2019年华东交通大学考博英语真题及答案

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A、curiosity

B、optimism

C、passion

D、attitude答案:B2、Inquiries（）theconditionofpatientsmaybemadepersonallyorbytelephone.

A、regarding

B、considering

C、following

D、relating答案:A3、Technologicaldevelopments（）newskillsinmanyindustries，leavingthoseworkerswithoutdatedskillsoutofwork.

A、necessitate

B、associate

C、negotiate

D、differentiate答案:A4、Thursdaymarkedthe42nd（）ofman’sfirststeponthemoon.

A、ceremony

B、decade

C、occasion

D、anniversary答案:A5、The（）pointofviewpresentsideasandfactsthatbothsupportersandopponentscanagree.

A、main

B、controversial

C、subjective

D、neutral答案:A6、Iwasshockedtofindafrontstorythatwasmore（）initsnaturethanitwasinformative.

A、sentimental

B、sensitive

C、sensational

D、sensible答案:A7、Thevastmajorityofpeopleinanyculturewill（）totheestablishedstandardsofthatculture.

A、conform

B、confine

C、confirm

D、confront答案:B8、Thepoorgirlcouldn’t（）fromhertearsanymorewhenhermothershowedup.

A、remain

B、refrain

C、maintain

D、strain答案:B9、Shebecamethefirstwomantoentertheschoolbutwithdrawafterafewdays（）stress.

A、inhonorof

B、becauseof

C、inspiteof

D、insteadof答案:B10、Wearesorrytoinformyouthattheshipmentisnot（）thestandardinthecontract.

A、dueto

B、accordingto

C、priorto

D、upto答案:D11、Thereisastandardmethod（）officersareselectedforpromotion.

A、whereby

B、that

C、where

D、whereas答案:B12、Immigrationofficialshavetobeverycarefulindecidingwhetherto（）alloronlysomeofthoseillegalimmigrants.

A、dissolve

B、deport

C、distract

D、detect答案:B13、Theideathatboysandgirlshavedifferentlearningstylesseemstobelosingground，buttherearestillmany（）supportersofsingle-sexeducation.

A、compulsory

B、pervasive

C、critical

D、passionate答案:B14、Economicandfinancialglobalizationhaslentimportan（）toeconomicgrowthinrecentdecades,especiallyinemergingmarkets.

A、motive

B、impulse

C、impetus

D、promotion答案:C15、Wecannotimaginewhatatoughjobitistoreadmusicfromaphotocopyofahandwritten（）inoldGerman.

A、submission

B、manuscript

C、substance

D、manipulation答案:B16、Manyyoungpeopleinvolvedinforcedmarriageshavetofacea（）,thatis,theylovetheirparentsbuttheyalsowanttopursuetruelove.

A、dilemma

B、confrontation

C、doctrine

D、conflict答案:A17、Ifwefindthegenesthatcontrolthehumanbodyclock，wecanperhapsslowthemdownandextendhumanlife（）alittle.

A、expectation

B、terminal

C、expectancy

D、range答案:D18、Iwaiteduntilhehad（）beforeItoldhimIwasleavingandheadedforthefrontdoor.

A、handeddown

B、calmeddown

C、turneddown

D、trackeddown答案:B19、Thereisgrowing（）amongecologiststhatbiodiversitycannotbeadequatelyconservedbyprotectedareasalone.

A、consensus

B、concession

C、conception

D、contention答案:A20、Theroleofaprofessional（）istohelptwopartiessolveconflictorappeasedisputethroughskillfuluseoflanguage.

A、senator

B、supervisor

C、negotiator

D、mediator答案:A二、ReadingComprehension(总题数:5,分数:20.0分)Inarecentstudy,neuroscientistsfoundthatplayingfast-pacedvideogamescouldhelpimprove

dyslexicchildren’sreadingspeed,andtheimprovementsdidnotfadewithtime.

Researcherstestedthereadingabilityoftwogroupsof10-year-olddyslexicchildrenafteronegroup

hadplayedactionvideogamesandtheotherplayednon-actionvideogames.Eachgroupwas

composedof10childrenwhoplayed80minutesofvideogamesadayforninedays,equaling12

hoursofplayperchild.Theirreadingskillsweremeasuredonanumberoffactors,includinghow

fasttheyreadwordsandhowaccuratelytheyreadthem.Resultsshowedthatimprovementsin

readingspeedachievedfromplayingfast-pacedvideogamescouldevenexceedimprovements

gainedfromayear’sintense,traditionaltherapies.

Scientistsaimedtoprovethatthere’sacorrelationbetweenadyslexicchild’svisualattentionspan

andtheirabilitytoread.Actionvideogamesaredistinguishedfromnon-actionvideogamesbysuch

characteristicsasgamespeed,ahighsensory-motorload,andpresentationofmultiple,peripheral

stimuli.Actionvideogameplayersconstantlyreceivebothexternalandinternalfeedbackontheir

performance,producinglearning.

Itturnedoutthattheassumptionsofresearcherswerecorrect.Actionvideogameplayersdefeated

theirnon-actionpeersinimprovements.Onlyactiongamekidsshowedgeneralreading

improvements,upto40percent,whilenon-actionreadersshowednoimprovement.Theaction

gamersalsoimprovedtheirbasictextreadingbyasmuchas60percent,whilenon-actiongamers

showedamoremodest5percent-10percentgain.

Thoughmoreresearchisneededtonaildownthespecificrolethatactiongamesplayinthe

improvements,theresearchersclaimedtheirdataisthestart.Theybelievetheirfindingsshowthat

attentioncanbestudiedandefficientlytrainedduringinfancy.Thiscanpavethewayfor

low-resource-demandingearlypreventionprogramsthatcoulddrasticallyreducetheincidentof

readingdisorders.

21、Whatdoestherecentstudydiscussedinthepassageshow?

A、Traditionaltherapiesdobetterthanvideogamesinhelpingchildrenread.

B、Childrenpreferactionvideogamestonon-actiononesintheirreadingclass.

C、Playingactionvideogamescaneffectivelyimprovechildren'sreadingability.

D、Thebenefitsofplayingactionvideogamesgraduallygetweakerovertime.

答案:C22、Researchersofthestudyconductedtheirtestby________.

A、measuringtheeffectsofplayingdifferenttypesofvideogamesonreading

B、comparingtheeffectsofdifferentreadingmethodsonreadingspeed

C、trainingchildrenwithreadingdifficultiestoreadwordsfastandaccurately

D、teachingchildrentoplayvariousvideogamesforseveralhourseachday

答案:A23、Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasadifferencebetweenactionvideogames

andnon-actionones?

A、Actionvideogamesgiveplayersmoreinternalfeedback.

B、Actionvideogamespresentarichervarietyofstimulitoplayers.

C、Actionvideogamesrequirepayersreadmoreduringplaying.

D、Actionvideogameshaveasomewhatlowersensory-motorload答案:B24、Resultsofthestudyconfirmedscientistsassumptionthat________.

A、Readingdifficultiesarecausedbybothexternalandinternalfactors

B、Actionvideogameshavehighergameseesthannor-actionvideogames

C、Readingdifficultiesarerelatedtoexcessiveplayingofvideogames

D、Actionvideogamesprovideplayerswithfeedbackthatfacilitatelearning答案:DThereareAmericanswhovisitFranceandcomebacksaying“theFrencharesorude.”Ifeel

differently.IthinkAmericansperceiveFrenchbehavior“rude”becauseitdoesn'tfollowAmerican

rules.Youcan'tassumethateveryoneinFranceshouldspeakEnglish.Youcan'tapproachaFrench

strangerwithabigAmericanhelloand“howareyou”andexpectthemtorespondinkind.However,

ifyoulookthemintheeye,giveaslightnodwithagentlehello,theywillrespondfavorably.

MostFrenchpeopleImeetaresubtleanddignified.Theyarenotloud,andtheyarereservedintheir

expressions.Weliketosaywordslike“great”,“magnificent”,or“marvelous”TheFrenchwillsay

“pasmal”(notbad)eveniftheywinthelottery!AndyouwillbewrongifyouthinkEuropeansdon't

havetheirownnegativeideaofAmericans.MostyoungEuropeansI'vemetviewAmericansas

“fake”andloud,sincewedotendtohavebighellosandsmilesforstrangersandask“howareyou”

andwalkawaybeforearesponse.WeshouldmakeaconsciousefforttoshowtheFrenchthatwecan

adjusttooursurroundings,andthatwedon'texpecttoenteraforeigncountryandhaveeverything

bejustaswewishittobe.

Iwasn’tabletocompletelyforgetmyAmericanrootsduringmystay.Iwasstilltheonegetting

strangelookswearingmysandalsinthecold(withsocksofcourse).Iwasstilltheonewiththe

loudestlaugh.AndIcouldneverquitegetmyvoicetothatlevelwhichis“loudenoughforthe

waitertohearbutnotnearbydiners”IwillalwaysfeelabitlikeanawkwardteenagerasIstumble

mywayaroundEurope.IwasveryluckyinthatmyFrenchfriendsinsistedmyAmerican

idiosyncrasies(习性)werecharminganddeservingofacceptance.

SolookattheFrenchinanewlight.Theyhavearichculture,arichpast.Icanattesttothefactthat

ifyouarekindandpolite,youwillgainfriends,andperhapsevenimproveforeignrelations!

25、Accordingtothepassage,whatmakesAmericansthinkthattheFrencharerude?

A、ThewayFrenchpeoplegreetstrangersinpublicisimpoliteandunkind.

B、ThewayFrenchpeoplebehavediffersfromwhatAmericansareusedto.

C、FewFrenchholdafriendlyorfavorableattitudetowardEnglishspeakers.

D、FewFrenchrespondtostrangersgentleandkindgreetingsfavorably.答案:B26、ComparedwithAmericans,theFrenchtendto________whentheygivecompliments.

A、speakataloudanddignifiedvoice

B、avoidusingnegativeexpressions

C、choosesubtleandmoderateexpressions

D、begenerousandsomewhatexaggerating

答案:C27、Whichoftheflowingdoestheauthorprobablyagree?

A、Oneshouldsticktohisownculturewhenhecommunicateswithforeigners.

B、Oneshouldfullyadapttotheculturalnormsofaforeigncountryhelivesin.

C、Onecankeepsomerulesofhisnativeculturewhenlivinginaforeigncounty.

D、Onecaneasilymakefriendswithforeignersbylearningtheiridiosyncrasies

答案:C28、Themainpurposeofthepassagecanbebestputasto________.

A、explainaculturalconceptbycomparingtwopeoples’behaviors

B、tellatruestorybasedontheauthor’sownexperienceinaforeigncountry

C、proveapopularviewonanationbyuseoflogicalreasoning

D、refuteanationalstereotypewithevidencefromtheauthor'sownexperience答案:DGregoryCurrie,aprofessorofphilosophyeattheUniversityofNottingham,recentlyarguedin

TheNewYorkTimesthatweoughtnottoclaimthatliteratureimprovesusaspeople,becausethereisno“compellingevidencethatsuggeststhatpeoplearemorallyorsociallybetterforreadingTolstoy”orothergreatbooks.

Actually,thereissuchevidence.RaymondMar,apsychologistatYorkUniversityinCanada,and

KeithOatley,aprofessorofcognitivepsychologyattheUniversityofToronto,reportedinstudies

publishedin2006and2009thatindividualswhooftenreadfictionappeartobebetterableto

understandotherpeople,empathize(起共鸣)withthemandviewtheworldfromtheirperspective.Thislinkpersistedevenaftertheresearchersfactoredinthepossibilitythatmoreempatheticindividualsmightchoosetoreadmorenovels.

Recentresearchincognitivescience,psychologyandneurosciencehasdemonstratedthatdeep

readingofbooksisadistinctiveexperience,verydifferentfromtheinformation-drivenreadingwedoontheWeb.Althoughdeepreadingdoesnot,strictlyspeaking,requireaconventionalbook,thebuilt-inlimitsoftheedpageareuniquelyconducivetothedeepreadingexperience.Abook'slackofhyperlinksallowsthereadertoremainfullyimmersedinthenarrative,withouthavingto

makesuchdecisionsaswhethertoclickonalinkornot.

Thatimmersionissupportedbythewaythebrainhandleslanguagerichinsensorydetailand

emotionalandmoralcomplexity,bycreatingamentalrepresentationthatdrawsonthesamebrain

regionsthatwouldbeactiveifthescenewereunfoldinginreallife.Theemotionalsituationsandmoraldilemmasthatarethestuffofliteraturearealsovigorousexerciseforthebrain,propellingusinsidetheheadsoffictionalcharactersandevenincreasingourreal-lifecapacityforempathy.Thisisnotreadingasmanyyoungpeoplearecomingtoknowit.Theirreading,mostlydoneonscreen,ispragmaticandinstrumental.Ifweallowourchildrentobelievereadingonscreenisall

thereis,wewillhavedeprivedthemofanenjoyableandenlighteningexperiencethatwillenlarge

themaspeople.Insteadmoldingoureducationaroundyoungpeople’sattachmenttodigitaldevices

andonscreenhabits,weneedtoshowthemsomeplacethey’veneverbeento,aplaceonlydeep

readingcantakethemto.

29、Prof,GregoryCurriearguesthat________.

A、literaturedoesn'tshowpeople’smoralorsocialstandards

B、onlygoodliteratureshowspeople’smoralandsocialvalues

C、readingfictionwon'timprovepeoplemorallyorsocially

D、onlyreadinggreatbooksbenefitspeoplemorallyandsocially

答案:C30、ThestudiesofRaymondMarandKeithOatleyshowthat________.

A、empatheticpeoplearemorelikelytoreadnovelsoften

B、empatheticpeoplehaveabetterperspectiveontheworld

C、readingfictionencouragespeopletobemorepersistent

D、readingfictionhelpspeopleunderstandothersbetter

答案:D31、Deepreadingofpaperbookscomparedwithreadingontheweb________.

A、requiresreaderstodomorecarefulthinking

B、enablesreaderstostayabsorbedinthestory

C、givesreadersmanylinkstoothermaterials

D、allowsreaderstochoosetheirfuturereading

答案:B32、Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethattheauthor________.

A、supportsuseofdigitaldevicesinclassroom

B、prefersreadingonscreentoreadingpaperbooks

C、takesapositiveapproachtoeducationreforms

D、holdsanegativeattitudetowardreadingonscreen答案:DWhethertheeyesare“thewindowsofthesoul”isdebatable;thattheyareintenselyimportantin

interpersonalcommunicationisafact.Duringthefirsttwomonthsofababy’slife,thestimulusthat

producesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:amaskwithtwodotswillproducea

smile.Significantly,arealhumanfacewitheyesmaynotmotivateasmile,norwillthesightofonly

oneeyewhichispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouth

continuesasthebabymatures.Inonestudy,whenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodraw

people,75percentofthemdrewpeoplewithmouths,but99percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.

InJapan,however,wherebabiesarecarriedontheirmother’sback,infantsdonotacquireasmuch

attachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.Asaresult,Japaneseadultsmakelittleuseoftheface

eithertoencodeordecodemeaning.Infact,Argylerevealsthatthe“properplacetofocusone’sgaze

duringaconversationinJapanisontheneckofone’sconversationpartner”.

TheroleofeyecontactinaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmericansiswelldefined:

speakersmakecontactwiththeeyesoftheirlistenerforaboutonesecond,thenglanceawayasthey

talk;inafewmomentstheyre-establisheyecontactwiththelistenerorreassurethemselvesthattheir

audienceisstillattentive,thenshifttheirgazeawayoncemore.Listeners,meanwhile,keeptheir

eyesonthefaceofthespeaker,allowingthemselvestoglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthat

theybelookingatthespeakerattheprecisemomentwhenthespeakerre-establisheseyecontact:If

theyarenotlooking,thespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileye

contactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothe

maintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses:

theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruption,falsestarts,andunpredictable

pauses.

33、Theauthorisconvincedthattheeyesare

A、ofextremeimportanceinexpressingfeelingsandexchangingideas

B、somethingthroughwhichonecanseeaperson'sinnerworld

C、ofconsiderablesignificanceinmakingconversationsinteresting

D、somethingthevalueofwhichislargelyamatteroflongdebate

答案:A34、Babieswillnotbestimulatedtosmilebyaperson

A、whosefrontviewisfullyperceived

B、whosefaceiscoveredwithamask

C、whosefaceisseenfromtheside

D、whosefaceisfreeofanycovering.

答案:C35、Accordingtothepassage,aconversationbetweentwoAmericansmaybreakdowndueto

A、onetemporarilyglancingawayfromtheother

B、eyecontactofmorethanonesecond

C、improperly-timedceasingofeyecontact

D、constantadjustmentofeyecontact

答案:C36、Tokeepaconversationflowingsmoothly,itisbetterfortheparticipants

A、nottoweardarkspectacles

B、nottomakeanyinterruptions

C、nottoglanceawayfromeachother

D、nottomakeunpredictablepauses答案:CAccordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthe

horizonsofscientificknowledge.Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsights

ofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.In

short,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelythe

improvementaninventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofsciencein

innumerabledirections.

Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargely

beenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.Themodernschoolthathailstechnology

arguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdison

attachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnological

devicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.

Thecoreoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’srole

atthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,an

astronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftenskyputEarthatthecenterofall

heavenlymotions.Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewly

inventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaround

theearth.Buttherealheroofthestory,accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,wasthelong

evolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.

Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvsgeniusdispute.WhethertheGovernment

shouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoften

dependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.37、Whatleadstotheexpansionofscienceintermsofthenewschoolofscientists?

A、Thecreativeideasofthegreatminds.

B、Thescientificknowledgeofthegeniuses.

C、Theimprovementofordinarytoolsandtechniques.

D、Theneglectedforceinscientificinnovations.

答案:C38、Whatisthenatureofscientificrevolutionaccordingtoaleaderofthenewschool?

A、Ithelpstoinventaseriesofnewinstruments.

B、Itisactuallytheresultofthedevelopmentofaseriesofinstruments.

C、Itpushesthesciencetowardaparticulardirection.

D、Ithasimprovedthetechniquesininnumerabledirections.

答案:B39、Whydoesmodernschoolofscientistspayattentiontotheinventionandimprovementoftoolsandtechnology?

A、Becausetheycanbeappliedinscientificexperiments.

B、Becausetheyaregreatlyadmiredbyscientistsandinventors.

C、Becausetheyareoverlookedbyhistoriansandphilosophers.

D、Becausetheycanbeservedasasourceofbasicinnovations.

答案:D40、Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthelastparagraph?

A、Thegovernment'sdecisiononitsfinanceallocationisdeterminedbyitsopinionontheprioritybetweenscienceandtechnology.

B、Thegovernmenthasdevelopedpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnology.

C、Thegovernmenthasattachedmoreimportancetotechnologythanpurescience.

D、Thegovernmentwillnolongerincreasethefinancialsupporttopurescience.答案:A三、Cloze(总题数:1,分数:10.0分)Thereisvirtuallynolimittohowonecanservecommunityinterests,fromsendingafewhoursa

weekwithsomecharitableorganizationtopracticallyfull-timeworkforasocialagency.Justas

thereareopportunitiesforVoluntaryServiceOverseas(VSO)foryoungpeoplebeforetheytakeup

full-timeemployment,【A1】______thereareopportunitiesforoverseasserviceforqualifiedtechniciansin

developingcountries.Somepeople,【A2】______thosewhoretireearly,offertheirtechnicalandbusiness

skillsincountries【A3】______thereisaspecialneed.

Soinconsideringvoluntaryorpaidcommunityservice,therearemoreopportunitiesthanthere【A4】______werewhenonefirstbeganwork.Mostvoluntaryorganizationshaveonlyasmallfull-timestaff,and

dependverymuchonvolunteersandpart-timers.Thismeansthatworkingrelationshipsaredifferent

fromthoseincommercialorganizations,andvaluesmaybedifferent.Insomewaystheymayseem

more【A5】______andlessefficient,butoneshouldnotjudgethembycommercial【A6】______.Thepeoplewhowork

withthemdosofordifferentreasonsandwithdifferentobjectives,bothpersonalandorganizational.

Oneshouldnotjointhem【A7】______toarmthemwithprofessionalexpertise;theymustbejoinedwith

commitmenttothecause,notbusiness【A8】______Becausesalariesaresmallornon-existentmanyvoluntary

bodiesoffermodestexpenses.Butmanyretiredpeopletakepartincommunityservicefor【A9】______，simplybecausetheyenjoythework.

Manycommunityactivitiespossibleinretirementwerealsopossibleduringone'sworkinglifebut

theyaretobeundertakennolessseriouslyforthat.Retiredpeoplewhoarejustlookingfor

somethingdifferentorunusualtodoshouldnotconsider【A10】______communityservice.

41、【A1】______

A、as