｏorfｉsｈ(可怜虫）”；“alｏosｅfiｓh(生活放荡的女人）”；“ｆiｓhinｔｈeair(水中捞月）”。IｎChｉnｅsｅｔheｌｅｔｔer“鱼"ａnｄ“余”aｒｅhoｍophonｅｓ。Theｒｅfoｒe,iｎtｈeiｍporｔantｆｅｓtｉｖalsｓｕcｈaｓSprｉngFeｓtivａl，Chｉnesｅｐｅｏpｌｅwouldlikｅｔｏusｅ“fiｓｈ”aｓａnｉndｉsｐeｎsａｂｌeｄｉｓhtosymbｏliｚe“aｂundａncｅ”。［7]ﻫInChｉｎａ,“eｌephaｎt（象）”ｉｓamascoｔ.ManyｐlaceｓinCｈinadｆorｔheletter“象”ｓｕchａｓ“象山”inＺhｅjiangpｒovｉｎcｅ,“象州”，“象鼻山”inGuaｎgxiprovincｅ,“象河”inTibet,etc。“Ｅｌｅphant"aｌsosｙmｂolｉzｅsstａｔｕｓ。Forexaｍｐｌｅ，inｒｅｍｏteaｎtiqｕitｙ，thenｏbleｌａdieｓｗoreｃｌｏtｈeswｉtｈｄｅｓｉgnsｏfｅｌephantｓ（象服）；Theｅmpeｒoｒsrodｅｏneleｐhanｔs.The“elepｈant"iｓdｏtedbyChineｓｅｐｅｏｐｌｅbecausｅofｔhｅBｕdｄhｉstlegenｄｓ．ItiｓsaidthatthｅＢuｄｄhiｓtpaｔｒiaｒｃhwastheｒｅinｃarnaｔｉonofwhｉtｅｅｌeｐｈａｎt。Ｏntｈｅconｔrary，iｎＥnglishwhｉteelｅphanｔ(白象）ｉsｌiｋeneｄtｏｔhinｇsｔhａtareuｓｅｌessanｄofｔeｎexpｅｎｓiｖe.TheａｌｌｕsｉｏniｓoriginａtedｆｒoｍaｆoｌkstｏryｔhａtiｎSiaｍ（nowTｈailａnd）,ｔheｋｉｎgwｏｕldgiveawｈｉｔｅｅlephantasａpｒｅｓｅntｔoasubjecｔthathedidnoｔliｋe。Ｔhesuｂjectｗｏuldhavetospendａlｌｈismonｅyoｎlookｉngafｔeｒtｈerarｅａｎimａｌ。Thereｆoｒe，thereexｉstsuchｅxpｒeｓｓｉonｓinＥnglｉsh，“eleｐhａntine(笨拙）”，“elｅpｈanｔhｕmoｒ(蹩脚的幽默）”，“ｅｌｅｐhaｎｔtask(累赘的活儿)”。［８]

２.2。２SoｍeanimaｌwｏｒdｓwithcommｅｎdatoｒｙfｉｇuraｔｉvｅmｅaｎｉnginＥnｇｌish，buｔｗｉthｄerｏｇatoｒyfｉgｕrａtivemeaｎinginＣhinｅｓｅﻫLeｔ’ｓtａkeourfaｍiliａｒaｎimａlwoｒd“dｏg”fｏrexａmplｅ．Thedogiｓveｒｙinteｒｅsｔｉｎｇandｃlｏselyrｅlatｅｄwitｈpeｏple．Mｏｓｔoｆｔhe“dog”ｅxｐrｅssionspoｓsessacoｍmｅndａtorysenｓeｏｒatleａstａｎｅｕｔersｅｎseｉｎＥｎglｉsh。Ｉtｉsallｒｉghttorefertocｅｒｔaｉnpeopleaｓ“bｉgdｏｇ(重要人物)”，“ｔｏpdｏｇ（优胜者）”，“luｃkｙdｏｇ(幸运儿）",ｅtｃ。inＥnｇliｓh。“Ｔohelpalaｍedｏｇoｖeｒthｅstile”means“tｏheｌpsomｅｏnｅinｄｉfficuｌty”.“Tｏletｓleｅpｉｎｇdｏｇslｉe”meaｎs“tｏmakｅnotｒoｕble”ｏｒ“ｎotｔｏdｉsｔuｒbpeopｌe”．“Ｅvｅrydｏgｈａｓitsｄａy,”ｍeans“ｅｖeｒyｐersonｗillｓoｍｅdayｓｕcｃeedorbecomefortunａte.”Suｃhusageｄｏｅsnotcontainderｏｇatoｒｙmｅanｉｎg．ＢutfigureｓofsｐｅechliｋeｔheｓeａrenotｐroｐerinCｈineseasｔhewoｒd“狗”ｉｎmostChｉｎesephｒaｓｅｓiｓａssｏｃiatedwitｈsoｍederｏgatｏrymeａｎｉngs，asisｒeｆlｅｃtediｎsayingslike“狗胆包天、狗急跳墙、狗头军师、狗腿子、狗血喷头、狼心狗肺、狗眼看人低、丧家之犬、狗嘴吐不出象牙”，etc.,evｅntｈoｕghmostChｉnｅｓenoｗthiｎkｔheｄｏgｉsｍａn’sfaithfｕlfｒienｄ.［9］

Howevｅr，iｎsomecasestｈewｏrd“doｇ"maｙｈavederoｇａtoｒｙsenseｉnEnｇlish，asisshｏｗｎｉntheｆolｌｏwｉngｅxａmpｌes：“yeｌlowdog（卑鄙之人)”，“dirtｙdog（龌龊之人)"，“slydoｇ（阴险之人)”，“ｄｅａｄdog（无用的人）”,andｓomeｖｕlｇarｌanguaｇeｓ:“sonofｂitch（狗杂种）”，“youdog(狗东西）”，“thａｔcｕr（小杂种狗）”，ｅtc．［1０]ﻫ“Ｏwｌ（猫头鹰）”iｓverｙpoｐｕlａrwitｈtheweｓtern.ＴｈeＧreekｓusｅ“owl”ｔｏstanｄfｏrAtｈens，whichisfamousfoｒｉtsmaｎｙｏwls．Ａnｄit’ｓsaｉｄtｈaｔAｔhena,ｔｈewomanｐatroｎsaｉntwａsgｉｖｅｎaｎowlsａｓｈermark．Ｉtsymｂｏliｚeswisｄom，ｃalｍｎess，gｒaviｔyandsteadｉness。Ｉndｉｓpｕｔeａmongbirdｓandbｅａts，ｉtiｓtheowｌtｈaｔtｈeygotofｏｒadvice，andweｃａnseesuchidｉom“ａsｗiseasanoｗl”.Iｆweｕsｅ“ｏｗlish”tｏdｅscｒｉbeｓomebodｙ,wewantｔoｓａyheiscleｖeｒoｒserioｕs，e．g。“Paｔｒickpeeｒedowlｉｓｈlyatuｓthｒougｈhｉsgｌａsｓｅs。（帕特里克透过他的眼镜严肃而机智地审视着我们。）”ＢｕtｉnChinｅse,thｅｆiguｒativｅmｅaniｎｇoftｈｅworｄ“ｏｗl"iｓｑuitｅdifferｅnt.“Owl”isｄescriｂｅｄasthedｅvil,iｌｌｏｍenandeｖil.Peoｐｌeａｒｅafrａｉdofｓeｅｉnganoｗｌ,ｅspeciallｙseeingｉｔseｎｔｅｒｉnｇthｅhouse,sｏｔｈｅｒeareprｏverbswhｉｃhgoｌiketｈｅｓe：“夜猫子进宅，无事不来”;“夜猫子抖擞翅，大小有点事儿”。Theｍeresｉｇhtofanoｗlortｈesouｎdｏfｉtｓhooｔingｍightcausepeoｐletｏdrａwbaｃｋinｆeａｒ.［11］ﻫToCｈinesepeopleandEnglｉshpeopｌe，“bear”ｈasqｕitｅｄｉｆｆeｒentfiguratiｖｅmｅaninｇs。ToChiｎeｓepeople“bear"ｍeanｓ“coｗarｄlyandtiｍｉｄ”oｒ“stｕpid”，sucｈas“笨熊",“瞧那熊样”,etｃ。Ｈoｗeveｒ，iｎＥngｌish，ｐeｏplｅuse“bear”ｔorefertotｈosｅｐｅrｓoｎshａvingspｅciａlaｂiｌity,ｆｏrｉｎsｔanｃe，“Ｈｅｉsabearａtmusic。（他是HYＰERＬINK"htｔｐ:／/www．ｓｔ/Mｕsiｃ/＂音乐天才。）”ﻫＡｎｏtheｒｅｘaｍpleisanｉnｓｅct——－cｒicket（蟋蟀），wｈｉｃh，ｈoｗｅｖer,ｍeaｎstotallydiffeｒentｔｏｂotｈtｈeＣhiｎｅｓｅａｎdtheEnglish。ＩnChinｅsecuｌtｕre，“cricｋｅt”ｒeferｓtoａｓmａll,bｒoｗｎ，jｕｍpｉｎｇinseｃtwhichｍakesasｈrillsoundｂyrｕbbinｇitｓｆｒontwiｎgｓtogether．Itiｓoｆtenｕsｅdｔoeｘpｒess“griｅf”and“dｅｓolａtioｎ",whichiｓreｆlｅctedinｔhefｏｌloｗｉｎｇｅxampｌe“独申旦而不寐兮,哀蟋蟀之宵征”wrｉttｅｎｂyＳoｎgYuintｈｅｂooｋof《九辩》.ＢutinEnglisｈ,ｓincｅShａkespeａreｕsｅd“aｓmｅrryascrｉckeｔｓ"inHenrｙIV,tｈｅEnｇｌiｓｈandAmericａnpｅｏplehaveused“criｃｋet”ｔosymbolｉｚｅｊoｙaｌltｈetime．Forｅxａmple,C．KingleyoｎceｗrｏtｅinhiｓTｗoYｅａrsＡgｏthat“IｈａvenotｈadａlltｈｅluｃkＩexpeｃｔeｄ，buｔ…amａsmｅｒｒyasａｃｒiｃket．（虽然我没有得到想要的一切好运,但我却很高兴。）”［12]

2．3DiｆfｅrenｔanｉmalasｓocｉatｉoｎvehicｌｅｓaｎdsｉmilarｆiguratｉvemeaｎｉｎgsﻫDｉffereｎtanｉmalｗordshavｅsimｉｌarｃｕltｕralｃｏnnｏtatｉｏnsｉnEngliｓｈａndChiｎeseｌａnｇｕaｇｅsandｐｅopｌeusedifferentaｎimａｌwordstoeｘprｅｓｓｓｉｍiｌarmeanings。Evenｔhoｕgｈtｈeanimalａssｏｃｉａtionｖｅhicｌesａｒeｄiｆfereｎt，thｅyｈavｅsｉmilarｆigｕrａｔｉvemeaｎiｎｇs。ﻫＦｏrｉｎｓtａnｃe，agrｉcultｕrｅisthefoundationｏfＣhina'seｃonomicdeｖｅｌopment,ｓothecatｔle(牛）pｌayagreatｒoleｉnＣｈinｅsｅｃuｌtuｒｅ。Tｈereaｒｅsomanyｅxprｅssioｎｓｗhiｃhuｓｅ“ｃattlｅ"asａｓｓoｃiａtionｖehiclｅs，sｕｃhａs“壮实如牛”，“牛气冲天”，“象老黄牛一样辛勤工作”，“过着牛马不如的生活”．Howｅver，iｎtheMｉddｌeAｇｅs，horｓewａsnｏtonlytｈeinsepａraｂlepａｒtoｆKnｉｇhtｓ’lｉveｓ,bｕtalsotheａnimaｌｋepｔanｄｕsedｂythｅimperｉalfamilieｓ。SｏＥngｌishpeｏpｌegｉｖehoｒｓemaｎygｏodｆigurａｔｉvｅｍeａnｉｎgssuchas“aｓｓtｒongaｓahorse”,“ｔｏworkliｋeａhoｒse”，“getonｏnｅ’shighｈorｓe”。Ｓiｍilａrly,GrｅａtＢｒitainisａnislaｎｄcountry，soｆishｅryiｓimpｏrtａnt.Tｈerefoｒe，ｔhereｅxistsｓuchfｉｇｕratｉveexｐrｅssioｎ“ｔodrｉnkｌｉｋｅaｆｉsｈ（牛饮）"。[13］

InＥnglｉｓh,ｔｈerｅａrｅmａnyfiｇuｒatiｖeｅxpｒessｉoｎsusingtheworｄ“horse”asaｓsocｉａtionｖehｉｃles,e。g.“changｅhｏｒse(换马)"isｌikenedto“chanｇeｇrｏｕｐsｏｒleadｅｒs（换班子或领导人)"；“fromthehoｒｓe'sｍouth（第一手的)"；“taｌkｈorse(吹牛）”，etc.ﻫＴｏＣｈinesepeｏｐlｅ，“ｔiger”iｓreｆｅｒｒeｄtoasthekingofaｎimａｌsanｄsｔandsｆoｒpowｅr，vｉgoｒａnｄbraｖｅrｙ.Sotｈeｒｅaｒeｍａｎyexpresｓiｏnｓｗｉtｈthelｅｔter“虎”:“英雄虎胆",“龙争虎斗",“藏龙卧虎”，“如虎添翼”，“虎将”，etc.BｕtｉnEｎglｉsh“tiger"ｓyｍboｌizeｓcruelty．Ｔheweｓｔernｒｅgards“lioｎ”asｔｈｅkinｇｏｆaｎimａlｓ．Websｔer’ｓＴhirｄNewInｔｅrｎatｉonalＤicｔiｏnａｒyofｔhｅEngliｓｈＬａnguａgeiｎterprｅts“apｅrｓｏnfelttobｅlikeａｌｉｏnｅsｐｅｃiallｙｉnｃｏuragｅ，ferociｔy，dｉgnｉtｙordｏminａｎcｅ(一个象是狮子的人,特别指勇气、凶猛、威严或权势方面）".Ｗeuｓe“aｓboｌdasalioｎ”ｔｏｄeｓcribeabravepｅrson.Tｈelioｎenjoyｓhｉｇhｐｒestigｅ。Iｎadditioｎ，ＥnglishpeoplｅreｇａrdlｉoｎasthenationalemblｅmofGｒeａtＢrｉｔａin.“Aliterarylion"isrｅferｒeｄｔoａｆaｍouspersｏnintheｆieｌdofliｔeratuｒe．［14］ﻫ“Ｓnａke”ａnd“中山狼”sharethesａｍｅｆiguraｔiveｍeaｎｉｎginEｎｇliｓhａｎｄCｈｉneｓe,whｉcｈaｒebothliｋeｎｅdtoａperｓoｎwhｏｒeｔurnshatefｏｒlove。TｈｅonｌyｄifferenceistｈatChｉneselaｎguageusｅs“中山狼”ａsaｓsｏｃiatｉonvehｉcle，bｕtEnｇｌｉsｈlａｎguａgｅｕｓes“snake”ａｓaｓsocｉａtｉonvｅhicle．ﻫForgeｎeratｉonｔｈeｆａｂｌｅｏf“中山狼"haｓcirculatｅｄaｍｏngｔhepｅoｐｌe．Ｔｈestoｒyｉｓtｈat:ZｈａoJianzisｈotａtａwolfｉｎthewood.ＴheｗolfesｃaｐeｄaｎdａｓkｅｄmasｔeｒDonｇguoｆｏrhelp.Mｒ。DoｎgｇｕoｗassoftheａrteｄａndｈidｔhewｏunｄedwoｌｆｉnｈisbagtｏｋeｅpitfｒombｅiｎgcａｕｇｈｔbyZｈaｏJiａnzi．Bｕttｈewｏｌfｗantedtoeａthim．Soｔhefigｕrativemeaninｇ“恩将仇报”of“中山狼”ｉscｒeａteｄ．“Sｎake"isrefeｒredtoapｅrｓonｒequitiｎｇｋｉｎｄnesｓwiｔｈｅnｍiｔy,ｗhiｃｈiｓｏｒiｇｉnaｔｅdｆｒｏmAesoｐ’sFａbles，ｔhatｉｓ,aｓnakewaｓfrｏzｅnstｉfｆatthｅvｅrgeofdｅａtｈ。Aｐedestｒｉａnsawitａndwaｒｍeｄitinｈisbosom.Afteraｗhilｅ，tｈeｓｎａｋecameroundanｄbｉｔiｔsｂenｅfaｃｔoｒtｏdｅａtｈ。Soitcausesｔhefｉｇuｒａtivemeａnｉng．［15］ﻫＤｉffｅｒenｔanｉmaｌaｓsociationｖｅhiｃleｓwithsｉmilarfigｕｒatiｖｅmｅａｎiｎgｓｃａｎbeaｌsoseenｆｒｏｍsuchｅｘpｒｅｓsions:“ａsｔimidａsａｒabｂｉt,cｈｉcｋen-heａｒｔｅｄorpｉｇｅon-heａｒtｅｄ（胆小如鼠）”;“liｋeacaｔonｈoｔbｒｉckｓ（热锅上的蚂蚁）”；“ａsｓtubboｒｎasａmule（犟得像头牛)”;“wetasａdrｏwnｅｄrat（落汤鸡）”;“gｏｏsefleｓｈ(鸡皮疙瘩)”；etc。

2。４SeｍａｎticｇapｓﻫSｐecifiｃcｕｌtureｓanｄregiｏnaｌdiscｒepaｎｃｉｅsｅxerｔastrｏngiｎflｕｅnceｏnlangｕagｅ。Anｄanimａlwordsaｓassｏciaｔioｎveｈｉｃｌesａｒｅthｅprｏducｔsｕndｅrtｈｅsｐｅｃｉficｃuｌturalbackgroｕnｄs.ＨYPERLＩNK＂http：／/wｗw。ｓｔｕｄa．net/Ｅnglish/＂Tｈentｈeｓｅaｎimａlassociaｔionｖｅｈｉclｅshavｅthｅirrespｅctｉvecultｕrａlcｏnnotａtｉｏnｓｗhｉcｈaｒｅkｎｏwｎｔodifferentnatｉｏｎsorwhiｃhareｃoｍpｌetelyｓtraｎｇetoｐeｏplｅ.ﻫ2．4。1ＴｈesaｍeaｎimaｌwordｓｗｉthriｃhfiguｒaｔivemｅａnｉｎｇsｉｎＥnglish,butwｉtｈｎｏfiｇuraｔiｖemｅaｎiｎgsｉnChineseﻫ“Ｏstriｃh(鸵鸟）”iｓaｋiｎdoflargebiｒdlｉviｎｇｉnthearｅaofAｆricaｎdeserts，wｉthａloｎgnｅｃｋａndｌｏnglegｓaｎdｔhａｔcannoｔｆｌybutcａnrunｖｅｒｙfａst.ＩｎEｎｇlishandAｍericａnｃｕlｔureｓ，“ostｒich”haｓｓuｃhfiguraｔｉｖｅmｅaｎiｎgs，ｅ.g．“sｔuｐid，evaｄｉｎgａnｄｈavinｇagoｏdappetite”。Ｉtｓfiｇurativemeanｉngwoulｄbｅｗellｒeflecｔedｉｎthｅfoｌlｏwingexｐrｅssiｏｎs：“Oｓｔriｃhbelｉeｆ（鸵鸟信念）”ｉsｒeferｒedｔodeceptｉveidea.“Toburｙone’sheadｏstricｈ－likeｉnｔｈesanｄ”ｉsｌikｅnedｔoaｐersoｎwhoprｅferstoｉgnorｅprｏblemsｒａtherthａntryａnddeａlwitｈtheｍ。Iｎａdditioｎ，ｔｈereｅxiｓtｓsucｈfigｕｒativeｅxprｅｓsiｏｎ“haｖetｈｅdiｇestｉｏnｏfanｏｓtｒiｃh(胃口好如鸵鸟)"．HYPＥRLIＮＫ”ｈttｐ:／/www。stｕda.nｅｔ/Englisｈ/”Howeveｒ，tomoｓｔCｈiｎｅseｐeｏｐｌe，ａｎｏｓｔrichisonｌyａkｉnｄｏｆaｎｉmaｌwiｔhouｔaｎyfiｇurａｔiｖemeaniｎgｓ．TｈeCｈineseareｏnlyfamiｌiarwｉth“ｏsｔｒichpｏｌicy（鸵鸟政策）"borｒowedfromEnglish.[１６］ﻫInWｅsｔernculｔuｒｅ，ｗhａｔiｍｐｒessｅspeｏpｌｅmostmayｂeｇoat，for“ｇoat(山羊)"iｓgenｅrallythoughttｏberelatｅdｗitｈeｖilsａｎdthedevil。Theｌeｇeｎdhasｔhatthedeviｌcｒeａｔedthegｏat，whichiｓdescrｉbｅdastｈeｐhantoｍoftheｄevilandthｅgoａttypiｃallystａｎdｓfｏｒｔhosｅｗhoarｅｆoｎdｏfwｏmｅnａnｄｌｏoseｉnｍoｒaｌｓ。Andwhat’saboutthｅEｎｇｌisｈidｉom“seｐaｒateｔｈｅｓheepfｒomtｈegoats”？TheBiｂｌｅ,Mattｈewtｅlｌsｕｓthaｔ“ｓheep”rｅfersto“ｐeｏple”.ＷecaｎseetｈeorｉgｉnalpasｓａｇefrｏｍthｅＢｉｂle,Ｍaｔｔｈew（2５：31-33）：“WｈenｔｈｅsｏnoｆMａｎｃoｍｅｓｉｎhiｓｇｌory，aｎｄａlｌｔhｅaｎgelｓｗiｔｈhｉｍ，thenheｗilｌｓitｏnthethroneofｈisgloｒｙ．Aｌｌthenａtiｏnｓｗｉllbeｇatｈｅredｂefｏrｅｈiｍ，ａｎｄｈｅwillｓepａｒａtｅpeoplｅoｎｅfｒomanoｔｈeraｓashｅｐhｅrｄseｐaraｔesthesｈeepfrｏｍtｈegoats，ａnｄｈewｉｌlpuｔtheｓｈeｅｐatｈisｒigｈthanｄｔｈｅgｏatsatthelｅｆt。”［1７]AndthustｈeEngｌｉshiｄiomcaｎbetraｎｓlａteｄiｎto“分清好人与坏人”.ＢuttoCｈiｎeseｐｅｏple，thegoatｉsonｌyacoｍmonａnｉmal.ﻫLｅｔｕsseｅmorｅanimalwordsoｎlyhａvｉｎgｆigurａｔｉvemeａningｓinＥnｇｌｉｓｈ：“nｉｇhtiｎgale（夜莺：告密者,坐探）”,“aｌbaｔｒoss(信天翁：沉重的负担，无法摆脱的烦恼障碍)”，“cock（公鸡：头头）”,“bｅaｖer(河狸:卖力工作的人)”,“ｃａｔ（猫：心地恶毒的女人，胆小鬼）”，ｅtc．［１8]ﻫ2．4。２TｈｅsａmeanｉmalwordsｗiｔhrichfigｕrativemｅaningsｉnChｉnese，bｕｔｗithnｏｆｉguｒａtiｖemeａｎingsｉｎEngｌishﻫFｏrCｈiｎesｅpeｏpｌe，ｗｅmｕｓtbeveｒyfaｍiliarwithｔｈeword“cｒane（鹤)”,aｓｙmbolforlongｅｖiｔyinChinesecｕｌtuｒｅ.Ｔherｅforｅ,sｏmeChiｎeｓepareｎｔsｌiｋｅｔoｎamｅthｅｉrｃｈildｒenａs“鹤年”，“鹤龄”witｈｔhｅｈoｐｅｔhａttheirchｉldrenｌiｖealｏngliｆｅ.Tｈecｒaｎｅisoｆtenlinkedwitｈthｅpiｎｅｔrｅe，ｗhiｃhisaｓyｍｂoｌforｓtｕrｄｉnessandlongｌife.Tｈetｗoofteｎappeaｒtogeｔhｅｒｗiｔhthｅmeaning“松鹤延年"．ＩnCｈｉｎa，itisagooｄwａyfｏrｐｅｏｐlｅtosenｄｇifｔswiｔhsｕchｄeｓｉｇnｓｏｆcrａneandpiｎｅtrｅetotｈeｏｌdeｒgenｅrations,ｅsｐecｉａllyonｔheiｒbｉｒtｈdａｙceｌｅbraｔingoccasions.ＢutiｎEnｇlｉｓｈcuｌturｅ,theｃraneisonlyaｎｏｒｄinａrｙａｎｉmａlwｉthｎｏfigurａtivｅmeａningｓ.ﻫ“龟（toｒtｏise）”contａinsｔwoｆiｇurａtiｖｅｍｅaninｇsinＣhｉnｅse．Oneiｓｌｏnｇevitｙbeｃａuｓeofitsphｙｓｉcａlｆeａtures。Sｔoｎetortoisessyｍboｌicofｖｅｎerableolｄaｇｅｓcaｎbesｅeninfrontofancienthａlls,templeｓandpalaces．Theoｔheｒisthesymboｌfortheｃuckｏｌｄ．Ｔocaｌlａpｅrｓｏｎatortｏiｓｅ“王八"ishighlｙinsulting．Ｈｏwever，tｏtheEnglｉsｈ,ｔhｅtorｔoisｅisjusｔaｓlｏｗ-movｉngcreaｔuｒewｉtｈnoｓuchfiguratiｖeｍｅaｎｉｎｇs.［19］ﻫOｔｈｅｒaniｍalwordsindicatethaｔｏnlyＣｈineｓelａｎguaｇehaｓtｈeｆiｇｕｒａtivemeａnings．Ｆｏｒｅxamplｅ，“蚕（sｉｌｋｗｏrｍ)：奉献精神”，“鹗（ｏsprｅy）：有才能的人”，“鸿雁（Cｈｉnｅｓｅwildｇooｓe):喻指信使",“鸳鸯（maｎｄａriｎｄuck）：夫妻”，“黄雀（ｓiskｉn）：得志小人".[２0］ﻫ3．InｆluenｃesoｆｆigurａｔｉvemeaｎｉｎｇｓoｆanimalwordｓoninterｃｕlｔuｒalcｏｍmｕnicａtionﻫＩｎtｅrculturalcｏｍmｕniｃaｔｉｏniｓｃoｎcernedwｉｔhcｏmｍunicａtioｎａｍｏngpeｏplｅfromｄiｆfｅrenｔcｕｌturaｌbａckgｒouｎds.Withtherapiddeｖeｌopmｅｎtoｆscｉeｎceanｄtechｎｏlogy，esｐｅciaｌｌycomｍｕnicatｉons,thewoｒlｄｉsbｅｃoｍｉｎｇsmaｌlerandｓｍaｌlｅr．Andｉtiｓｎeｃｅｓｓaryｔｏｃｏmｍuｎicatewithpeｏｐlｅｆromdｉｆfｅrentcuｌtｕｒalｂackｇrounｄｓ。Howeｖer,diffｅrｅｎtculturｅsmａyfavoｒdｉfｆｅrｅntvaluesｙｓtｅmsａndwoｒｌｄvieｗｓ.Moreoｖer,thｅbelｉef，cｕstoｍｓaｎｄhabitsｏfthepｅoplｅfromdifferenｔcountｒiｅsｍaybeｄifferent.Therｅfｏre，inｔeｒｃuｌｔmunｉｃatiｏnｐrovｉdeｓｇuidanｃeｆｏrthosepeoｐｌeｅngagediｎintｅrcultｕralｃｏmmuｎiｃatiｏn。

Iｎtｈeｈuｍａncommｕｎicatｉon,aplentyofａnｉmalｗｏｒｄsａrewidｅlyusｅdtoｅnricｈthｅlａｎgｕａgeａndｃｕlturｅ.Tｈｅｖｉｖidｉmageｓoｆａniｍalsenｈanceexpressivｅabｉlitｙofｌａngｕａgeｂyassociatiｎgｗitｈtｈeｉrfeaturesｓｈowedfroｍｏｕtｓideaｐpearanｃeｓorinｄｉvidualteｍpｅrameｎｔｓ．Aｓｔheａbｏvecompariｓｏnsreprｅsｅｎｔ,ａnimａlwoｒdｓhａvemａｎysａmeｏrdiffeｒentfｉgｕｒaｔiｖｅｍeaｎｉngｓ.Iｆｗedonｏtknｏwthecuｌtuｒalｉnｆorｍatiｏｎａndoｎlyunｄerstandｔｈeiｎfoｒmａtioｎaccｏrdｉngtoｏｕrｎaｔｉonaｌcuｌturａlbacｋｇrounds,wewouldcausｅthedｅｖiatiｏnｆrominforｍaｔiontｒａnｓmiｓsｉonａｎdｍｉｓuｎdｅrstａｎdingｉnintｅrculｔｕralcoｍｍuniｃationｔolｅａdtｏtheｆaｉlureofcｏｍmuniｃation.Onceａforeｉgnerｓaid，“TｈeJonｅsfａｍilylivelikefigｈtｉｎｇcｏckｓeveｒｓincehegottｈatｎewwelｌpaidjｏbattheｍinｉｓｔrｙ。"Tｈestrｕcturｅisｖeryｓimｐlｅbutmａnypeoplｅｍaｋeａwronｇundeｒsｔandiｎg．Tｈeｐroｂlｅｍｌiｅｓiｎｔhepｈｒａse“fｉghtｉｎgcoｃｋｓ”.ＴoＣｈineｓｅ“fiｇhtingcｏcｋｓ(打斗的公鸡）”isusuａlｌyｕsedtodescｒibｅｔwｏpeopｌelivｉngａnｕｎｐｅacefuｌｌife．

ＩnanｃｉentＣｈｉna,thepａlａcesoｒtheｆoｌｋslｉｋedgaｍecoｃktomakｅaplｅasｕre，wｈicｈbroughtoｕｔｔheａssociation。ＢutinＥｎｇlｉsh，“livelｉkefｉｇhtｉngcｏckｓ”means“ｔoenjｏｙｔhｅｂｅｓtpoｓｓｉbleｆoｏdorｌｉfｅ"。Sothecoｒrｅctｕnderstａnｄinｇｏfthissentenｃeｉstｈat“自从琼斯在部里找到一个薪水丰厚的新职位后，他家过得很舒服。”［21]Tｈeｒeｆｏｒｅ,ｗesｈouldpaｙaｔｔｅntiｏntｏthｅfiｇｕrativｅmeａningsofａnimaｌwｏrdｓtｏmakｅcrｏｓs－ｃuｌｔｕralcｏmmunicａtionsｕccessful．ﻫ4。Ｔｒａｎslａtｉoｎoｆanimａlｍｅｔａpｈors

４.１ImpoｒｔanｃeｏｆtranslatioｎﻫTraｎsｌaｔioｎｉsadialogicproceｓs.Ｉｔisnotoｎer－ｌingualaｃｔiviｔybutaｌsoacross—cｕlturalcｏｍｍuniｃａtioｎevenｔ。Theｐurｐｏseｏftraｎslａtｉoｎｉｓtotｒansferｔheｓｏｕrｃeｌａｎgｕａgeintｏtｈeｔargeｔlanｇuagetｏobtaｉntheｍaｘｉmａlequｉvａｌenｃｅ.Sｏｔｒanslatoｒｓplayanimpｏrtａntroleinｔhｅｐroｃessｏftrａnslaｔioｎ。Tｈeysｈｏｕlｄcｏnsｉｄｅｒｈowtoｄeａlwｉthｔhｅiｍagesofｔheworｄｓａndhowtoexpｒesｓtｈefigurativeｍeaningｓｃｏｒreｃtlyanｄｐｒｏperly．Meａnｔime，thｅysｈｏuｌdｔhinkoｖeｒnｏtonｌyｔｈeｌaｎgｕagｅstructｕｒｅsａndnatｉonalfｅａｔureｓｉｎｓourｃelangｕagebutalｓothecultuｒalbackｇrｏｕｎdsａndｔheｅｘpressionsiｎtaｒｇeｔlanguage。ﻫＡnｉｍａlworｄscontainmaｎyculｔuraｌmeａnings。Inthｅｐroｃessoｆｔraｎｓlaｔiｎｇanimalwｏｒds，thｅｂｉgｐrｏblｅｍishowtogettｈeｓaｍeｏrneａrlytheｓａmeeffectｃulｔurallｙinthｅtaｒｇetｌaｎguａgeａsthａtｏfｔhｅsourcｅｌangｕａge。ﻫ4。２Ｍethｏｄｓofｔrａnｓｌaｔionﻫ4。2.１KeｅpｉｎｇｉｍａｇeofanimaｌaｓｓociａｔiｏnvｅｈicｌeｓﻫＥnｇliｓhcｕｌtureandCｈiｎesｅcｕltｕｒｅhaｖemｕchincommon,sｏtｈeEnｇlishandｔheChinｅsesharｅｔhesａmｅorsｉmｉｌａｒfeelｉnｇsoratｔitudｅｓtosoｍeａnimａlwｏrｄｓ.Ａｎdtｈeｙuｓｅｔｈesaｍeaniｍａlｉmａgｅstoｅxpｒｅｓstｈesiｍilａrfiguｒaｔiｖｅmｅaｎings．Thereｆore,weｃanadｏｐtlｉteralｔrａnslａｔioｎｔｏｋｅeptheorｉｇinａlａsｓｏｃiaｔiｏｎｖeｈicles．Ｔoaｃertａineｘtｅnt，thismｅtｈodheｌｐstokeeptｈesourcenatｉonaｌｓeｎseaｎdmakestheｔａrgeｔlaｎgｕagｅrｅadeｒｓtｏunｄｅrｓtaｎdｔhｅｓｏurcｅｌａnguagecｕlｔｕre。Ｆｏｒexaｍple:ﻫ(1)俗话说得好,叫做“杀鸡吓猴",拿鸡子宰了,那猴儿ＨＹＰEＲLＩＮK"hｔtp://wｗｗ.stuｄa．neｔ/ｌixue/"自然害怕.(李宝嘉：《官场现形记》)

Thesａyinghａｓitweｌｌ，“kiｌｌｔhecｈｉｃkeninｏｒderｔofriｇｈｔentheｍoｎkｅy”．Iｆtｈｅcｈicｋenｉsｋilleｄthｅmonkｅyisceｒtａｉnlyscaｒed。［２２］

(2）楚兵罢食尽,此天亡楚之时也，不如因其机而遂取之。今释弗击，此所谓养虎遗患也.（司马迁:《史记。项羽本纪》)ﻫThetrｏopsoｆＣhｕareｓｈorｔofｆoｏｄ，whichshowsthｅgｏdsｗanttowｉｐethｅmouｔanｄｔａkｅuptｈｅstａtｅ．Ｉｆwedｏn’tlaunchanａttａckｕpoｎtｈemaｎdｌettｈemgo，whａｔweshａｌｌｄｏisｔonourｉshaｔiｇertｏbｅasoｕｒceｏｆthetroｕbｌｅintｈｅｆuｔuｒe．［２３]ﻫ(3）Ａdｖｉｃｅanｄcｏｒrecｔｉoｎrolｌoｆｆhiｍlｉｋewaｔｅroffadｕｃk’sback．ﻫ劝导对他好像水过鸭背似的不起作用。[2４］ﻫ(４)Ｙｏustupidass!Ｈowｃouｌｄyouｄoathingliｋetｈat？ﻫ你这头蠢驴!怎么会干出那种事儿来？［2５]ﻫLeｔ’ｓhavealooｋatsomeothｅｒexａmｐlｅs:ｄarkhorse(黑马），papeｒtｉgｅr(纸老虎）,laｍbｄuｃｋ（跛脚鸭子）,ａｓpuｒｅａsａswan（像天鹅一样圣洁）,etc.ﻫKeｅpinｇｉmaｇeｏｆaｓsｏciatiｏnｖｅhiｃｌescanmaｋeｌaｎｇuagevividａｎdｖigorｏｕsaｎdpresｅrｖｅｔｈｅoｒiginalstyｌe．AdopｔiｎgｔｈismetｈｏdｎｏtonlyreproduｃesｔhesoｕrｃelａngｕａｇeｍeaｎiｎgandchａrｍbuｔalsoｂenefiｔsthecｕｌtｕrａlexchａngｅbｅtweenＣhｉneseanｄＥnglish．ﻫ4．2.2Ｃhanｇiｎgｉｍaｇeofａｎiｍａｌasｓociaｔionvehicles

ＥngｌｉshｌａnguageandChiｎｅseｌangｕaｇｅhａvesomｅcｕltｕraldiｓcｒepａｎcｉeｓ。Iｆsomeoriｇｉnaｌａssoｃiaｔｉｏnvehiｃleｓａｒekeptｉnｔｈeｐｒocessｏｆtranｓｌatiｏn，theｔａｒｇｅtｌangｕagereａdersｍayｎｏtunｄeｒsｔaｎdtheｍ.Ｉndeeｄ，thｅrｅaｒｅoccasionswｈereｃｅｒtainｃｕltｕralａｓｐｅｃｔsoｆｏriｇinalcannｏtｂｅｄireｃtlｙｔrａnsfｅrｒeｄｉnｔoｔhetargetlanｇuageｃｕｌtｕre．Ｔhus，ｉntheｐｒｏcｅsｓofｉｎｔｅrｃuｌturalcｏmmｕnｉcａtｉoｎ,wemａｙrｅplacetheoｒigiｎalｉｍａgewｉtｈaｄiffｅrｅntoneｔｈaｔretaiｎsthemｅaniｎgｏftheｏrigiｎaｌmessagｅandｗeｌlｆitsｉnwitｈ