英语概要写作高考英语概要写作方法

高考英语概要写作办法PartI.什么是摘要?Asummaryisashortaccountgivingthemainpointsofsomethinglongerordetailed.概括部分包含几个能力。第一要看清晰文章的构造，设法反映出原文中作者的观点。第二要具故意义筛选的能力，学会分辨事实和观点、重要和次要、普遍与特殊、有关与不有关、因素和成果等复杂的逻辑关系。第三要有用英文解释英文的能力，用自己简朴的语言解释比较复杂的语言文字，不能剽窃原文。对于成绩较差的同窗来说，可能对概括感到无从下手。读写任务的写作内容普通分为两个部分，即写作内容1为概括短文要点，尚有写作内容2则是就某个主题发表见解。然而，绝大部分的考生会无视了写作内容2对写作内容1的导航作用，而一头扎进了阅读材料直接去阅读文章得出要点。事实上，所谓“读写任务”其实是“读”和“写”的有机结合，“读”的材料是为了背面的“写”提供情景，同样，“写”也是对“读”的材料的思考和延伸。故但愿大家在概括文章时，可考虑命题人提供的写作内容2的导航作用，由于它能够协助大家更快地提高捕获文章要点的速度与精确性。一、概括的原则：抛弃次要，瞄准写作目的。原则的概括采用浮凸式的体现方式，第一句话是主题句，清晰明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的，这句话的质量决定了概括的成败。背面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，但凡意义在主题之外的要毫不吝啬地予以删除。二、概括的写作环节：1.拟定主题句。拟定阅读文章的主题句，普通在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。2.寻找核心词。分析主题句意义，拟定核心词，核心词普通体现为名词、形容词，核心词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。3.重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄背面全部的支撑句。能够从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。4.重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，能够是补充过程或者提供证据。口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。(括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子)三、概括的形式：“主题句+支撑句”即“主题+主题的什么”。附：广东高考概括部分评分细则：1.完全糊涂地照抄原文，连人称都不改的，得0分;2.机械死板地照抄原文，只改人称的，得1分;3.稍微灵活地抄原文，改主语，宾语、原文词序的，得2分;4.发明性地抄，改主语，宾语、原文词序尚有句子构造的，最多得3分。5.构造、用词，词性变化比较好的4至5分。高考英语概要写作技巧PartII.写概括的具体办法Ⅰ.TheStepsofWritingaSummaryA.定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时;如果是现在的，那么基本时态用现在时;但是，模板的开头语普通为现在时如Thepassagetellsusthat--------.B.定人称：普通状况下采用第三人称来写作。(特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一、二人称;)C.定技巧：结合有关技巧，重新组句。1)Usewordsofsimilarmeanings同义替代法Ididn’tcatchanyfishowingtothefactthatIwasnotpatient.Ididn’tcatchanyfish_________Iwasnotpatient.2)Adopttheoppositewaywhensayingasentence正话反说法Youwillfail.=Youwill____________.3)Changethepartofspeech词性转换法Patienceisveryimportant.Patienceisof_____________________.4)Changethestructureofasentence句式变化法语态变换：Parentsshouldgivechildrenmorepraise.→Childrenshould________morepraise.简朴句变复合句：Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore.Thiswillhelpthemlearnfaster.Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore,_______willhelpthemlearnfaster..5)Usetheshortestpossibletransitions连词衔接法注意使用某些短而精的连词，如but,and,so,while,however,then,yet,for,therefore,thus,including,insteadof等。Weshouldencouragechildren.Weshouldnotscoldthem.Weshouldencouragechildren__________scolding.6)Changetheorderofthewords.词序变化法D.下列是常规的实用技巧。Skill1:Omit(省略)thedetailsSkill2:OmittherepetitionsSkill3:OmittheexamplesSkill4:Usegeneral(概括性)wordsinsteadofspecific(具体的)words)Skill5:Putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech写摘要时能够采用下列几个小技巧：1)删除细节。只保存重要观点。2)避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证阐明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应当删除那些突出强调的重述句。3)删除具体例子。但是，阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构成的，如阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的，如删除具体例子，则概括很难达成30个词，那就选择一至两个例子(即一两个重要节日)。注：原文中可能涉及5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。（高一1胡圳杰）Original:Whydosomeanimalsdieout?Inthepasttwohundredyearspeoplehavecausedmanykindsofanimalstodieout--tobecomeextinct.Peoplekeepbuildinghousesandfactoriesinfieldsandwoods.Astheyspreadovertheland,theydestroyanimals'homes.Iftheanimalscan'tfindaplacetolive,theydieout.SixteenkindsofHawaiianbirdshavebecomeextinctforthisreason.Otheranimals,suchastheFloridaKeydeer,maysoondieoutbecausetheyarelosingtheirhomes.Huntershavecausedsomeanimalstobecomeextinct,too.Inthelastcentury,hunterskilledallthepassengerpigeonsinNorthAmericaandmostofthebuffalos.Todaytheyarefastkillingoffhawksandwolves.Pollutioniskillingmanyanimalstoday,too.Asriversbecomepolluted,fisharepoisoned.Manydie.Birdsthateatthepoisonedfishcan'tlaystrong,healthyeggs.Newbirdsaren’tborn.Sofar,noanimalshavebecomeextinctbecauseofpollution.Butsome,suchasthebaldeagleandthebrownpelican,havebecomerareandmaydieout.Scientiststhinkthatsomeanimalsbecomeextinctbecauseofchangesinclimate.Theplaceswheretheylivebecomehotterorcooler,drierorwetter.Thefoodthattheyeatcannotgrowthereanymore.Iftheanimalscan'tlearntoeatsomethingelse,theydie.Dinosaursmayhavediedoutforthisreason.Summary:Inthepasttwohundredyears,manykindsofanimalshavediedout.Thereareseveralreasonsforit.First,peoplekeepbuildinghousesandfactoriesinfieldsandwoods,whichdestroysanimals'homes.Then,hunters'killinghasalsocausedsomeanimalstobecomeextinct.Besides,someanimalsaren'tabletobearstrongoffspringandnordotheyhaveenoughfoodtoeatbecauseofpollutionandclimaticchanges.（高一2王楚涵）Writing1阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。YesterdayMattwassick.IpickedupArchiefromthesitterandEloisefromschoolanddecidedtoruntoTargetforafewthings.Ihadhopedtobeinandoutquickly.Ifoundalinewithjustonepersonaheadofmeandbeganorganizingmyitemsontheconveyor.Afterplacingmyitems，Ilookeduptoseethatthepersonaheadofmewasanelderlywoman.Shewaspayingforheritemswithchangeandwantedtopurchaseeachseparately.Iwasfrustratedwiththiswomanandtheinconvenienceshehadplacedonme.ButthenIwatchedtheyoungemployeewiththiswoman.Iwatchedhimhelphercountherchange，eversosoftlytakingitfromhershakinghands.Whensheaskedifshehadenoughtobuyareusablebag，hetoldhershedidandwenttwolinesovertogetoneforherandthenrepackagedheritems.Neveroncewasthisemployeeangry.Hewasnothingbutpatientandkind.AsIwaswatchinghim，IsawthatEloisewastoo.Shewasstandingnexttothewoman，watchingtheemployeecountthechange.IrealizedIhadn’tbeeninconveniencedatall.Thatmydaughterwasinsteadwitnessingkindnessandpatienceandbeingtaughtthisvaluablelessonbyacompletestranger.Whenthewomanwasfinished，theemployeebeganringingupmyitemsandthankedmeformypatience.Ithenthankedhimforteachinguspatienceandkindnessbyhistreatmentofthatelderlywoman.WhenhewasfinishedIpushedmycartthroughthestoretryingtofindthemanager.Iwantedhertoknowoftheemployee’skindnessandpatienceandhowmuchitmeanttome.Aftertrackingherdownandsharingthestorywithher，weleftTargetwithacartfullofconsumableitems，butwhatismore，aheartfullofgratitudeforsuchaninvaluablelesson.IfyouareeverintheGlendaleTarget，giveIshmaelasmileandanod.Theworldcouldusemorepeoplelikehim.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【写作指导】要写好记叙文的概要，先要找到下列两个问题的答案：(1)谁做了什么？(2)成果如何？如果是夹叙夹议文，还要加上这个故事给人们的启示或教育意义。就该题而言，本文的概要应当包含：作者购物的时间、地点、成果以及从本次购物中得到的启示，最后用自己的语言串联起来。【参考范文】Thepassagetellsusanexperienceofshopping.(要点1)Oneday，theauthorwithtwochildrenwenttoTargetforshopping.(要点2)Whilewaitinginline，shefoundanoldladywastroublesome，buttheyoungemployeetreatedherpatiently.(要点3)Seeingthat，theauthorwastouchedbyhiskindnessandpatienceandshethoughtherchildrenwouldlearnalotfromthisexperience.(要点4)Writing2阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Sugarsarepopularintheprocessedfoodindustrybecausetheyaddtaste，colourandthicknesstofoodproducts.Thestudieshaveshownthatsugarscanprovideasourceofenergy.Thebodybreaksdownthesugarintosimpleformsthatcanbereadilyusedinthebody.Buttoomuchsugarcancontributetohealthproblemslikeobesityandtoothdisease.Havingtoomuchsugarisnottheonlyreasonforobesityorbeingoverweight，butitdoesaddtotheamountofkilojoulesinfood.Eatingtoomuchofanyfood，withoutdoingenoughexercise，willcauseyoutobecomeoverweight.GovernmentsintheUnitedStatesandUnitedKingdomarewagingawaronsugarintheinterestsofpublichealth.Bothcountriesclaimthattheoverconsumptionofsugarbymuchofthepopulationisharmfultopeople’shealth.OnThursday，theU．S.governmentissuednewdietaryguidelinesthatstronglyrecommendpeoplereceivelessthan10percentoftheirdailycalorieintakefromaddedsugar.Onthesameday，BritishPrimeMinisterDavidCameronsaidhehasnotruledouttheideaofataxonsugartoencourageconsumerstobuyfoodwithreducedlevelsofthesweet.PoliticiansintheU．K.aredebatinghowareductionintheintakeofsugarcouldhelpreduceBritain’srisingratesofobesity.TheAmericanandBritishgovernmentsbothrefertoastudyconductedinMexicothatshowedataxonsugary，carbonateddrinksledtoareductioninconsumption.ThetaxwascarriedoutonJanuary1，andpurchasesofthetaxeddrinkswentdownby12percentbyDecemberofthatyear.Salesofmineralwaterincreasedby4percentoverthesameperiod.Analternativetotaxingsugareddrinksistoreducethelevelofsugarinthem.ResearchersatQueenMaryUniversityinLondonsaythatreducingthesugarcontentinsugar－sweeteneddrinksby40percentoverfiveyearscouldpreventonemillioncasesofobesityintheU．K.Researcherssaypeoplemightnotevennoticethechanges.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【写作指导】本文是一篇阐明文，讲述了人体摄入过多糖分会影响健康。英国和美国政府都号召人们不要摄入过多糖分，甚至考虑通过增收糖税来减少糖的食用。读懂原材料是写好概要的核心，在理解原文的基础上，用尽量简洁的语言集中概括原文的重要观点及思想，但不能简朴重复原文，同时，对各要点的概括要详略得当，构造严谨，体现明确，语义精确简洁，避免空泛、含混之词。【参考范文】Sugarisusefulforourbody，buttoomuchsugardoesharmtoourhealth，whichprobablyleadstohealthproblems.(要点1)Asforthis，governmentsintheUnitedStatesandUnitedKingdomcallonpeoplenottotakeintoomuchsugar.(要点2)BritishPrimeMinisterevenplannedtoputataxonsugar.(要点3)Astudyshowedthatthetaxonsugarhelpedreducetheconsumptionofsugar.(要点4)Researchersalsothinkreducingthesugarcontentslightlywouldnotbenoticed.(要点5)Writing3阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Dietershavelongswornthatgrapefruithelpsthemloseweight.TheGrapefruitDiet，alsocalledtheHollywoodDiet，datesbacktothe1930sandhasahostofcelebrityfansincludingsingerKylieMinogue.Itinvolveshavinggrapefruitorgrapefruitjuicewitheverymealwhilecuttingbackoncalories.Now，scientistsarebeginningtobelievethem.Astudyhasfoundthatdrinkinggrapefruitjuicewheneatingfattyfoodlowerstheamountofweightputonbyuptoafifth.Theresearchalsosuggestedthatgrapefruitcouldbeasgoodasprescriptiondrugsatkeepingbloodsugarlevelsundercontrol—akeypartofmanagingdiabetes.Theexperimentswereconductedonmice—butresearcherssaytheresultsjustifystudiesonhumans.ProfessorJosephNapoli，oftheUniversityofCalifornia，Berkeley，said，“Weseeallsortsofscamsaboutnutrition.Buttheseresults，basedoncontrolledexperiments，warrantfurtherstudyofthepotentialhealth－promotingpropertiesofgrapefruitjuice.”Theresearchersfoundthatwhenthemicewerefedfattyfoodforthreemonths，thosegivengrapefruitjuicetodrinkgainedupto18percentlessweightthanthosegivenwater.Theyalsohadlowerbloodsugarandinsulinlevels—despiteeatingthesamenumberofcaloriesanddoingthesameamountofexerciseasthemicewhodrankwater.Infact，grapefruitjuicewasasgoodatcontrollinginsulinasthewidelyuseddiabetesdrugmetformin，thejournalPLOSONEreports.However，thefruitjuiceonlyhadaneffectonweightwhentheanimalsatefattyfood.Theresearcherssaidtheydidnotknowhowgrapefruitstopsthepoundsfrompilingon.SpokesmanMarietteAbrahams，adietician，saiduntilthenitistooearlyforpeopletotrygrapefruitdiets.“Grapefruitshouldbepartofahealthybalanceddiet，butitshouldn’tbethefocusofthediet，”shesaid.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【写作指导】本文是一篇科普类阐明文，重要介绍了葡萄柚的减肥功效。第一段介绍了葡萄柚用于减肥的历史背景；第二至七段的内容是：研究表明，葡萄柚对人的身体健康有诸多好处；第八段介绍了葡萄柚汁减肥的局限性；最后一段对葡萄柚饮食提出了不同的意见。考生在作答时，应注意条理清晰，避免混乱性语句；语言简洁，要点全方面，可将原文中涉及的人名、地名等非重要信息无视，以节省词数。另外，考生在作答时应注意语言的精确性和语句间的衔接性。【参考范文】DietersthinkgrapefruitjuicehelpsloseweightandtheGrapefruitDietortheHollywoodDietwasapopularwayoflosingweightinthe1930s.(要点1)Theexperimentsconductedonmice，whichcanalsoapplytohumans，showsthatgrapefruitjuicebenefitsthelossofweightandthecontrolofbloodsugarandinsulinlevels.(要点2)However，thefruitonlytakeseffectwhentheanimalseatfattyfood.(要点3)Theoppositeviewdoesn’tthinkeatinggrapefruitcanbethefocusofthediet.(要点4)Writing4阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Infact，greatwhitesharksarenotwhite.Thenameisthoughttohavecomeaboutbecausethesesharksarewhiteinonecircumstancewhentheyarelyingdeadonthedeckofaboat.Itwouldbemorepropertocallthisspeciesthe“blackshark”．Theyhaveadarkuppersurface，whichmeanstheirprey(猎物)aredifficulttospotthemapproachingfromthedarkdepths.Speakingofprey，theyhavebeenrecordeddiningoutonawiderangeofspecies，includingwhales，squid(鱿鱼)，turtlesandoccasionallypenguins.“Ifyoumakealistofeverythingthat’sbeenfoundinawhiteshark’sstomach，you’dgetavarietyofthings，”saysmarinebiologistGeorgeBurgessoftheUniversityofFloridainGainesville.Butwhat’sclearisthattheirtasteschangeastheyage.“Theyarealmostjustfish－eatersuntiltheyare7，8，9feetlong，”saysBurgess.“Astheygetbigger，theywillbegintostarteatingmammalpreyiftheygettheopportunity.”Theseoldersharkspreferseals，sealionsandwalruses.Whentheystrikefrombelow，atspeed，whitesharkscanclearthesurfacebyasmuchas3m.Tolocatetheirprey，whitesharksusealmosteverytrickinthebook.“Theyhaveaseriesofsenses，”saysBurgess.Ina1963study，researchershungaspeakerovertheedgeoftheirboat