华科大考博英语写作(学生用)

考博作文考博英语考试大纲实际英语应用能力是否达到非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲中《硕士研究生英语教学与考试》规定的要求。考试成绩用于博士研究生的入学选拔。

一、考试设计

本考试共分为四部分：完形填空（10％）、阅读理解（40％）、英汉互译（30％）和英语写作（20％）。

1.完形填空（10％）

语言知识及综合运用能力。测试内容包括词汇的认知能力、搭配知识的掌握，句法结构的理解和篇章阅读、分析能力。使短文的内容和结构完整合理。

2.阅读理解（40％）阅读获取信息的能力，即对阅读材料的细节、事实、要点、作者观点和态度的理解能力。题材包括社会、文化、史地、科普及人物传记等内容，体裁涉及叙事、议论、描述、说明和应用文等。3.英汉互译（30％）

原文内容涉及社会、文化、史地和科普知识.准确地翻译成通顺4.英语写作（20％）

书面表达能力。要求考生根据给出的题目和提纲，或者根据情景或图表自拟题目，约200单词的短文。要求作文切题、意义连贯、文字通顺，并符合英文表达习惯。写作评分标准说明写作测试总分为20分，评分标准采用6个档次计分方法，即从内容和语言表达进行全文总体评分。具体如下：17~20分内容切题，清楚表达其内涵；文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。13~16分内容切题，比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。9~12分内容切题，基本清楚地表达其内涵，句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。5~8分内容基本切题，语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和用词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。1~4分基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可理解。0分文不切题，语句混乱，无法理解。写作知识及技巧A．理想的段落要求是什么?1）主题 （Topic）2）统一 （Unity）3）连贯 （Coherence）4）清晰 （Clarity）5）完整（Completeness）6)多样化（Variety）7)有效性（Effectiveness）B．写作技巧（MethodsofParagraphDevelopment）1)Description2)Exemplification/Illustration3)Definition4)Classification5)CauseandEffect6)ComparisonandContrast7)Listing8)ProgressionC.Pre-writingskills1)Free-writingSomepeoplesimplyneedtostartwritingtofindafocus.Takeoutseveralsheetsofblankpaper,giveyourselfatleasttentofifteenminutes,andbeginwritingwhatevercomestomindonyoursubject.Don’tchange,correct,ordeleteanything.Ifyourunoutofthingstosay,write“Ican’tthinkofanythingtosay”untilyoucanfindanewthought.Attheendofthetimeperiodyoumaydiscoverthatbycontinuouslywritingyouwillhavewrittenyourselfintoaninterestingtopic.2)BrainstormingBrainstormingisaprewritingactivityinwhichtwoormorepeoplegettogethertoexchangeideasonagiventopic.Duringthebrainstorming,thereisusuallyonepersonwhotakesnotesasothersareengagedinconversation.Brainstormingcanbedonealoneifnootherpersonisavailablefordiscussion.Inthiscase,apersonmakesfreeassociationsaroundthegiventopic,i.e.makesarandomlistofideasassociatedwiththetopicastheyspeedthroughhismind.Inmanywaysbrainstormingisverysimilartofree-writingbecausebothenablewriterstoexplorewhattheytrulyfeelaboutatopic.However,whenseveralpeoplecometogethertodobrainstorming,ideasoftencomeoutmuchfasterthananypencanwrite,sothenotestakenorthelistmadecanonlybeverysketchy.Thenote-takermayonlyhavetimetojotdownsinglewordsorphrasessummarizingfacts,statistics,episodes,descriptions,feelings,attitudesandopinionsrelatedtothesubject.Forexample,thefollowinglististheoutcomeofabrainstormingsessionthatdiscussesChina’seducationalsystem:D.HowtoachievecoherenceInordertohavecoherenceinwritinganargumentativeessay,themovementfromonesentencetothenextmustbelogicalandsmooth.TheremustbeNOsuddenjumps.Sincethiscoherencedoesnotoccurnaturally,youshouldtakepainstoestablishit.Oneofthemainwaystoachievecoherenceistousetransitionsignalstoshowhowoneideaisrelatedtothenext.Thefollowingarethemostcommontransitionsignalsgroupedaccordingtothekindsofconnectionstheyestablish.1)Introducinganadditionalpointoridea(递进)2)Introducinganoppositepointoridea(转折)3)Movingfromgeneraltospecific(演绎)4)Emphasizingapoint(强调)5)Restatingapoint(重述)6)Showingsequence(顺序)7)Showingcauseandeffect(因果)8)Showingconnectionsintime(时间连接)9)Introducingaconclusionorsummary(结论)E．分析作文写作对策重点放在三段式的写作文章开头扩展段写法（5）因果法因果关系法是通过分析事物的因果关系来展开段落。如果是一果多因的情况，一般先写结果后分析多种原因；如果是一因多果，一般实现写原因后写结果。运用因果分析法展开段落最好把主题句放在开头，这种段落展开方法的结构常见的有两种：即分块法和连环法。分块法指的是先说原因后说结果（一个原因引起一个或多个结果）；或者先说结果后说原因（多个原因引起一个结果）。连环法指的是先叙述的一个原因及结果，再叙述第二个原因及结果，以此类推。形象一点表示，运用因果关系法展开段落常见的模式有3种：模式1TopicsentenceEffect1Effect2,…Concludingsentence模式2TopicsentenceCause1Cause2,…Concludingsentence模式3ACauseBEffectC(Cause)EffectD(Cause)EffectE(Cause)Effect因果关系常用的句型句式和词语有：原因：Theexplanationisthat…Thereareseveralreasonswhy/for…Thecauseof…is…Thereasonsfor…are……istheresultof……iscausedby/dueto/becauseof…because,since,nowthat,becauseof,asaresultof,onaccountof,forthisreason,owingto,dueto,for,as,thanksto,resultfrom结果：Theresult/effect/consequenceof…is……willresultin…Therefore,…Asaresult(of),…Leadto,resultin,contributeto,sothat,thus,hence,consequently,so,accordingly,inviewof…文章结尾结论Therefore,wecancometoaconclusionthat…Inaword,itisimportant…Allinall….Ashasbeenmentionedabove,aconclusioncanbedrawnthatsomeeffectivestepsshouldbetakeninnotime.Forexample,….Inaddition,…Inmyopinion,Fromthispointofview,…号召性和意义Itishightimethatweurgedanimmediateendto…Onlybydoingso,canwe…展望,后果Werestassuredthat…Weonlyhopethatsomedaytherecanbeasolutiontothisproblem.F．作文经典句型1)It+被动语态+that…

1)Itiswidelyacknowledged(recognized)thatextensivedeforestationcontributedtoheavysummerflooding.

2)Itisreportedthat800000applicantssatfortheNationalMaster’sEntranceTestin2003.

3)Itisestimatedthattwothirdsofthecitiesofourcountrieswillbeinacuteshortageoffreshwaterby2010.

4)Itisgenerallyacceptedthattopracticeeuthanasiaonapatientwhoisstillaliveisinhuman.

5)Itmustbeadmittedthatthepricewarwilldisturbthenormalorderofthemarket.(admittedly)

6)Itcannotbedeniedthattheovergrowthoftourismmaydestroytheecologicalbalanceofsomescenicresorts.

7)Itisknowntoallthatphysicalexercisescanimproveandenrichourphysicalandmentalwell-being.2)Itis+形容词+that…

(形容词+ly，也可)

1)Itisobvious(evident,clear,undeniable,apparent)thatthesituationiscauseddirectlybyexcessivecommercialfishing.

2)Itisunderstandable(inevitable)thatpeople’sattitudesaredivergentonthiscontroversialissue.

3)Itisunimaginable(incredible/unbelievable)thatsuchaboyof17shouldhavehadthreenovelspublished.3)Itis+形容词+forsb(sth)todosth

1)Itisimportant(vital)foreveryonetoparticipateinphysicalexercises,fortheywilldogoodnotonlytoourbodybutalsotoourmindandpersonality.

2)Itiscurrentlydifficultforauniversitystudenttofindanidealjobuponhisgraduation,especiallythosemajoringinfundamentalcoursessuchashistoryandmathematics.

3)Itishighlynecessaryforourgovernmenttostopthecorruptionofgovernmentofficials.

4)Itisimperativethatsomethingurgentbedonetocombatthewidespreaduseofillegaldrugsamongteenagers.4)with/as“随着”句型

1)Withtherapidgrowthofeconomy,thelivingstandardsoftheChinesepeoplehavegreatlyimproved.Manyofthemcannowaffordtobuyhousesandcars.

2)Withthegrowingnumberofcollegegraduatesbeingturnedouteachyear,thesituationinthejobmarketisgettingtighterandtighter.

3)Asindustryandagriculturedevelops,theproblemofwatershortagewillbethemoreserious.

4)Asthereformprocessofstateenterprisesspeedsup,moreandmoreworkersarelikelytobelaidoff,enteringthecompetitioninjobmarket.5)Therebe句型

1)Inthepasttenyearstherehasbeenamarkeddeclineinthenumberofyoungmarriedcoupleswhowanttohavechildren.

2)Recently,therehasbeenastrongdebateonwhetherhumanbeingsshouldbecloned.

3)Therearestillquiteanumberofchildrenwhocannotaffordtogotoschoolbecauseofpoverty.

4)AstheInternetindustrydevelops,therewillbemoreandmorepeoplesurfingontheweb.

5)Nowthereisagrowingconcernovertheheavyburden,bothacademicandpsychological,ourchildrenhavetobear.

6)Thereisnodoubtthatspaceexplorationwillgreatlyinfluenceourwayoflifeandwayofthinking.7)Thereisnoneedforpeopletoworryaboutthepossibleeffectsofdonatingblood.6)图画主题句型

1)Thepicturesindicatethattherehasbeensignificantchangesinthewaysofcommunicationinthelast30years.

2)Byshowing…,theexaminertriestoconveythemessagethat…

3)Throughthepicturestheauthortriestowarnusoftheseriousproblemofendangeredanimals.

4)Thepurposeofthispictureistoshowusthatdueattentionhastobepaidtothediminutionofoceanresources.

5)Thecartoondescribesaverycommonphenomenoninoursocietythat….

6)Thecartoonridicules/criticizessomeproducersandcompaniesthatoftenmakeemptypromisesintheadvertisementoftheirproducts.

7)Thepicturerevealsaseriousprobleminpublicexaminationshiringringers,thosewhotaketestsforothers.

8)Itcanbeseeninthepicturethattwocarscollidedandthetwodriverswerequarrelingwitheachother.

9)Asshown/illustrated/canbeseen/depicted/describedinthepicture,anumberofTVmanufacturersareinfiercepricecutcompetitiontoenlargetheirshareofmarket.

10)AttheupperpartofthepicturetherearesomeChinesecharacters,whichreads“Likealamploveburnsmostbrightlyinthedarkerplaces.”7）图表句型

1)Fromthefiguresgiveninthegraphs,welearnthattheaveragehousingspaceforcityresidentsincreasedto10squaremetersin2000.

2)Asisshowninthetable,thereexistsabigdifferencebetweenthelifeexpectanceinthedevelopedcountriesandthatinthedevelopingcountries.

3)Accordingtothecharts,China’shighereducationhasbeendevelopingrapidlywiththegrowthofthegrossdomesticproduct.

4)Thenumberofsinglepeopleestablishingtheirownhouseholdsreached/hit14percentin2000.5)Fromthetablewecanseethatwithinhalfayearof1998,atotalof532peoplebecamethevictimsoftrafficaccidents,ofwhom460wereinjuredand72killed.6)Fromthegraphwecanseethattherewereatotalof142fireaccidentsinthecityin1999,mostofwhichwerecausedbydefectiveelectricalappliances,smokersandchildrenplayingwithfire.7)Fromthechartwelearnthattheproportionofpart-timeeducationhasincreasedsubstantiallyinthelast5years.8)Thecurvegraphshowsthatthepercentageoffamilyincomehasdeclinedsharply,accountingforonly13percentofthetotal.9)Forestcoveragewasreducedfrom28percentoftotallandareain1954to12percentin1998.10)Thereisasharpincreaseintheexpensesonhousingandmedicalcare,increasingby8%and6%respectively.11)Asiaranksfirstbothinareaandinpopulationamongthesevencontinents.EuropeissecondtoAsiainpopulation,butinareaitisthelastbutone.12)Thenumberofdeathandinjurywasmorethan3timesgreaterthanthatoftheJuly.13)AndinAugustasmanyas39caraccidentswerereported,indicatinganincreaseofabout79percentascomparedwiththenumberofJanuary.14)Thepopulationroserapidlyuntilitreached600000in1990.Since1990thegrowthhascontinuedbutthepopulationhasrisenrelativelyslowly.15)Before1970thebirthrateremainedlevel.Thenin1970itfelluntilitreached30perthousandin1930.16)Afterasteadydeclineforawholedecadethecountry’sfertilityrateshowssignsoflevelingoff.8）表示“使…….变得…”的句型；make＋宾语＋形容词；make＋形容词＋forsbtodosth1)Thewidespreadintroductionofinformationtechnologywillmakeourworkandlifemoreconvenientandmorebeautiful.

2)Mostimportantly,weshouldincreasinglyheightenourenvironmentalawarenessandmakeourworldabetterplacetolivein.

3)Moderntransportationmeansmakeitveryconvenientforpeopletotravelfarawayfromhome.

4)Advancedmedicalsciencehasmadeitpossibleforhumanbeingstoleadamuchlongerlifeandsufferlessfromdifferentkindsofdiseases.9）sothat句型

1)Theyaresoeagertomasternewskillssothattheycanbequalifiedtothejobmarket.

2)Therearesomanypeople,bicycles,carsinthestreetsthatyouwillsometimesfeelitdifficulttomovealong.

10）非限制性定语从句

1)Somepeoplemaybeaddictedtonetsurfing,whichimpairstheirphysicalandmentalhealth.

2)Lakesandriversarebecomingseriouslypolluted,whichaggravates(worsens)theshortageoffreshwater.

3)Theincreasinglyhighdivorceratewillcauseaseriesofproblems,whichdeservesgreatpublicattention.11）用分词结构扩展内容

1)People,notrealizingthatwaterresourcesontheeartharelimited,wasteagreatamountofwatereveryday.

2)Citizenshavetherighttoknowthetruthandsupervisethecelebrity,thusformingakindofpublicopinion.

3)Havingplacedgreatexpectationsontheirson,theycouldn’tholdbackhugedisappointmentandangerwhentheylearnttheirson’sfailuretopassthetest.

4)Withtheimprovementoflivingstandards,moreandmorepeoplebegintobuycarstomeettheneedsofworkandlife,therebyworseningthetrafficproblems.12）用并列结构陈述内容

1)Ilovemyparentsbecausetheygivemelife,havesacrificedalotinbringingmeup,andarealwaysthereformewheneverIneedthem.

2)Mostmenwouldliketheirspousestobeyoungandbeautifulwhereaswomenoftenputemphasisontheirspouses’character,education,profession,incomeorfamilybackground.

3)IrealizedI’dgrownupwhenIknewIshouldberesponsibleformyownactions,makedecisionsformyself,andworktoearnmyownlivingexpenses.13）分析原因句型

1)Thereareanumberofcausesforthegreatincreaseindivorcerateinourcountry.

2)Ingeneral,therearetwomainreasonsleadingtotheprevalenceofthecheatinginexams.

3)ThreeareseveralfactorscontributingtotheboomingofChina’shighereducation.4)Severalreasons/factorsareresponsiblefor/mayaccountfor/contributetothecomingbackofmanyChineseoverseasstudents.5)Itspopularityisdueto/resultsfrom/iscausedby/canbeattributedtothecleanandcomfortableenvironmentandtheexcellentservice.14）“对…来说”1)Thus,forsomestudents,cheating,thoughrisky,isabsolutelyashortcuttogetasatisfyingacademicevaluation.2)Asfor(asto)thesociety,the7-dayholidaywellservesthepurposeofstimulatingconsumptionandpromotingthedevelopmentoftourism.15)“谈及…问题”/“就（某人/某事）而言”1)Whenitcomestowhethercollegestudentsshouldbeinvolvedinbusinessactivities,therearedifferentopinions.2)Whenitcomestoindividuals,nomatterwhatreasonsdrivethemtobuylotterytickets,theyactuallycontributetothesocietybylendingahelpinghandtounfortunatepeopleandtothedevelopmentofsportsinourcountry.3)AsfarasI’mconcernedyoucandowhatyoulike.4)Theriseininterestsrateswillbedisastrousasfarassmallfirmsareconcerned.16）“毫无疑问/必须承认/不能否认”1)Itgoeswithoutsayingthattheloveofbeautyisanessentialpartofallhealthyhumannature.2)Thefastgrowthofspaceexplorationwillundoubtedlyinfluenceourwayoflifeandwayofthinking.3)Itmustbeadmittedthatthepricewarwilldisturbthenormalorderofthemarket.4)Admittedly,thereareadvancedresearchenvironmentandbetterlivingconditionsindevelopedcountries,andstudentsfromdevelopingcountriescannotresistthetemptationofearningmoresalaryinthewest.5)NoonecandenythatE-economyhasgreatpotentialsandadvantagesinmanyaspects.6)Thereisnodenyingthefactthatmoneyisindispensabletousintheconsumingsociety.17）“尽管”

1)Thoughitisaverydifficulttask,weshouldtryallmeanstobringthebirthrateundercontrol.

2)Inspiteofwhathasbeenachievedincontrollingthebirthrate,thereismuchtobedesired.

3)Theyhadawonderfulholiday,despitethebadweather.18）“有了…就能”/“没有…就不能”

1)Withmoney,theycanbuycars,housesandmanyluxuries,andleadacomfortablelife.

2)Withprivatecars,peopleareabletoenjoytheirleisuretimetothefullbymakingtripsintheircarstothecountrysideorseasideattheweekends.

3)Withoutadequatelatestinformationnecessaryinhiswork,onewillachievenosuccessinhiscareer.19）“把…看作为”

1)However,somepeopleconsidermankind’sexplorationintothespaceasawasteoftime,moneyandresources.

2)Inspiteofthesearguments,therearethosewhosee(view)itasahastydecision,whichhassomepotentialproblems.

3)Adoctorshouldlookon(regard/thinkof)hisworknotasamoney-makingbusiness,butratherasasocialservice.20）表示“看法/观点”

1)Therearedifferentopinionson(Peoplehavedifferentideasabout/Differentpeoplemayholddifferentviewsabout)whetherfirecrackersshouldbebanned.

2)Recently,therehasbeenaheateddebate(discussion)overwhetherornotsportsstarscangotocollegeorgraduateschoolwithouttakingtheentranceexams.

3)Theissueofwhetherornotstudentsshouldtakeaparttimejobhasbeenwidelydebatedcurrently.

4)Universitymerger,ahottopiconandoffcampus,isobviouslyacontroversialproblem.

5)Viewsontheissueinquestionvarywidelyfrompersontoperson.6)Quitealotofpeoplehold/claim/argue/advocate/suggestthatowningprivatecarsisofgreatbenefit,whileotherssay/assume/maintain/stressthattheremaybeproblemswiththeincreasingnumberofprivatecars.7)Onthesurfaceofit,theaboveargumentsseemniceandconvincing,butonsecondthoughts,wemayfindthattheycanhardlyholdwater.

8)Fromtheabovediscussion,Ithinkthatbothsidesoftheargumentarerightinsomeway.However,Iwouldliketotakeamoreneutralposition.

9)Thereissometruthinthesearguments,buttheyoverlookadeeperandmorebasicfactorthat…

10)Somepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogethertheywilllearntolivetogether.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butitisstillmystrongconvictionthat…11)Itistruethatmoneycanbringusacomfortablelife,butitisnottheonlythingthatweareseekingafter.

12)AsfarasthepersonalinsuranceinChinaisconcerned,Ithink,thereisboundtobeabrightfuture.

13)Astotheroleofinformationinthefuture,Ibelievethatitwillplayamoreandmoreimportantroleinthemodernsociety.

14)Asfortheirdifferences,myopinionisthatbothgenerationsshouldmakeallowanceforeachother.

15)Personally,Iaminfavorofeducationenteringmarketsinceitisaserviceindustry.

16)Tomymind,weshouldattachgreatimportancetothebalancedecologyandwell-protectedenvironment.

17)Istronglysuggestthatthefirstpriorityshouldbegiventoeducationbecausescienceandtechnologyaretheprimeproductiveforce.21）比较对比句型

1)Justaswoodsareindispensabletobirds,soistheearthtohumanbeings.

2)Asfaraspersonalityisconcerned,theyhavealmosteverythingincommon.

3)Myhobbyissimilartohisinthatwebothlikecollectingrecords,foreignanddomestic.

4)Astheeconomiesofallcountriesarecloselyinterrelatednocountrycandevelopinself-seclusion.ThesameistrueofChina.

5)Beijingispopulousandcrowded,whileCanberraisjusttheopposite.

6)China’sconditiondiffersfromoursinthatChinahasthelargestpopulationintheworld.7)Itseemssafetosaythattheadvantagesofmarriageoutweighthedisadvantagesofdivorce.

8)Perhapsnothingcanrivalthepleasurefromreading.

9)Therecouldbenodoubtthatjob-hoppinghasitsdrawbacksaswellasmerits.

10)Menmaybesuperiortowomeninphysicalaffairs.Yet,thereisnodifferenceinintelligence.

11)People’sattitudetowardsdrugsvariesfrompersontoperson.22）结论句型

1)Aslongasweactintelligentlyandpromptly,wecansurelysolvetheproblemofwatershortage.

2)Aslongaswetakeeffectivemeasures,theproblemscausedbytheagedsocietywillbereducedtothesmallestextent.

3)Aslongasthegovernmentandindividualsstrivehard,therewillcertainlybeawayoutforthelaid-offworkers.

4)Whateverchangesareresponsiblefortheriseindivorcerate,onethingiscertain:thereisasignificantchangeinpeople’straditionalviewsofmarriageanddivorce.

5)Inshort(Inaword/Allinall/Tosumup),greateffortsshouldbemadetoenhanceethicandmoraleducationwhenhighpriorityisgiventotheeconomicdevelopment.6)Itisonlywhenthesemeasuresareputintopracticethattheshortageofwatercanbesolved.7)Onlywhentheoldageproblemiswellhandledcanwemaintainastableandharmonioussociety.8)Ifpeoplefromallwalksoflifepayenoughattentiontothisproblem,ourlifeinthecitywillcertainlybemoreenjoyable.9)Judgingfromallevidenceoffered,wecansafelycometotheconclusionthatcoeducationisbeneficialtothepsychologicalandintellectualgrowthofbothboyandgirlstudents.10)Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaycometo(arriveat/reach/draw)theconclusionthatthecityisabetterplaceforchildren’seducation.G．增加练习写作的力度(1)复习考试常用句型 1.Thiscanbestatedby…2.Therearemanyexamplestoshowthat…3.Ahighpremiumcomestobeplacedon…4.Itis/wasreportedthat…5.Noonecandenythefactthat…6.Weshouldlaydown/formulatelawsandregulationstoprotect/toensure…7.Allofusshouldformtheconsciousnessofenvironmentalprotection.8.Legaleducationshouldbestrengthenedandtheawarenessoflawsamongallcitizensshouldberaised.9.Fundsshouldberaisednation-widetosetup/tohelp…10.Thegovernmentsatalllevelsshouldsetasideadequateamountofmoneyfor…11.Itisacommonviewthat…12.Thereisagrowingawarenessoftheimportanceof…13.Itaketheviewthat…14.Thereisnoreasonforustodoubtthat…15.Intermsofinformationtechnology,therewillbeseveralimpressivecharacterstomention.16.Whenitcomestohighereducation,…17.Manypositivetrendsappeartobeassociatedwith…18.Inthemindsofmanypeople,economicsuccessandaffluenceareequatedwithgoodnessoratleastwithrightness.19.Workingismorethanearningforaliving.(morethan不仅仅是)20.Theyspendmuchtime(in)doinghomework.21.Theyspendalotofmoneyonbooks.22.Themarketsarefloodedwithfakecommodities.（2）图表/图画法图表中常表示“开端、导论”的句式（一）：Thefigureindicates/shows/displays/provesthat…Eg.1)Thechartreflects/displaysthenumberofpopulationinAfrica.2)Thesefiguresshowthatcollegestudentscanbudgettheirexpensesfairlywell.3)ThechartindicatesthesubjectsstudiedbyuniversitystudentsinNewZealandduringthelatteroflastcentury.图表中常表示“开端、导论”的句式（二）：Accordingtothe/Asisshowninthe/Ascanbeseenfromthetable/bar/piechart/figures/graph/diagram,wecanseeclearlythat…图表中表示“升降”趋势的句式或词（一）Thenumberofincreased/rose/decreased/dropped/fellsuddenly/rapidly/dramatically/sharply/steeply/slightlyfrom…to…/between…and…1)TheeasternTerritoriesincreasedslightlyinthesameperiod2)Itincreasedsubstantiallyatthebeginningoftheyear.3)Thenumberofwomengrewsharplyfrom1,000to50,000.4)Thenumberofmalesmokersdiminishedsignificantlydroppedsharply/reduceddramaticallyafter1986.图表中表示“升降”趋势的句式或词（二）Therewasasudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/slightincrease/rise/decrease/drop/fallinthenumberof…from…to…/between…and…Therewasagradualincreaseinindustry.Indiaexperiencedasteadyrisebetween1950and1960.Therewasadramatic/big/hugeincreaseincomputer.漫画/图示作文中表示“开端、导论”的句式：Accordingtothe/Asisshowninthe/Ascanbeseenfromthecartoon/figures/picture,wecanseeclearlythat…Thepurposeofthiscartoon/pictureistotellus/showus/indicatethat…表示“所占比例”或“百分比”的句式：Therefore,magazinesaccountedforthegreatestnumberofsales.Rentandfoodstandatexaltlyathirdofthetotalamountspentbystudentsamountingto$100perweek.Herewomenrepresent45%andmen60%oftheteachersinthecategory.图表中表示结尾总结的句式：Whathasbeensaidmaybesummedupinafewwords.Fromthediagramitcanbesafelyconcludedthat…Inconclusion,themenoccupyagreaterpercentageof…Insummary/Inaword/Allinall/,wecanseethat…H．议论文和说明文句式（1）首段写作常用的句式：Whenaskedabout/Whenitcomesto/Facedwiththeproblem,most/some/fewstudentsbelievethat…,butotherstudentsconsider…differentlyWiththeimprovement/progress/invention/growth/developmentofcomputer/economy/livingstandard/scienceandtechnology,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourlife.Whenitcomesto/Whenaskedaboutthematter,people’sopinionsdiffer,somebelievethat…,whileotherssuggest/claimthat…Thereisnoconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleastotheview/idea/roleof…,somepeopleclaimthat…,whileothersbelievethat…Thereisgeneraldiscussiontodayabouttheproblem/issueof….Thosewhocriticize…arguesthat….Theybelievethat….Butpeoplewhoadvocate…,ontheotherhand….Mostpeopleareoftheopinionthat…,butinspiteof….Ipersonallybelievethat…Recently,theeducationhasbecomethefocusofthesociety.Nowadaysmanywomenarebeginningtobeawareoftheadvantagesofjob.Now,itisgenerallyacknowledgedthat…,theybelieve….ButIdoubtwhether…Accordingtoarecentreportthereisanincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoindicateconcernabouttheproblemofenvironmentpollution.Nowadaysthereisagrowingconcernovertheissue/problemof…Recentlymoreandmore…arefaced/confrontedwiththeproblemof…Oneofthemostpopulartopicspeopleoftentalkabouttodayisthat…（2）结尾段写作常用的句式：ingeneral/Generallyspeaking/Itgoeswithoutsayingthat/Onthewhole…Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove/Takingintoaccountallthesefeatures/Judgingfromallevidenceoffered,wemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthat…Inmyopinion,thereisnoeffectivemethod/simpleanswer/quicksolutiontotheconflictof…but…Thereislittledoubt/nodenyingthatfurtherattentionmustbepaidtotheproblemof…Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…Itishightimethatweplacedgreatemphasisonthedevelopmentof…(subjunctivemood)Alltheevidencesupportsanunshakableconclusionthat…Itisnecessarythateffectiveactionsshouldbetakentopreventthesituation.Inmyopinion,thereisnoquicksolutiontotheproblemoftraffic,banningheavyvehiclesdowntownmightbehelpful.历年考博作文大全华中科技大学博士生入学考试部分作文题目：2002年春季 WriteacompositionentitledMyViewonUniversityInternationalizationofnolessthan200wordsbasedonthefollowingChineseoutlines.BesuretowriteyourcompositionontheANSWERSHEET.关于“国际化”的理念大学“国际化”的主要标准如何才能实现大学“国际化”2002年秋季 Directions:A.Title:WWWandtheworldtoday;B.Wordlimit:nolessthan200words;C.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthe