经济学通识：基础理论与研究方法 课件3.5 经济现象

3.5经济现象

shortandlongperiodchanging短期经济现象（失业与通货膨胀）长期经济现象（经济周期、经济增长）1.潜在国民收入潜在的国民收入是指现有资源得到充分利用所能够生产产品与劳务的最大值潜在国民收入往往与实际国民收入相背离潜在国民收入高于实际国民收入，经济会萧条潜在国民收入低于实际国民收入，经济会过热GDP缺口潜在国民收入与实际均衡收入之间的差距称为国内生产总值缺口通货紧缩缺口：实际收入低于潜在收入通货膨胀缺口：实际收入高于潜在收入通货紧缩缺口、通货膨胀缺口AEYAEABC45Y（潜在）Y1（实际）2.失业DescribingUnemployment:ThreeBasicQuestionsHowdoesgovernmentmeasuretheeconomy’srateofunemployment?Whatproblemsariseininterpretingtheunemploymentdata?Howlongaretheunemployedtypicallywithoutwork?Basedontheanswerstothesurveyquestions,theBLSplaceseachadultintooneofthreecategories:EmployedUnemployedNotinthelaborforceThelabor-forceparticipationrateisthepercentageoftheadultpopulationthatisinthelaborforce.摩擦性失业Frictionalunemployment

referstotheunemploymentthatresultsfromthetimethatittakestomatchworkerswithjobs.ittakestimeforworkerstosearchforthejobsthatsuittheirtastesandskills.结构性失业Structuralunemployment

istheunemploymentthatresultsbecausethenumberofjobsavailableinsomelabormarketsisinsufficienttoprovideajobforeveryonewhowantsone.3.通货膨胀衡量指标Theconsumerpriceindex(CPI)

计量方法CPI指数月度变更情况

如何比较合理变更程度？通货膨胀的合理性17%Transportation15%FoodandbeveragesMedicalcare6%Recreation6%Apparel4%Othergoodsandservices4%42%Housing6%EducationandcommunicationThenominalinterestrate

istheinterestrateusuallyreportedandnotcorrectedforinflation.Itistheinterestratethatabankpays.

Therealinterestrate

istheinterestratethatiscorrectedfortheeffectsofinflation.

4.失业与通货膨胀的平衡

——菲利普斯曲线5.经济周期与经济增长

（1）规律性：经济周期四个阶段：发展、高潮、衰退、低谷

（2）经济增长来源：劳动力产出（theamountofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachunitoflaborinput）.Anation’sstandardoflivingisdeterminedlargelybytheproductivityofitsworkers.经济增长的财富从哪里来？

Y=AF(L,K,H,N)

Y=quantityofoutput

A=availableproductiontechnology

L=quantityoflabor

K=quantityofphysicalcapital

H=quantityofhu