管理学第九章

CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSAND

TECHNIQUES第九章计划的工具和技术CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES1.Techniquesforassessingtheenvironment(1)EnvironmentscanningEnvironmentalscanningisthescreeningoflargeamountsofinformationtoanticipateandinterpretchangesintheenvironment.

环境扫描是扫描大量的信息以预测和解释环境的变化。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES1.Techniquesforassessingtheenvironment(2)ForcastingForecastingispredictinges.Quantitativeforecastingappliesasetofmathematicalrulestoaseriesofpastdatatopredictes.

定量预测将一组数学规则应用于过去的数据序列以预测结果；CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES1.Techniquesforassessingtheenvironment(2)ForcastingQualitativeforecastingusesthejudgmentandopinionsofknowledgeableindividualstopredictes.

定性预测运用判断和有知识的个人的意见来预计结果。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES1.Techniquesforassessingtheenvironment(3)BenchmarkingBenchmarkingisthesearchforthebestpracticesamongcompetitorsorpetitorsthatleadtotheirsuperiorperformance.

标杆比较是寻求为竞争者和非竞争者带来杰出绩效的最佳实践。

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PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(1)BudgetingBudgetinginvolvesdevelopingbudgets,numericalplansforallocatingresourcestospecificactivities.

预算包括开发预算和数字化的计划以便将资源分配给具体的活动。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(2)SchedulingSchedulinginvolvesdetailingwhatactivitiesneedtobedone,theorderinwhichtheyaretobecompleted,whoistodoeach,andwhentheyaretobecompleted.

排程包括详细确定需要从事哪些活动，这些活动完成的顺序，谁负责哪项活动以及每项活动什么时候完成。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(2)SchedulingGanttandloadchartsarebothschedulingtools.Botharebargraphs.Ganttchartsmonitorplannedandactualactivitiesovertime.

甘特图和负荷图都是一种排程工具，这两种图形都是一种样条图。甘特图是在整个期间监控计划和实际活动的执行过程。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(2)SchedulingLoadchartsfocusoncapacityutilizationbymonitoringwholedepartmentsorspecificresources.

负荷图则通过监控部门或具体的资源聚焦于能力的利用问题。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(2)SchedulingPERTnetworkisaflowchartlikediagramthatdepictsthesequenceofactivitiesneededtocompleteaprojectandtimeorcostsassociatedwitheachactivity.PERT网络是一种流程型的图形，它描述了项目活动的顺序和时间，有时还加入相应的成本数据。

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PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(3)BreakevenanalysisBreakevenanalysisisaresourceallocationtechniqueforidentifyingthepointatwhichtotalrevenueisjustsufficienttocovertotalcosts.

盈亏平衡分析是一种识别全部收入恰好补偿全部成本的平衡点的资源分配技术。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES2.Techniquesforallocatingresources(4)LinearprogrammingLinearprogrammingisamathematicaltechniquethatsolvesresourceallocationproblems.

线性规划是一种数学方法，它可以用于解决资源的分配问题。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES3.Contemporaryplanningtechniques(1)ProjectmanagementProjectmanagementinvolvesgettingaproject'sactivitiesdoneontime,withinbudget,andaccordingtospecifications.项目管理包括使项目的各项活动按期完成、符合预算和规范。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES3.Contemporaryplanningtechniques(1)ProjectmanagementAprojectisaone-time-onlysetofactivitiesthathasadefinitebeginningandendingpointintime.

项目是一种一次性的一组活动，它具有确定性的开始和结束时间。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES3.Contemporaryplanningtechniques(2)ScenarioplanningAscenarioisaconsistentviewofwhatthefutureislikelytobe.Theintentofscenarioplanningistocomeupwithmultiplescenariosthatleadtodifferentes.

脚本是对未来可能是什么情况的一种一致的观点。脚本计划的目的是制定出可能导致不同结果的多种方案。CHAPTER9

PLANNINGTOOLSANDTECHNIQUES3.Contemporaryplanningtechniques(2)Scenarioplanning