实现净零：通过增加需求以提升清洁电气化-25正式版

GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand

INSIGHT REPORT

OCTOBER 2021

Cover:GettyImages

Contents

Foreword

3

Executivesummary

4

1

Digitaltechnologyisthefundamentalenablerofaresilientnet-

6

zerogrid

Mandate1

Digitaltechnologyinthedistributiongridmustbe

6

harnessedtoaccommodatemoredecarbonized

energywhileaugmentingcapacityandresilience

Mandate2

Smartgridtechnologymustbeleveragedto

8

makedemandflexibletoincreasegridresilience

andallowgreateruseofrenewableenergy

Mandate3

Existinggridarchitecturerequiresadigital

12

upgradetoensureresilienceandsustainability

2

Newbusinessmodelswillmakeanet-zerogridaffordable

13

Mandate4Botholdandnewplayersmustbeempowered

13

tocontributefullytoacceleratethetransitiontoa

net-zerogrid

Mandate5

Interoperabilityanddatatransparencywillbe

15

criticaltoprovidingnewnet-zeromarketsignals

Mandate6

Newbusinessmodelsshouldtransfercapital

16

expendituresandriskfromsmallerplayersto

financialproviders,effectivelycrowdsourcingfora

net-zerogrid,bymakingitaffordableandattractive

3

Anewcomprehensivesystemgovernancemodelwillbevitalto

17

ensuringaseamlessandresilientnet-zerogrid

Mandate7

Economicreformmustensureallfuture

17

investmentisdedicatedtoanet-zerofuture

Mandate8

Anofficialsystemarchitectfunctionisrequired

18

withthecompetenceandauthoritytooversee

anintegratednet-zerosystem

Mandate9

ProgressagainsttheParisAgreement’snationally

21

determinedcontributionsandtheUNSustainable

DevelopmentGoalsmustbetracked

Conclusion

22

Contributors

23

Endnotes

24

Disclaimer

ThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.

©2021WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.

GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand 2

Foreword

AminaHamidi

PhilipNew

ChiefTechnologyOfficer,

ChiefExecutiveOfficer,

Electrification,ABB,

EnergySystemsCatapult,

Switzerland

UnitedKingdom

Theyear2021isamomentousyearforhumankind,withdecisionshanginginthebalancethatmayimpactlifeonearthforcenturiestocome.

TheCOVID-19pandemicservesasasoberingreminderthatoursurvivalandwell-beingonthisplanetdependonworkingtogether.Peoplehaverisentotheoccasionasneverbeforeasaglobalcommunity,collaboratingtodevelopmultiplelife-savingvaccinesinunderayear–ahistoricalbreakthrough.Nowisthetimetoapplythatattitudeofheroicsolidaritytooneofthegreatestchallengesofourcentury:climatechange.

Theyearbeganinthatspirit,withannouncementsofmoreambitiousclimatetargetsfromeverymajorworldleader.Yet,followingabriefperiodin2020whenglobalcarbonemissionssankby5.8%,theInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)haspredictedthat2021willseethesecondbiggestemissionsrise

inhistory,asvastportionsofstimulusfundsflowintofossilfuelstojump-starteconomicrecovery.1

Inthemeantime,theAugust2021SixthAssessmentReportfromtheUN’sIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeissuesaveryclearwarning:currentclimatemeasuresareinadequatebothinscopeandspeedtomeettheParisAgreementtargetoflimitingglobalwarmingto1.5°Candavertaclimateoutcomewithsevereconsequencesforhumanity.2

Wehaveafewremainingyearstoacttocompletetheenergytransitionandbuildanewgreeneconomybasedonnet-zerocarbontechnologies.Wemustactswiftly,decisivelyandinclusively.Forclimateactiontoworkforanyone,itmustworkforeveryone.

Cleanelectrificationisaglobalpriorityintheracetonetzero.

TheIEAannouncedcleanelectrificationasatopinvestmentpriorityforreachingnetzeroby2050.3Thecleanelectrificationoftransport,heatinginbuildingsandindustrywoulderadicatefully73.2%ofglobalemissions,4movingsocietyconsiderably

closertoanet-zerofuture.“Clean”dependsfirstandforemostoncompletingthetransitionfromfossilfuelstorenewableenergyinourpowergrids.

Wemustensurethatthepowergridservesastheresilientandreliableprincipalsourceofelectricitytheworldwilldependonforitsnet-zerofuture.

Demand-sidemanagementholdsahiddenkeytothenet-zerogrid.

USPresidentBidenrecentlyproposedaCleanEnergyStandard,whichwillrequire100%zero-carbongenerationineverystateintheUnitedStatesby2035,80%by2030.5

Yet,theshifttocleanenergygenerationalonewillnotsufficetoachievenet-zeroelectricity.Electricitygridsweredesignedtodeliveraflowofreliableelectricitytousers.Renewablesourceslikewindandsolarprovideavariablesupply.Gridinfrastructureneedstoevolvetofullycaptureandutilizesuchrenewableenergy.Thismeansincorporatingnewdigitaltechnologiesthatcanmakethedemandflexibleenoughtoaccommodatethefluctuationsingeneration.

Technologyisreadytomeetthatchallenge.Bothhardwareandsoftwaretechnologiesareavailablethatwouldenableustooptimizeboththecaptureofcleanenergyanditsdeliverytoconsumersandbusinesses.Whatismissingnowarethemarketmechanismsandgovernancetoallowthosetechnologiestobedeployedfullyandtomakeanewnet-zerogridinfrastructureeconomicallyviable.

Thisreport,publishedundertheauspicesoftheWorldEconomicForumGlobalFutureCouncilonCleanElectrification,invitespolicy-makers,regulatorsandinvestorstofocusgreaterattentionontheusersideoftheelectricitysystem.Itpresentsthetechnology,businessmodelsandsystemgovernancenecessarytounlockflexibledemandinthegridinfrastructuretoachieveanet-zerogrid.

GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand 3

Executivesummary

Asadecadeofintensiveelectrificationbeginsfortransportationandindustryandforheatinginbuildingsandindustry,progressmustbemeasuredagainsttwoprincipalgoals.First,theenergytransitionmustbecompletedandcarbonneutralityintheworld’spowersystemsmustbeachieved.Second,powergridsmustbemaderesilientandreliableinthefaceofincreasedclimatestress,risingelectricitydemandandmuchgreateroveralldependenceonelectricity.

Renewableenergygenerationwillonlygetmankindpart-waytonetzero.Theshiftfromcombustionincentralizedpowerplants(whichprovidecontrollableandconsistentoutput)torenewableenergyresources(whicharevariableandlesscontrollable)createsaproblemforexistinggridinfrastructurebecauseitwasdesignedforconsistent,predictablepowergeneration.

Addingmorerenewablestotheenergymixthroughflexibledemand

If100%cleanelectricitygenerationcannotbeachievedsimplybyincreasingthesupplyofrenewables,whatelsecanbedone?

Thetransmissiongridislikeahighwaytochannelrenewableenergy:thedistributiongridprovidesthefeederroads,thefinalconnectiontoendusers.Thisiswherethehiddenkeytoreachingnetzerocanbefound.

Thedistributiongridconnectssupplyanddemand.Ithasevolvednaturallyinthepasttwodecadestosupportbothnewdemandsites,likeelectricvehicles(EVs),aswellasnewelectricityinputsitesintheformofdistributedenergyresources(DERs),includingsmallerwindfarms,homesolarpanels,hydrogenfuelcells,batterystorageandEVswithvehicle-to-gridcharging.6Distributedgenerationsupportsenhancedresiliencetoclimateshocksforindividualusers,aswellasthepossibilityofsatisfyingrisingelectricitydemandwithmoredecarbonizedenergy,butitmustbemoredeliberatelymanagedtoachieveitsfullpotential.

Thisreportpresentsthecaseforthetechnologies,businessmodelsandgovernancethatwouldallowgreateroptimizationofthefurtherevolutionofthedistributiongridto:1)effectivelyusemorerenewable

energy;2)makeanewnet-zerogridaffordableforgovernments,operatorsandendusers;and

ensureaseamless,resilientandreliablesourceofelectricitytomeetrisingglobaldemand.

Thisreportoutlinesninekeymandatestogettonetzerobyincreasingcleanelectrificationthroughempoweringdemand:

Digitaltechnologyisthefundamentalenablerofaresilientnet-zerogrid.

Therapidproliferationofrenewableenergygeneration,DERsandEVshasdrivenanevolutionofthedistributiongridthatmustbecloselymanagedgoingforward.Itsfullpotentialmustbeharnessed,ensuringresilienceforindividualusersandservingincreaseddemandwithdecarbonizedenergy.

Smartgridtechnologymustbeusedtoenableflexibledemand,withtheaimofintegratingmorerenewableenergy,whileincreasinggridresilience.

Existingdistributiongridhardwaremustbedigitallyretrofittedwithsmartgridtechnologyorreplacedwithnewdigitally-enabledequipment.Thegridmustbemaderesilientandreliableintheface

ofincreasedclimatestress,risingelectricitydemandandmuchgreateroveralldependenceonelectricity.

Newbusinessmodelswillmakeanet-zerogridaffordable.

Itisparamounttoleveragethefullexpertiseandpotentialofallstakeholderstocontributetoanet-zerogrid.Todothat,barriersmustberemovedandregulationrevisedtoempowerbothexistingstakeholders(suchasutilities)andemergingstakeholders(suchasaggregators,prosumersandmicrogridoperators)toefficientlyaccessandoperatewithinthedifferentsectors(powergeneration,transmissionanddistribution).

Interoperabilityanddatatransparencywillbecriticaltoprovidingthemarketsignalsneededtoempowerallmarketstakeholderstocontributetonet-zerogriddevelopment.

GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand 4

Newbusinessmodelsareneededthattransfercapitalexpendituresandriskfromprosumers,aggregatorsandmicrogridstofinancialprovidersandinstitutionalinvestors.Crowdsourcingforanet-zerogridisneeded,bymakingitaffordableandattractiveforeveryone.

Anewcomprehensivesystemgovernancemodelwillbevitaltoensuringaseamlessandresilientnet-zerogrid.

EconomicreformisneededtoensurethattheforecastoftheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)for$260-820billiontobeinvestedannuallyintheglobaltransformationofthegrid

infrastructurefromnowto20307isdedicatedtotechnologies,valuepropositionsandbusinessmodelsthatsupportanet-zerofuture.

Anofficialsystemarchitectfunctionisrequired,withthecompetenceandauthoritytooverseethedevelopmentofanintegratednet-zeroenergysystemthatbenefitsallpeople.

Standardizedauditsmustbeimplementedthatusenewlyavailablesystem-widedatatoensuretransparentandtimelyreportingagainstnationalandinternationalnet-zerotargets.

GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand 5

Digitaltechnologyisthefundamentalenablerofaresilientnet-zerogrid

Keymandates

1.Therapidproliferationofrenewableenergy

integratingmorerenewableenergy,

generation,DERsandEVshasdrivenan

whileincreasinggridresilience.

evolutionofthedistributiongridthatmustbe

closelymanagedgoingforward.Itsfullpotential

3.Existingdistributiongridhardwaremustbe

mustbeharnessed,ensuringresiliencefor

digitallyretrofittedwithsmartgridtechnology

individualusersandservingincreaseddemand

orreplacedwithnewdigitally-enabled

withdecarbonizedenergy.

equipment.Thegridmustbemaderesilient

andreliableinthefaceofincreasedclimate

2.Smartgridtechnologymustbeusedto

stress,risingelectricitydemandandmuch

enableflexibledemand,withtheaimof

greateroveralldependenceonelectricity.

Mandate1 Digitaltechnologyinthedistributiongridmustbeharnessedtoaccommodatemoredecarbonizedenergywhileaugmentingcapacityandresilience.

The$2.6trillionglobalrenewableinvestmentin

batterystorageandelectricvehicles(EVs)

thepastdecadehasveryeffectivelyincreased

withvehicle-to-gridcharging.

renewableenergygeneration,bothfromlarger

wind,solarandhydropowersourcesaswellas

Thishasspurredanevolutionofthepowergrid

fromsmallerdistributedenergyresources(DERs),

(Figure1),entailingashiftfromcentralizedpowerplant

likesmallerwindfarms,homesolarpanels,

generationtoamoredecentralizedenergysupply.

GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand 6

FIGURE1 Theevolutionofthepowergrid

TraditionalGrids ModernSmartGrids

Source:ContributedbyABB

Newlyobserved,thepotentialofdistributed

systemsapproachwillneedtobeused,underpinned

generationcanhelppeopleadapttoclimatechange

bydigitaltechnologythatconnectseverythingand

asitsupportsenhancedgridresiliencetoclimate

givesoperatorscomprehensive,detailedobservability

shocks,suchasflooding,forestfiresandcold

andprecise,system-widemanagementofthe

snaps,byofferingindividualusersbackuplocal

completepowergrid.Thiswillallowoperatorsto

generation.Italsoofferstremendouspotentialto

managedemandinaflexiblewaytoalignwitha

helpachieveanet-zerogrid,bysatisfyingincreasing

morecomplexanddynamicsupplyofelectricity.

electricitydemandwithmoredecarbonizedenergy.

Oneexampleofincreasedobservabilityand

However,tobesuccessful,gridoperatorswillneed

controlthatalsoallowsthegreaterintegration

muchgreaterobservabilityofloads,voltageandflows

ofdecarbonizedenergyintothegridis

betweenthesenewsupplyanddemandpoints.A

activenetworkmanagement(ANM).

CASESTUDYFacilitatingrenewablepenetrationthroughactivenetworkmanagement(ANM)

ANMintroducesnewplanningproceduresand

exceededbypeakrenewableinput.Thisallows

permissionstoconnectalargerinstalledbaseof

morerenewablegeneratorstoconnectto

renewablegenerationtothegrid.Inpartnership

thegrid,withouttheneedforadditionalgrid

withIberdrola,theSpanishgridhasintroduced

infrastructuretoincreasegridcapacity.

ANMinitsoperations,launchingpilotsinanarea

Thisservesthevitallong-termgoalofincreasing

withnumerousrenewablegenerators.8

renewablepenetrationbyallowingtheinstalled

DistributionsystemoperatorsuseANMto

baseofrenewablegenerationtogrow,despite

offernewrenewablegeneratorsfasterfirst-

thecurrentconstraintsofgridcapacity.The

timeconnectionstothegrid,basedon

curtailmentofexistinginstalledcapacity

adherencetoascheduleofcurtailedgeneration,

willreduceovertimeasthegridoperator

whichensuresthatpeakgridcapacityisnot

developsandexpandsgridinfrastructure.

Thenextstepmustnowbetakentodigitalizethedistributiongrid,increasingawarenessandallowingoperatorstomakemoreinformeddecisionsonhowtoincreasetheuptakeofrenewableenergy,fromallavailablesources.

GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand 7

Mandate2

Smartgridtechnologymustbeleveragedtomakedemandflexibletoincreasegridresilienceandallowgreateruseofrenewableenergy.

Givendependenceonthegridtosupplypowerfornearlyeveryaspectofpeople’slives,itisnecessarytoensureenoughgenerationcapacitytocoverelectricitydemandsatalltimes.

Ensuringsystemicgenerationadequacywithflexibledemand

Usingsmartgridtechnologytomakedemandflexiblewillplayapivotalroleindecreasingdailymismatchesbetweensupplyanddemand.

Bothelectricitygenerationbyrenewableenergysourcesandelectricitydemandvarydependingontheseason,theweatherandthetimeofday.

Nevertheless,theforecastingofthetotalmaximumdemandintheoverallsystemisfairlyaccurate.

Mostofthetime,withasufficientinstalledbaseofrenewableenergysources,demandpeakscanbemetbyrenewableenergy.However,ontherareoccasionswhenthereisvirtuallynorenewablegeneration–forexample,whenthewindisnotblowingandagigawattwindinstallationproducesmeremegawatts–thegapisfilled,currently,byfossil-fuel-basedpower.

Hedgingfortheshort-termvariabilityofrenewableenergythroughahybridapproachcombiningenergystoragewithflexibledemand

Evenwithrelativelyaccuratesupplyanddemandforecasting,mismatchesstillhappenthroughouttheday.Thesemismatchesbetweensupplyanddemandpresentanotherchallenge.Merelyswitchingon

afossil-fuel-basedpowerplantfivetimesayeartocoverexceptionalcircumstancesisnotwhatisneeded,butactuallykeepingfossil-fuel-basedpowerplantsrunningconstantlyina“hot”standbymode–readytooperateonshort-termnotice,whichimpliesconstantlyburningfuelandemittingCO2.

Atthispointintime,twopossiblealternativestofossil-fuel-basedreservesexist:storageanddemandflexibility.

Batteriesprovideexcellentcriticalbackuppowerandcanalsosupplementelectricalgrid

Ifdemandinthetotalsystemcanbedecreased,byintroducingbothgreaterenergyefficiencyanddemandflexibility,thesystembalancecanbepreservedonthoserareoccasionswhendemandishighwhilerenewablegenerationisexceptionallylow.

Inthatway,itispossibletoavoidpouringbillionsofdollarsintonewfossil-fuel-basedpowerplants,whichareonlyrarelyneeded,andinsteaddirectthatinvestmentintothedevelopmentofrenewableresourcesandnet-zerogrids.

poweronasmalltomoderatescale.However,itwouldbeimpracticaltofillthegapsbetweendemandandgenerationsolelywithbatteries.

Usingsmartgridtechnologytomakedemandflexiblewillthereforeplayapivotalroleindecreasingdailymismatchesbetweensupplyanddemand.

Itwillallowthedevelopmentandoperationofthegridbasedongraduallydecreasingfossil-fuel-basedreserves.Itwillalsoincreasesystemreliabilityandresiliencebybalancingthepowerinputandoutput,mitigatingtheriskofshutdowns.

Infact,theworld’slargestpowerutilityandlargestuserofsmartmeters,theStateGridCorporationofChina,isnowpartneringwiththeInternationalRenewableEnergyAgencytoimplementanationwidesmartgridstrategythatwilladdresstheusersideofthegrid,usingdigitaltechnologytocreateflexibledemandandmeetthedemand–renewableenergygap.

CASESTUDY

Enablingdemandflexibilitywithasmartgrid

On12April2021,theInternationalRenewable

studiestoenhanceflexibleoperationofpower

EnergyAgency(IRENA)andtheStateGrid

grids,[the]decarbonisationofurbanenergy

CorporationofChina(SGCC)signeda

systemsand[to]facilitategriddevelopment

memorandumofunderstandingoutlininga

withaspecialfocusonapplicationofsmartgrid

partnershipaimedatadvancingtheglobal

[technology]andsector-couplingstrategies,”

energytransformationtowardsanet-zeroenergy

seekingtoalignenergyendusewithsupply.9

futureandmeetingParisAgreementobjectives

Implementingsuchanadvanceddigital

andtheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals.

programmenationwideintheworld’smost

Accordingtothepressrelease,“IRENAand

populatedcountrywillprovidearichtesting

SGCCwillconductjointactivitiesandcollaborative

andlearninggroundforothercountries.

GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand 8

Promotingpeakshavingandrelievinggridcongestionthroughprosumerism

Congestioninthedistributiongridisan

situations,thiscanleadtooverloadsor

additionalproblem,whichoccurswhen

evenlocalshutdowns.

toomanyendusersaresimultaneously

usingelectricity,forexample,turningthe

Figure2showsrealexamplesofthestark

kettleonathalf-timeduringtheWorld

differencesinelectricityusepeaks(demand

Cupsoccerfinals,orturningonelectric

curves)acrossdevicesandondifferent

heatingduringacoldspell.Inextreme

daysforagroupofUShomeowners.

FIGURE2UShomeownerdifferencesinelectricityusepeaksperdevice,

5January2020,4March2020and4July2020

Energyusesvsphotovoltaics(PV),

10homes,2020-01-05

EnergyusesvsPV,10homes,2020-03-04

EnergyusesvsPV,10homes,2020-07-04

Capacityfactor

Capacityfactor

Capacityfactor

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

12:00AM

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

12:00AM

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

12:00AM

06:00AM 12:00PM 06:00PM

06:00AM 12:00PM 06:00PM

06:00AM 12:00PM 06:00PM

100

80

(kW)

60

Power

40

20

0

12:00AM

100

80

(kW)

60

Power

40

20

0

12:00AM

120

100

80

(kW)

60

Power

40

20

0

12:00AM

EVchargingLightingSpaceheatingSpacecoolingRefrigerationClothesdryingCookingWaterheating

Source:UShomeaggregatedloaddataprovidedbySaulGriffith,Otherlab,2020.

GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand 9

“Peakshaving”–sonamedbecauseitsmoothsthe

equipmentatnight.Infact,theycangoastepfurther

demandcurvebyshavingoffthedemandpeaks–

andsellthatstoredenergybacktothepowergrid,to

canhelptoavoidgridcongestion.Peakshavingcan

augmentgridcapacityduringpeakdemandperiods.

bolsterthereliabilityofthegridwhilealsoreducing

theover-dimensioningofthegrid(theexpansionof

Buildingandequipmentownerscanalsosupport

gridhardwarejusttoaccommodatepeakuse),thus

flexibledemandbyequippingorretrofittingair

savingvaluableanddwindlingnaturalresources.

conditioners,waterheatersandotherpower-

intensiveequipmentwithautomateddigitalenergy

Homeownerscanplayapowerfulroleinpeak

managementsystems,whichnotonlysaveenergy

shaving.Ratherthanmerelyconsumingenergy,

andmoneybutalsocontributetocommunity-

homeownerswithsolarpanelsorEVscanbecome

widepeakshaving,eliminategridcongestionand

prosumers–bothproducingandconsumingenergy,

increasegridresilience.

andevensellingit.Homeownerswithsolarpanels

andbatteries,forexample,cancontributetopeak

Appliedonamassscale,shiftingtheconsumer

shavingbystoringexcesssolarenergyinabattery

demandcanprovidedistrict-widereliefofgrid

duringthedayandusingittopowertheirelectrical

congestionandobviatelarge-scaleover-dimensioning.

CASESTUDY Reducingpeakdemandthroughdigitalbuildingenergymanagement

JonesLangLaSalle(JLL),aglobalcommercialreal

conditions.UsingSchneiderElectric’sEcoStruxure,

estateservicescompany,usesbuildingautomation

JLLcreatedasingleplatformtomanageallfacility

tomanageairquality,lightandtemperature,

systems,optimizeenergyusageandenable

forhealthierandmorecomfortablebuildings.It

operationalefficiencyandsustainability.Itreduced

bothenergyusageandoperationalcostsby30%.10

partneredwithSchneiderElectricandAutomated

Lifestyletodesignanidealworkspace,asmart

Suchenergysavingsincommercialbuildingscan

office,thatallowsoperatorstomeasureand

contributetopeakshaving,aswellastooverall

manageenergyusageaswellasofficewellness

energyandemissionsreductionsinthepowergrid.

Increasingvehicle-to-gridprosumerism

ThenumberofEVsontheroadispredictedtorise

74%ofallvehicles.15Therecanbenodoubtthat

to559million,with33%ofglobalfleetsexpected

massconversiontoEVswillbeapowerfuldriver

tobepoweredbyelectricityby2040.EVcharging

ofincreasedelectricitydemand.

stationsareforecasttoincreasefrom1million

todayto290millionby2040.11

Fortunately,chargingstationscanbedigitally

connectedtothepowergrid,allowingthem

EVssaveenergythroughsuperiorenergy

tocontributetosystem-wideflexibledemand

efficiency:theyare3.3timesasefficientasinternal

management.Ensuringadailyoptimized

combustionengines(ICEs).12However,theydo

chargingscheduleforEVswillbecriticalto

requireelectricity.By2040,EVsareexpectedto

preventingpotentialcongestionandflattening

constituteatleast5%ofglobalelectricitydemand.13

peaks,andwillbeespeciallyhelpfultoallowing

Thatmaybeaconservativeestimate,considering

EVstodrawonrenewableenergyatpeak

therapidaccelerationinEVuptakethatcontinues

generationperiods.

toexceedforecasts,andtherollingbansonICEs

bygovernments,includingtheEuropeanUnion’s

Vehicle-to-grid(V2G)technology–EVswithdigitally

proposaltobanthemby2035.14Infact,by2050,

enabledbidirectionalcharging(Figure3)–will

EVsintheEUareexpectedtoconstituteatleast

provideadditionalsupporttothepowergrid.

GettingtoNetZero:IncreasingCleanElectrificationbyEmpoweringDemand 10

FIGURE3 Vehicle-to-gridtwo-wayelectricityexchange

Bi-directional

charging

Source:ContributedbyABB

V2Gwillaugmentthecapacityofthepowergridduringpeakdemandhours(peakshaving),

relievelocalcongestionandhedgeforpowerintermittency.Itwillalsohelptoreducethetotalcost

ofownershipforEVdrivers,byenablingownerstosellexcessbatteryenergybacktothegrid.

CASESTUDY

V2GDemonstrationProjectE-FlexinGreatBritain

ProjectE-FlexisaV2Gcollaborationbetween

dualelectricitytariffs.Givenamoreopenmarket

industry,governmentandacademicsfundedby

thatallows,forexample,time-of-usetariffs

InnovateUK.ItisthefirstprojectinGreatBritain

andsmallerbiddingrequirementsforgridservices,

todemonstrateEVsperforminggridservices.

V2Gfleetscouldearnupto£100amonth,

Travelpatternsof70commercialvehicleshave

pervehicle.

beenanalysedbyImperialCollegeLondonto

V2Gfleetscanalsobec