Aspen-石油炼制60问-翻译

1.AspenPlusdoesnotgeneratedistillationcurvesforastreamcontaining4pseudo-components.Why?Togenerateadistillationcurve,astreammustcontainatleast5pseudo-componentsofnon-zeroflowtogeneratedistinctivedatapointsat10%,30%,50%,70,90%.

Aspen为什么不能生成一个物流中包含4个蒸馏点的虚拟组分的蒸馏曲线？

答：生成一个蒸馏曲线，一个虚拟组分必须至少包含5个非零蒸馏数据，分别是：10%,30%,50%,70,90%2.Forstreamswithsignificantamountoflightcomponents,thecalculatedReidvaporpressureisusuallyoff.Whyisthat?ArethereanyguidelinesforusingReidvaporpressure?对一个含有大量轻组分的物流，为什么通常计算雷德蒸汽压通常会失败？是否有关于使用雷德蒸汽压的一些指导？Reidvaporpressureistheabsolutepressureexertedbyamixture(inpoundspersquareinch)determinedat100Fandatavapor-to-liquidvolumeratioof4(ASTMMethodD323).RVPisintendedforcharacterizingthevolatilityofgasolineandcrudeoil,withatypicalrangeof1to20psia.Outofthisrange,theaccuracymaybepoor.Therefore,RDVshouldnotbeappliedtoverylightorveryheavystreams.雷德蒸汽压是一个混合物在100F温度和气-液比为4的时候的绝对压力（磅每平方英寸）。雷德蒸汽压是用于表征1-20psia范围内汽油和原油的相对挥发度。当超出这个范围后，准确性可能不佳。因此，雷德蒸汽压不适用非常轻或非常重的物流。3.HowistheReidvaporpressurecalculatedinASPENPLUS?在Aspen中怎样计算雷德蒸汽压？TheReidvaporpressureisvaporpressureofliquidat100F,asmeasuredaccordingtoASTMD-323procedures.AspenPlussimulatestheseproceduresbyaseriesofflashasfollows:雷德蒸汽压是液体在100F温度下的蒸汽压力，按照ASTMD-323方法测定。i.CheckifN2orO2ispresent;ifso,determinetheirindexvalues.检查氮气或氧气存在，如果是这样，确定其指数值。ii.Setuptotheidealgasoption-set(sysop0).设置理想气体设置选项（sysop0）iii.CalculatevolumeforAIRat32and100DegreeF,1atm.计算体积空气在32-100F，1大气压下。iv.Determinebubblepointpressureoftheliquidstreamat100F.确定液体在100F的泡点压力。v.Saturatetheliquidwithairat32degreeF.饱和液体在空气中32F。vi.Mixliquidwith4vol%equivalentofairandflashat100Funderconstantvolume.混合液体占有4%空气体积并且在100F下定容闪蒸。vii.IfcalculatedReidvaporpressure.isgreaterthan26psirepeatw/oairsaturation.如果计算雷德蒸汽压，TheReidvaporpressureasmeasuredbytheASTMD-323differsfromthetruevaporpressureofthesampleduetosomesmallsamplevaporizationandthepresenceofwatervaporandair.Reidvaporpressureisoftenusedtodeterminetheappropriatetypeofstoragetank(conerooforfloatingroof)forpetroleumstockswithundefinedcomponents.雷德蒸汽压不同于样品的实际蒸汽压，因为一些微量组分蒸汽压和水、空气的存在。雷德蒸汽压经常用来决定石油储存储罐的类型（锥顶罐、浮顶罐）。4.WhatisthedifferencebetweenProp-SetREIDVP,RVP-ASTM,andRVP?在Prop-SetREIDVP,RVP-ASTM,andRVP之间有什么不同？TheProp-setsREIDVPandRVP-ASTMareidentical.Botharekeptforupwardcompatibility,andcanberequestedlikeanyotherProp-set.RVP,however,isavailableonlyifyoudefineapetroleumpropertycurvefortheReidvaporpressureintheASSAY.PROP-Curveform,byprovidingatableofMid-Percentdistilledvs.Reidvaporpressurevalues.Prop-setsREIDVP和RVP-ASTM是一致的。他们都保持向上兼容性，并且能够接受任何Prop-set的请求。雷德蒸汽压是唯一可以得到的在你仅仅在assay中定义一个石油蒸馏曲线时。特性曲线形式，通过提供中间馏分雷德蒸汽压值。5.AspencalculatedAPIgravityisquitedifferentfromthatofPROIIinsomecases.WhatisthemethodusedinAspenPlusandwhataretheassumptions/limitations?Aspen计算API度与PROII是不同的。Aspen中运用的是什么方法，采用什么样的假设或限制？TheAPILiquidVolumemodelimplementedinAspenPlususesthefollowingeqution:Aspen中使用的API液体体积模型如下：Vm=XpVp+XrVrWhereV=liquidmolarvolume液体摩尔体积

X=liquidmolefraction液体摩尔分数

m=mixture混合物

p=pseudocomponents虚拟组分

r=realcomponents真实组分

Vp(forpseudocomponentliquidmixture)iscalculatedusingacorrelationbasedonAPIFigure6A3.5(APITechnicalDataBook,4thedition).Vp（表示虚拟组分液体混合物）

Vr(forrealcomponentliquidmixture)iscaculatedbythemixtureRachettmodel.

Thevariationsinpetroleumliquiddensityresultsareoftencausedbythenumberofcutsgenerated.石油液体密度结果的变化通常是由切割组分的数量导致的。Increasingthenumberofcutsorreducingthecuttemperatureintervalsmayimprovetheaccuracy.RefertoSolution103736formoredetails.增加切割组分数量或则减少切割温度间隔可以提高准确性。参照103736可以得到更多的帮助。Whenmultipleassaysarepresent,thewaytheyareblendedcouldalsoaffecttheliquiddensitycalculation.Thechoicesincludegenerating:当多个assays混合时，切割数量也会影响液体密度的计算结果。同样会影响以下数据的计算结果：onecommonpseudocomponentsetforallassays一个共同的虚拟组分集对所有的assayonepseudocomponentsetforeachassay一个虚拟组分集对各自的assaysomecombinationsofassaysandblends一些assay和blend的组合RefertoSolution103921formoreaboutoneversusmultiplepseudocomponentsets.6.Howisassaybrokenintopseudo-components?怎样分析虚拟组分？Assayisbrokenintopseudo-componentsbasedonthenumberofcutsontheTrueBoilingPoint(TBP)curve.分析虚拟组分基于实沸点直馏曲线切组分的数量。Themiddlepointofeachcutisusedastheboilingpointofthatcut.每个切割中间点作为这个切割组分的沸点。Bydefault,AspenPlusgenerates40pseudo-componentsusingthefollowingcuttemperatures:在默认情况下，Aspen生产40个虚拟组分用于切割：TBPRange(F)No.ofCutsIncrements(F)实沸点范围切割组分数量温度递增量100-8002825

800-12008501200-16004100UsercanchangethedefaultsettingsunderComponents,ADACharacterization,Generation.用户可以改变默认值，通过Components->ADACharacterization->Generation选型卡中进行。7.CanusersaccessAspenPlusgeneratedpseudo-componentslikerealcomponents?Userswouldliketoaccesspseudo-componentproperties,suchasTc,Pc,Vc,APIgravity,SG,andMW.Currentlytheyarelistedintheexternalreportfile。用户能否像了解真实组分一样去了解虚拟组分的物性，例如临界温度、临界压力、临界体积、api度、sg和分子量？通常这些参数在外部报告中列出。No.Onlyalimitednumberofpseudo-componentpropertyparametersarereportedasresultsinGUI.Usercannotalterwhattoreport.Toaccessandchangepseudo-componentpropertyparameters,useuserpropertymodelsubroutines.不行，仅仅有限的虚拟组分参数会在报告列表中给出。用户不能改变报告什么。若要访问和更改虚拟组分的属性参数，用户使用“用户模块”子程序。8.HowdoesAspenhandlepetroleumpropertiesamongpseudo-components?Forexample,ifonlybulksulfurcontentisgiven,howdoesAspendistributeittopseudo-components?Aspen怎样处理虚拟组分的石油属性？例如，如果仅给出总硫含量，Aspen怎样给出硫在虚拟组分中的分布。Petroleumpropertiesaretreatedascomponentattributesandattachedtopseudo-components.Whenapropertycurveisgiven,thedistributionofthepropertyisbasedonthecurve.Whenonlyabulkpropertyisgiven,itisevenlydistributedamongallpseudo-components.石油属性被视为组分的属性并附加到虚拟组分。当给定一个属性曲线，则属性的分配基于属性曲线。当只有一个笼统属性给出时，那么将平均的分配给虚拟组分。9.HowdoesAspenPluscalculatemotorandresearchoctanenumber?Aspen是如何计算MON和RON？OctanenumberiscalculatedfromtheOctanecurveenteredwiththeassay.Therearefour(4)property-setsforOctanenumber:i.MOC-NO-Motoroctanenumber

ii.MOCNCRC-Motoroctanenumbercurve

iii.ROC-NO-Researchoctanenumber

iv.ROCNCRV-Researchoctanenumbercurve

10.Whatisthedifferencebetweenmatchandnot-matchlightends?匹配轻烃和不匹配轻烃有什么不同？Light-ends(gases)aretypicallyanalyzedseparatelyfromtheliquidfractions.Thedistillationcurvesfromthelabnormallyexcludethelight-ends.蒸馏曲线通常不包括轻烃。Togenerateadistillationcurvereflectingthefulldistillationrangeofanassay,youneedtouseMatchLight-ends.要生成一个反应全馏程的直馏曲线，你需要匹配Light-ends。

Matchlight-endsusestheboilingpointsofthelight-endscomponentstodeterminethecurveintherangefrom0tolt%wherelt%isthepercentageofthelight-endsintheassay.匹配的light-ends用轻烃的沸点决定了蒸馏曲线的0-1%，其中1%是蒸馏曲线的轻端。

Thedefaultisnotmatchlight-ends.默认是不匹配light-ends。11.HowdoesAspenPlusmatchlightends?Aspen是怎样匹配light-ends的？

WhenMatchLight-endsisselected,theTBPcurve,fromthelight-endfractionandblow,willberepresentedbytheboilingpointsandconcentrationsofthelight-endcomponents.当选择匹配light-ends后，实沸点曲线，从轻端分率和，将会代表沸点和轻烃组分集合。Forexample,giventhelight-endfraction=0.05,theboilingpointoftheheaviestlights=64F,theoriginalTBPcurveat0.05=68F。例如，给出的轻烃分率为0.05，最重轻组分的沸点在64F，则原始TBP曲线在0.05%=68FAftermatchinglight-ends,thefinalTBPcurvewillbe64Fat0.05.And,from0to0.05,thecurvewillbecalculatedfromthelight-ends.匹配light-ends后，最后TBP曲线将会0.05=64F。并且从0-0.05，这个直馏曲线将会被认为是light-ends。TheoriginalTBPcurveintherangefrom0to0.05isnotused.原始的TBP曲线在0-0.05范围内是未被使用的。12.Whenusingmatchlightends,sometimeIreceiveawarningmessagesayingthetemperaturedifferenceistoolarge.UnderwhatconditionswillAspenPlusnotperformmatchinglightends?当我们使用light-ends后，有时会发现给出一个说温度差别太大的警告。接下来Aspen是否会计算light-ends数据呢？Matchlight-endsworksonlywhentheboilingpointoftheheaviestcomponentinthelight-endsfallswithin10FontheTBPcurveatthelight-endfraction.当light-ends中的最重组分沸点与TBP曲线中0.05点相差10F内才会计算。Intheaboveexample,iftheoriginalTBPcurveat0.05isbelow54Forabove74F,AspenPluswillgiveanerrormessageandnotperformmatchinglight-ends.基于上例：原始的TBP曲线0.05点低于54F或高于74F，Aspen将会给出一个错误的警告，并不会计算light-ends。Toavoidthiserror,userhastomakesurethatthelight-endsanalysisisaccurateandthefractionoflight-endsintheassayisaccurate.为了避免这个错误，必须确认轻端分析数据时准确的并且轻端分率也是准确的。Toforcematchinglight-endswhenthetemperaturedifferenceis>10F,youcan：当面临的light-ends大雨10F的时候，可以采取：a.Addorremovetheheavycomponentsinthelight-endanalysis.添加或移除轻端中的重组分b.Changelight-endfraction.改变轻端分率13.Canoneenterviscositydataforastream?Forheavypetroleumfractions,theAPImethodsdonotcopewell.Iftwoviscositypointsareavailable,2800cp@275Fand600cp@325Fcantheybeusedinthesimulation?

YoucannotenterthedatadirectlyeitherinAssayinputorstreaminput.ThecurrentprocedureistosubstituteMUL2USRforthemixtureviscositymodel.WriteaFortransubroutinefordoinginterpolation

basedonthesetwopoints.Thesubroutinefitsamodelofthetype:

ln(mulmx)=aa+bb/T

14.Howispseudo-componentspecificgravitycalculated?LiquidmolarvolumeisbasedontheRackettorCavettmodel.ThedefaultisRackett.RefertotheAspenPluson-linehelp.

15.Howispseudo-componentMWcalculated?

Therearenine(9)modelsforcalculatingpseudo-componentmolecularweight.RefertotheAspenPluson-linehelp.

16.Howisgross/netheatingvaluecalculatedforapetroleumstream?Isthemethodthesameforpurecomponentsandpseudo-components?对于一个石油流如何计算总/净热值的？方纯组件和虚拟成分是否使用同样计算方法？Heatingvalueisalsocalledheatofcombustion.Theheatofcombustionofasubstanceisthechangeinenthalpywhenthatsubstanceisconvertedtoitsfinaloxidationproductsbymeansofmolecularoxygen.Thebeginningandendingstatesare:

standardheatofcombustion:77Fand1atm

grossheatofcombustion:60Fand1atm

Thenormalstateforthewaterformedbythereactionisliquidinbothcases.Sincethesensibleheatofwaterfrom60to77Fisusuallynegligibleincomparisonwiththeheatofcombustion,thegrossandstandardheatsofcombustionareapproximatelyequal.Thenetheatofcombustionistheheatevolvedincombustionbeginningandendingat60Fwithproductwateringaseousphase.Therefore,thenetheatofcombustionislessthanthegrossheatofcombustionbytheheatofvaporizationofthewaterproduct.

Net/GrossheatingvaluecanbereportedinDry/Wetbasisforastream:

Drybasis-excludeswateralreadypresentinthestreambeforecombustion,

Wetbasis-includeswateralreadypresentinthestreambeforecombustion.

Themethodsforcalculatingpurecomponentandpetroleumfractionsheatingvaluearedifferent.

PetroleumFractions:ThemethodisbasedonAPIProcedure14A1.3,4thEdition(1983).TheheatingvalueisafunctionofAPIgravitycorrectedforimpurityconcentrationsofH2O,Sandotherinert.PurecomponentsNetHeatingValue=-HCOMfrompurecomponentdatabank

17.HowdoesASPENPLUSextrapolatevaluesbetween0%andthefirstdistillationpointandbetweentheendpointand100%pointfortheTrueBoilingPointcurve?ASPENPLUS如何计算实沸点曲线介于0%和初馏点以及干点和100%？Supposethatthefirstpointisat10%andthelastat90%.AspenPlusextrapolatesbetween0-10%and90-100%usingtwomethods:ProbabilisticandQuadratic.ThedefaultisProbabilistic,whichassumesanormaldistributionofboilingpointsandusesthelastpointprovidedtoextrapolatetotheinitialandendpoint.QuadraticwasintroducedinAspenPlusRelease9.1-3假设第一点是10%和最后一点是90%。Aspen推测0-10%和90%-100%范围用两个模块：ProbabilisticandQuadratic。Probabilistic是默认模块，就是假设一个关于沸点的正态分布，用提供的最后一点推算初馏点和干点。18.WhatisthedifferencebetweenProbabilisticandQuadraticmethods?

19.Howdoesinitial(default=0.5%)andfinal(default=99%)boilingpointssettingaffectextrapolation?

Thesettingdeterminesatwhatpercentagetheendpointsarereported.Forexample,withfinalpointsetat0.99%,thetemperaturecorrespondingto99%intheextrapolationisreportedasthe100%temperatures.Theymaybeadjustedtomatchendpoints.

20.ForviscositytheAPIformulaislimitedtotemperaturesofbelow400C(750F)andcomponentMWofnotgreaterthan7000.Howdoestheprogramhandleveryheavycrudesorresiduesbeyondtheselimits?

TheprocedureuseslinearextrapolationforWatsonKandAPIbasedthecharton11-31APIDataBook,FourthEdition.

21.HowcanAspenPluscopewithdownstreamrefineryproductsthatarehigherinolefiniccomponentsthantheoriginalcrudedoes?Forflosheetswithreactors,thereshouldbe2setsofpseudo-components,onesetforthestreamsbeforethereactorblockandanothersetafterthereactor.Eachsetofpseudo-componentsshouldhaveitsownssaydatacharacterization.Thereactormodelwillneedtodeterminetheflowsofeachpseudo-componentforthereactoreffluent.

22.HowtouseaSEPblocktoseparatepseudo-components?

SEPblockcanonlyaccesspseudo-componentsenteredintheComponent.MainformorgeneratedwithNamingOption=LIST.Itcannotaccesspseudo-componentsgeneratedwiththedefaultNamingOption(NBP).YoucansettheNamingOptioninpseudo-componentGenerationformtoLIST.Thestepsare:

Runthesimulationoncetoobtainthepseudo-componentbreak-down.

Gotothepseudo-componentGeneration(PC-Calc)formandchangethenamingoptionfrom

NBPtoLIST.Enterthenamesofallthepseudo-componentsintheLISTfields.

Nowthepseudo-componentsbecomeaccessibleintheSEPblock.

23.Whatistheprocedureofusingpseudo-componentcomponentsinareactormodel(eg.RYIELD)?

Todothis,itisnecessarytoassociatepseudo-componentsthataregeneratedduringanADA/PCSrunwithcomponentsontheComponents.Mainform.Thesecomponentscanthenbeusedinareactor

model.

Steps:

PerformanADA/PCSrun.

CreateacomponentidforeachADA/PCSfractionthatyouwanttoincludeinthereactor.

Goto'Components.Main'form

Enterauser-specifiedCompIdoftype'Pseudo'foreachcomponent.

Entertherequiredpropertiesforeachoftheabovecomponents.

ThecomponentIDSnowcanbeaccessedinthereactormodel.

24.Ifpseudo-componentsareusedinRSTOIC,wouldatombalancebeaproblemsince

pseudo-componentMW'sareestimatedfromcorrelation?

25.WhatisthedifferenceofthefiveNamingOptionsinPseudo-ComponentGeneration?

NBP-usethenormalboilingpointstonameeachcut

LIST-usetheIDsintheID-LISTfieldstonamethecuts

NUMBERED-useintegernumberstonamethecuts

ROUND-UP-usetheuppertemperatureofthecutasitsname

ROUND-DOWN-usethelowertemperatureofthecutasitsname

Forexample,ifacuthasanaverageT=215.4Fandthecuttemperaturespecificationis200,250,...F,

thecutwillbenamedas

NamingOptionCutName(ID)

BNPPC215F

ROUND-DOWNPC200F

ROUND-UPPC250F

25.CanIgeneratecutsatspecifiednormalboilingtemperatures?

No.Youcannotspecifyasetofnormalboilingtemperatures(NBP)togeneratecuts.Whatyoucanspecifyisthecuttemperatures,suchas200,225,250,275,300,...AspenPluswillgeneratecutsatthesetemperaturesandcalculatethenormalboilingpointforeachcut.WithNamingOption=BNP,thecutnamesintheresultsorreportfilewillnotmatchthecuttemperaturesinthespecification,althoughthe

actualcutsaregeneratedatthetemperaturesspecifiedbyuser.Cuttemperatureandcutnamearenottobeconfused.Thespecifiedcuttemperaturesareusedtogeneratecutsatspecifictemperaturepoints,andthecutnameisascomponentIDforapseudo-component.IntheADA/PCS.PC-Calcform,youcanspecifyboth

1.CutTemperatures-usedtogeneratethecuts.

2.NamingOption-usedtonamethecuts.

Thespecifiedcuttemperaturesoverwritethedefaultvalues(seeonlineHELP).Therearefivewaystonamethecuts:NBP,LIST,NUMBERED,ROUND-UPandROUND-DOWN.

26.HowisthePourPointcalculatedinAspenPlus?

Whenaliquidpetroleumproductiscooledapointcanbereachedatwhichtheoilceasestoflowinastandardtest.Thepourpointisdefinedasthetemperature5Fabovethatpoint.

Theusercaninputapourpointcurvebysupplyingtemperaturevaluesforthepourpointatdifferentmid-percentdistilledpoints.Foursuchdatapointsarerequiredtodefineapropertycurve.

Thevalueofpourpointmaybeaccessedbytwodifferentprop-setproperties.Prop-setproperty'POURPT'calculatesthepourpointofastreambasedonthepourpointpropertycurveenteredwiththe

assay.Prop-setproperty'PRPT-API'calculatesthepourpointbasedonAPIprocedure2B8.1,afunctionofmolecularweight,specificgravityandkinematicviscosity.

27.DoesAspenPlusestimateDHFORMandDGFORMforpseudo-components?

Yes.BotharebytheEdmistermethod.Refertotheonlinehelp.

28.WhatarethelimitationsoftheCOSTALDmethodforcalculatingmole-volume?Canitbe

appliedtopseudo-componentsofhighMW?HowdoesitcomparetoAPIorRackett?

Costaldisanempiricalcorrelationthatcomputesmole-volumefromTb,MWandSG.Forveryheavycomponents,thecalculatedliquiddensitymaybeabnormallyhigh.ThismethodshouldnotbeusedforpseudocomponentsofhighMW.Forexample,setupasystemthathas1pseudocomponent.MW=980,GRAV=0.894NBP=750.

COSTALD:density=2790kg/m3

APIorRacket:density=890kg/m3

29.Forasinglecomponentstream,thepurecompandmixturedensitiesdiffermuch.

RHOprop-setusesDNLDIP(DIPPRmodel)andthatRHOMXusestheRackettmodeleveniftheThermoSwitchissettouseDIPPR.AspenPlususesDIPPRmodelforpurecomponentandRachettmodelformixture.VL2RKT(mixturemodel)doesnotcalculatemixturevolumebymole-fractionaverageofpurecomponentvolume.Itisacorresponding-statemethodinwhichtheparametersaremixed(therearemixingrulesforTC,RKTZRA,etc.).Thepure-componentmodel,ontheotherhandallowsboththeRackettandtheDIPPRmodel.

30.WhyistheendpointofaD86curvehigherthantheboilingpointoftheheaviestcomponentinamixture?

Theendpoint(100%)isextrapolatedfromthelastpercentagepoint(suchas95%).Therefore,itcanbehigherthantheboilingpointoftheheaviestcomponent.

31.Whydoesthedistillationcurvereportedforanassaysometimesdifferfromtheinputcurve?

Thismaybeduetothepresenceoflight-endsorcurvefitting.

32.WhatvaluedoesAspenPlususefortheendpointandIBPofanassay?SimSciusesthe98%pointastheendpointandthe2%astheIBP,bydefault.

BydefaultAspenPlususe0.5%and99%fortheinitialandendpoints,respectively.Thesettingcanbemodifiedbyuser.

33.HowcanIchangethenumberofpseudo-componentsgenerated?

ThisisunderComponents,PetroCharacterization,Generation,Cuts.33.ShouldIentermylight-endanalysisinthestreaminputformorintheassayinputform?Whichisbetter?

Ingenerallight-endanalysisisenteredwithassayintheassayinputform.Inthatform,youcanalsoenterspecificgravityandmolecularweightforeachcomponent.Toenterlight-endanalysisinthestream

inputform,theflowrateofeachlight-endcomponentmustbeenteredaccordingtoitsconcentrationintheassayfeed.

34.HowmanypseudocomponentsshouldIgenerateforagivenassay?TheGettingStarted

Guideshowshowtodothisbutdoesnotexplainhowtosetthenumbers.

AsaRule-of-Thumb,youshouldgeneratesmaller(more)cutsatlowertemperaturesandlarger(less)

cutsathighertemperatures.Theideaistogeneratemorecutsinthetemperaturerangeofhighinterest

andlesscutsinthetemperaturerangeoflowinterest.Cuttemperaturesmallerthan5Flikelywillnothavemucheffectandlargerthan25Fshouldbeusedwithreason.Thedefaultcutsettingisgoodformostapplications.

35.Howisthe"WeightFactor"usedinpseudo-componentgeneration(PC-Calc)?

TheWeight-Factordetermineshowpseudo-componentparameters(Tc,Pc,...)arelinearlyaveragedoftheassays/blends.Thedefaultis1.0.Forexample,givenacutof100-120C

Assay-1Assay-2

Weight-factor0.40.6

Tc,C500550

AverageTc=0.4x500+0.6x550=530C

36.Howarepseudo-componentsgeneratedwhenmultiassays/blendsareentered?

GenerationunderComponents,PetroCharacterization(PC-CalcinR9)controlspseudo-componentsetgeneration.

WhenGenerationisnotspecified(default),AspenPluswillgenerateonecommonsetofpseudo-componentsforallassaysandblends,averagedwithWeightFactor=1.0.Allassays/blendswillbeaccessibleinthefeedstreaminputform.WhenGenerationisspecified,AspenPluswillgenerateonesetofpseudo-componentsforeachIDcreatedunderGeneration,whereoneIDmaycontainseveralassays,blendsorcombinationofboth.Inthiscaseonlyassays/blendsincludedinGenerationwillshowinthefeedstreamform.Thosenotincludedwillbetreatedasnotusedinsimulationand,therefore,becomenotaccessibleinthefeedinputform.

Forexample,iftherearefourassaysA1,A2,A3andA4.UnderGeneration,twoIdsarecreated:

G-1,containsA1andA2withWeightFactor=1.0G-2,containsA3only

Aspenwillgeneratethefirstsetofpseudo-componentsforG-1andthesecondsetforG-2.A1,A2and

A3willshowinthefeedinput.Nopseudo-componentwillbegeneratedforA4,anditwillnotshowinthe

feedinputform.

37.Howarethefollowingpetroleumpropertiescalculated?

ANIL-API

CETANENO

FLPT-API

MABP-API

PHYDRATE

THYDRATE

38.DowehaveacorrelationforcalculatingCloudpt?

No.

39.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheHarwellsplinefittingmethodandtheHermitemethod?

WhenshouldIusethenewmethod?

40.Thereareanumberofdifferentdistillationcurveconversionmethods.WhichoneshouldIuse?

ThequestionappliestoboththeASTMD2287andASTMD86conversions.

API94isthelatestandrecommended.ThedefaultisEdmisterforD86andAPI87forD2287.

41.WhenshouldIchangetheBlendOptionsforaproperty?

Ifyouhaveanin-houseblendingcorrelationandyouknowthatgivesbetterresults.

42.WhichoptionofSOLU-WATERshouldbeused?

Option3isrecommendedformostapplications.Option2isthedefaultforpetroleumapplicationswhenFree-Water=YES.

43.Whatistheplanforfutureversionswiththecrudelibrary?(updateorexpansion)

Currentlythereisnoplantoupdate/expandtheassaylibrary.AspenPlusdoeshaveaninterfacetothePhillipsPetroleumAssayLibrarywhichcontainsupto500assays.

44.Howcanweusein-housecorrelationforpropertieslikeassayviscosity?

SubstituteusersubroutinesforassayparametermodelsunderComponents,PetroCharacterization,Property.

45.ArethereplanstoimprovethepetroleumpropertiesasREIDVP,hydrateformationtemperatureandpressure.

No.Thereisnosuchplan.

46.Whatdoes"Applycrackingcorrection"dowhenthedistillationcurvetypeisASTMD86?

ASTMD86distillationiscarriedoutatatmosphericpressure.Whenheatedsufficientlyhot,heavyfractionsundergothermalcrackingbeforevaporization.Theamountandseverityofthermalcracking

increaseswithincreasingboilingpoint,contacttime,pressureandtemperature.EarlyeditionsofAPIincludedacorrectionforcrackingforobservedASTMD86temperaturesabove475F.Nocorrectionforcrackingisnowrecommended.

47.IsD2887onvolumeorweightbasis?

D2887isalwaysonweightbasis.

48.Thefinalboilingpoints(TBP,D86andothercurves)generatedbyAspenPlusforthebottomproductandthefeeddifferupto70C.Iwouldexpectthatthefinalboilingpointsbeclosetogetherbecausetheycontainaboutthesameamountofheavies.

Thediscrepancyiscausedbyendpointextrapolation.Manyusersthinkthattheinitialandendpointsshouldbecorrespondingtotheboilingpointsofthelightestandtheheaviestcomponentorpseudocomponentintheassay.ThatisNOTtrue.Asamatterof

fact,TBPsofanassayareafunctionofcomponentdistribution.Fortwostreamscontainingthesamecomponentsbutwithdifferentdistribution,theirTBPcurveswilldiffer.TBPsaredefinedbythe"cumulativemid-pointmassfractions"andtheboilingtemperatureofcomponents(pureorpseudo)inthemixture.Thecumulativemid-pointmassfractionisthesumofallthemassfractionsofthecomponentslighterthanthecomponentplus1/2ofthemassfractionofthecomponent.

Example:

FractionCumulativeFrac

PseudoFeedResidueFeedResidueTb,C

PC242C0.0040454.97E-060.0020232.48E-06242

PC253C0.0074351.08E-050.0077631.04E-05253

PC267C0.0082311.5E-050.0155962.33E-05267

PC281C0.009212.12E-050.0243164.14E-05281

PC295C0.0105553.11E-050.0341996.76E-05295

PC309C0.0126754.83E-050.0458130.000107309

PC323C0.0186118.98E-050.0614560.000176323

PC336C0.0237240.0001480.0826240.000295336

PC351C0.0259830.0002150.1074780.000477351

PC365C0.0362730.00040.1386050.000784365

PC379C0.0570140.0008450.1852490.001406379

PC392C0.0674840.0013280.2474970.002493392

PC406C0.0588210.0015950.310650.003954406

PC420C0.0674420.0025110.3737810.006008420

PC440C0.1343190.0081570.4746620.011342440

PC468C0.1253650.0149430.6045040.022892468

PC496C0.0875230.0214160.7109470.041071496

PC524C0.0850130.0440970.7972150.073828524

PC548C0.0591870.0585760.8693150.125164548

PC579C0.0165880.0373570.9072030.173131579

PC607C0.0157290.0685380.9233620.226078607

PC635C0.016230.1182880.9393410.319491635

PC677C0.0336270.3759790.9642690.566625677

PC720C0.0189170.2453860.9905410.877307720

IfTbvscumulativefractionisplottedforthetwostreams,thecurvewilllookdifferently.

Noticetheendsatthecumulativemid-pointmassfractionoftheheaviestcomponent.Itis0.99forFeedand0.877forResidue.Thismeansthatpointsabove88%wt(90%,95%andendpoint)forforResiduehavetobeextrapolated.Theextrapolationmaywellgenerateanendpointhigherthantheboilingtemperatureoftheheaviestcomponent.ThefactthatthehighestmassfractionforFeedis99%explainswhyitsTBPCRVendpointismuchclosertotheboilingtemperatureoftheheaviestcomponent.TheextentofextrapolationiscontrolledbytheAssayProcedureinR10:I

Initialboilingpoint=

Finalboilingpoint=

Thespecif