7.2 中国经典戏曲鉴赏一二

中西文化鉴赏AppreciationofChineseandWesternCulturesUnit7Opera&Drama（戏曲与戏剧）课程信息章节教学目标AppreciationofChineseandWesternCultures中西文化鉴赏Unit7Opera&Drama（戏曲与戏剧）文化拓展思政映射章节主题Focusofthisunit

Opera&Drama（戏曲与戏剧）Thetypes,featuresandaestheticsofChineseandwesternoperaanddrama中西戏曲和戏剧的分类、特征以及美学知识能力思政abilitygoals

ideologicalandpoliticaleducationgoals

tolearnsystematicallyChineseculturalknowledge系统学习中国文化知识toimprovecross-culturalcommunicationskills提高跨文化交际能力tounderstandthespiritualcoreoftheChinesenationreflectedinculturalthemes领会文化主题反映出的中华民族精神内核knowledgegoals

KnowledgegoalstolearntheoriginsandstylesandEnglishexpressionsrelatedtoChineseandwesternoperaanddrama掌握中西戏曲与戏剧起源、类型及相关术语的英语表达AbilitygoalstobeabletocommunicateaccuratelyonculturaltopicsinEnglish能够使用英语就文化主题进行准确沟通和交流Ideologicalandpoliticaleducationgoalstolearntheorigin,history,inheritanceanddevelopmentofChineseoperaandunderstandthetraditionalChineseaethetics通过学习中国戏曲的起源、历史、传承与发展，领会中华传统美学ExperiencethebreadthanddepthofChinesetraditionalopera,andenhancenationalprideandculturalself-confidence体会中国传统戏曲艺术的博大精深，增强民族自豪感与文化自信7.2AppreciationofClassicChineseOperas（中国经典戏曲鉴赏）Lead-in（导入）：Brainstorming（头脑风暴）:

Q1:CanyounamesomewellknownChineseoperas?Q2:Couldyouperformonestyle?AppreciationofClassicChineseOperas(I)TraditionalChineseoperaisanimportantpartofculturalheritageofChina.ItisalsoatreasureoftheworldbecauseitisoneofthethreeoldestdramaticartformstogetherwithancientGreekdramaandIndianSanskritdrama.TheThreeOldestDramaticArtFormsTraditionalChineseOperaAncientGreekdramaIndianSanskritdramaIndianSanskritdrama7.2.1.OriginofTraditionalChineseOperaTraditionalChineseoperahasalonghistory.Itoriginatedfromprimitivesinginganddancing.Itevolvedfromfolksongs,dances,talking,antimasqueandespeciallydistinctivedialecticalmusic.AftertheHan,Tang,SongandJinDynasties,arelativelycompleteoperaartwasformed.Itwascomposedofliterature,music,dance,finearts,martialarts,acrobaticsandperformingarts.Graduallyitbecameacomprehensivestageartform.7.2.2TheEarliestMatureFormofChineseOpera

Southernopera,alocalclassicaloperainSouthChina,istheearliestformofChineseopera.ItwasformedinWenzhou,ZhejiangProvinceattheturnoftheNorthernSongDynasty(960A.D.-1127A.D.)andtheSouthernSongDynasty(1127A.D-1279A.D).BasedonSongZaju,southernoperacombinedsouthernfolkmusicsongs,conversationsandotherartisticelementstogether.Thelyricsweresimple.Mostoftheplaystoldfolktales.Itformedthebasicartisticcharacteristicsofopera.7.2.3.TheFirstFlourishingPeriodofChineseOperaInthehistoryofChineseopera,YuanDynasty(1271A.D.-1368A.D.)isanimportantperiod.ItisfamousforYuanqu,consistingofSanquandZaju.YuanZajuisthefirstflourishingperiodofChineseopera.SanquisoneofthegenresofancientChineseliteratureoriginatedfromSongci.Itwaswritteninordertomatchthepopulartunesinthenorthatthattime.Itwaspopularwithpeoplefromallwalksoflife.ZajuisakindofcomprehensivetraditionalChineseartform,consistingsongs,dialogues,dancesandotherartisticforms.ThemostinfluentialpartinYuanquliesinthefeaturesofYuanZaju,simpleandnatural.DramatistssuchasGuanHanqing,WangShifu,BaiPuandZhengGuangzu,contributedgreatlytoitssuccess.TheyarealsoregardedastheFourGreatDramatistsintheYuanDynasty.1)TheFourGreatDramatistsintheYuanDynastySpeakingofYuanquandYuanZaju,wemustmentiontheFourGreatDramatistsandtheircontributions.TheFirstFlourishingPeriodofChineseOpera--YuanZajuTheFourGreatYuanDramatistsGuanHanqingWangShifuBaiPuMaZhiyuanGuanHanqingHewasanotabledramatistofYuanDynasty,borninDadu,thecapitaloftheYuanDynasty.Hewroteabout65playsandhismasterpieceisTheInjusticetoDouE.TheInjusticetoDouECouldyoutellthestoryin

TheInjusticetoDouEinEnglish?TheInjusticetoDouETheInjusticetoDouEisalsoknownasSnowinMidsummer.ItisamovingstorytouchingboththeHeavenandtheEarth.TheplaystellsastoryofawidownamedDouE.Herhusbanddiedtwoyearsaftertheirmarriage.ZhangtheMuleproposedtoDouEbutwasrejected.SohetookarevengeandaccusedDouEofmurderinghisfather.Beforeherexecution,DouEsworethatherinnocencewouldbeprovenbytheupcomingabnormalscenes.Thefirstonewasthatdrippingbloodneverdroppedontheground.ThesecondonewasthatitwasgoingtosnowinJunetocoverherbody.Thethirdonewasthatitwouldhaveathree-yeardroughtinherhometown.Afterherdeath,allherpredictionsdidoccurtoproveherinnocence.Lateron,DouE’sfather,DouTianzhang,becameanofficialandhewentbacktohishometown.TheghostofDouEtoldhimeverything.ZhangtheMulewassentencedtodeath.Othercorruptofficialswerepunished.FinallyDouEwasprovedtobeinnocent.ThestoryofDouEhasbeenadaptedbylaterdramatistsandreplayedonthestage.MaZhiyuanMaZhiyuanwasanothercelebrateddramatist.HedevelopedandpopularizedSanqu.HismasterpieceisSorrowin

theHanPalace,atragedy.ItisbasedonthehistoricalstoryofWangZhaoju,abeautyinHanDynasty.Sorrowin

theHanPalaceWangZhaojunZhengGuangzuZhengGuangzuwasanothercelebrateddramatist.HehelpedtomakeZajupopularagaininthesouth,especiallyinHangzhou.Hewrote18playsandeightofthemremaintothepresent.HismasterpieceisQiannv’sSoulLeavesHerBody.

Qiannv’sSoulLeavesHerBodyBaiPuBaiPuwasanotherrenowneddramatist.Hewrote16playsandthreeofthemareextant.TheyareOvertheWall,RainonthePaulownia

TreeandRomanceoftheEastWall.OvertheWallRainonthePaulownia

Tree2)

OtherImportantAncientChineseDramatistsBesidestheFourGreatDramatists,thereareotherwell-knowndramatistsintheYuanDynasty.WangShifuHismasterpieceisRomanceoftheWesternChamber,oneofthemostpopularclassiclovecomediesinChina.RomanceoftheWesternChamberRomanceoftheWesternChamberIttellsastoryofayoungcouple,CuiYingyingandZhangSheng,fallinginlove,whocouldnotgetmarriedwithouttheirparents’approvalbecauseitwasacustominancientChina.Buttheybroketheshacklesoftraditionalnotionsandlivedhappilytogetherintheend.Thisplayhasgreatinfluenceontheothertwogreatworks.OneisThePeonyPavilionwrittenbyTangXianzuandtheotherisADreamofRedMansionsWrittenbyCaoXueqin.Nowlet’swatchavideocliptoappreciateit.JiJunxiangHismasterpieceisTheOrphanofZhao,anexcellenthistoricaldrama.ThestorytookplaceintheSpringandAutumnperiod.ItisthefirstChineseplayintroducedtotheEurope.TheOrphanofZhao7.2.4.TheSecondFlourishingPeriodofChineseOperaThelegendoftheMingandQingDynastiesisthesecondflourishingperiodofChineseopera,originatedfromtheSouthernoperaoftheSongandYuanDynasties.AfterthemiddleoftheMingDynasty,legendsreplacedZaju.Thescriptswereusuallyelegant.Theperformancewasbecomingmoremature,usuallyintheformofKunqu.Nowlet’sgettoknowsomecelebrateddramatistsandtheirmasterpiecesinthatperiod.TangXianzuTangXianzuwasafamousdramatistoftheMingDynasty(1368A.D.-1644A.D).HismajorplaysarecalledtheFourDreams,whichinclude

ThePurpleHairpin,ADreamUndertheSouthernBough,TheHandanDream,andThePeonyPavilion.ThePeonyPavilionisconsideredashismasterpiece.TangXianzuTheFourDreamsThePurpleHairpin(紫钗记）

ADreamUndertheSouthernBough（南柯记）TheHandanDream（邯郸梦）ThePeonyPavilion(牡丹亭）ThePeonyPavilionThePeonyPavilionThePeonyPavilionisaromanticplay.ItdescribesalovestorybetweenDuLiniangandLiuMengmei.Theyovercamemanydifficulties,defeatingtimeandspace,lifeanddeath,andgottogetherintheend.TangXianzuandThePeonyPavilionreceivehighreputationbothathomeandabroad.KongShangrenKongShangrenwasawell-knowndramatistoftheQingDynasty(1644A.D.-1911A.D.).Hewasa64th-generationdescendantofConfucius.HismasterpieceisThePeachBlossomFan.KongShangren

ThePeachBlossomFanThePeachBlossomFanThePeachBlossomFanisaromancestorybetweenthescholarHouFangyuandthecourtesanLiXiangjun.KongShangrenspentmorethantenyearsonit.IthasbeenaclassicofKunqustagesincethebeginning.SummaryOriginandFormationofTraditionalChineseOperaTheEarliestMatureFormofChineseOperaTheFirstFlourishingPeriodofChineseOperaTheSecondFlourishingPeriodofChineseOperaAppreciationofClassicChineseOperas(II)Inthelastsection,welearnedtheoriginofChineseopera.ItexperiencedtwoflourishingperiodssincetheYuanDynasty.Inthissection,wearegoingtoappreciatediverseChineseoperas.7.2.5TheDiversityofChineseOperasOverthepast800years,Chineseoperahasdevelopedintomanydifferentregionalvarietiesbasedonlocaldialects.Eachtypetakesitsnamefromitsorigin,suchasKunquopera,Pekingopera,Yuopera,Shaoxingopera,Pingju,Huangmeiopera,Qinqiang,Chuanopera,Cantoneseoperaandsoon.TheDiversityofChineseOperasmorethan360differentformsKunquPekingoperaYuoperaShaoxingoperaPingjuHuangmeioperaQinqiangChuanoperaCantoneseoperaKunqu-MotherofAllChineseOperasKunquOperaisatypicalancientoperastyle,originatedinJiangsuProvinceduringtheYuanDynasty.ItbecamethemostimportantformintheMingDynastywithbamboofluteasamelodiousaccompaniment.KunquisvaluedastheForefatherofAllOperas.ItislistedamongtheWorldOralandIntangibleHeritages.TherepresentativeworksofKunquareThePeonyPavilionandThePeachBlossomFan.TherepresentativeperformersofKunquareYuZhenfei,YueMeitiandsoon.7.2.6TheFiveMainKindsofChineseOperaAmongthediverseoperas,therearefivemostinfluentialoperas,representingthehighestachievementsofChineseopera.TheyarePekingopera,Yuopera,Pingjuopera,ShaoxingoperaandHuangmeiopera.TheFiveMainKindsofChineseOperaPekingoperaYuoperaPingjuoperaShaoxingoperaHuangmeiopera1)

PekingOperaPekingoperaisconsideredasChinesenationalopera.InthelateQingDynasty,itwasdevelopedfromKunquoperaandotherformsinAnhuiandHubeiprovinces.PekingoperahasthedeepestimpactonChina.Pekingoperaisacomprehensiveperformingarts,combiningsong,speech,dance-actingandcombattogether.Agreatactormustbegoodatsinging,dancing,performingandhavesomefoundationsinmartialartsandacrobaticsaswell.Thecharacterrolesareclassifiedintofixedtypes,calledasHangdang,includingSheng,dan,jingandchou.Generallyspeaking,femalerolesareknownasdan;Maleonesarecalledsheng;clownsareknownaschou,whichmeansuglyonesinChinese;frankandroughmalecharactersorcraftyanddangerousrolesareknownasjing.Masksareusedandeachcolorhasitsownspecialmeaning.Whitesymbolizesevil,craftinessandsuspicion.Greensymbolizesimpulsivenessandviolence.Redsymbolizesbraveryandloyalty.Blacksymbolizesroughnessandfierceness.ThemastersofPekingoperaareMeiLanfang,LiShaochun,LiuChangyuandLiWeikang.PekingoperawasonthelistoftheIntangibleCulturalHeritageofHumanitybyUNESCOin2010.MeiLanfangLiShaochunLiuChangyuLiWeikang2)YuOperaYuoperaorYujuoriginatedfromHenanProvince,thecentralpartofChinaabout400yearsago.Lateron,itbecomespopularalongtheYellowRiverregions.ThemasterofYujuisChangXiangyu.HermasterpiecesareHuaMulanandMatchmaker.ChangXiangyu3)ShaoxingOperaShaoxingoperaorYuejuoriginatedinShaoxing,ZhejiangProvince.Themalerolesareplayedbyactresses.Itexposesfemininityintermsofsingingandperforming.ItispopularinZhejiangProvinceandShanghai.ThefamousactressesincludeWangWenjuan,XuYulanandFanRuijuan.TheirmasterpiecesareADreamofRedMansionsandTheButterfly’sLove.TheShaoxingoperasaremainlylovestories.WangWenjuanXuYulanFanRuijuan（范瑞娟）4)PingjuOperaPingjuoriginatedinHebeiProvinceanditispopularinthenorthpartofChina.BaiYushuangwasregardedastheQueenofPingju.TherepresentativeworksofPingjuareLiuQiao’erandFlowerAMatchmaker,botharefeaturedbyXinFengxia,anothermasterofPingju,alsoknownastheQueenofPingju.Sheisthepioneerofthe“new”styleaswell.BaiYushuang(白玉霜）XinFengxia（新凤霞）5)HuangmeiOperaHuangmeioperaoriginatedinHuangmei,HubeiProvince.HoweveritwasdevelopedinAnqing,AnhuiProvince.Originallyitwassungbywomenwhentheywerepickingtea.ThereforeitwascalledtheTea-pickingoperaaswell.ThemastersofHuangmeioperaareYanFengyingandWangShaofang.TheirmasterpiecesareTheHeavenlyMaidandtheMortalandFemaleSon-in-LawofEmperor.YanFengying（严凤英）WangShaofang（王少舫）7.2.7.OtherFamousChineseOperas1)

QinqiangQinqiangisfromShaanxiProvince,whereitwascalledQinthousandsofyearsago.QinqiangmeansthetuneorsoundofQininChinese.PlaysofQinqiangareusuallyadaptedfromsomewell-knownhistoricalstories,suchasTheGeneralsoftheYangStoriesofYueFei,TheThreeKingdoms.2)

ChuanOperaChuanoperaispopularmainlyinSichuan,ChongqingandGuizhouprovince.Itiswell-knownforitsface-changingskill.Onthestageactorsexpresstheirinvisibleemotionsbychangingtheirvisibleface-masks.Nowlet’swatchavideoclip.Chuanoperabecomesmorepopularin