热考主题强化训练(二) 科普知识

热考主题强化训练(二)科普知识(限时30分钟)A(2023·淮北二模)As3Dprintingtechnologyimproves,peoplekeepfindingnewusesforit.Andthelatestisprettysweet:cheesecake.ResearcherswiththedepartmentofmechanicalengineeringatColumbiaUniversitycreatedaseven-ingredientsliceofcakeusinga3Dprinter,andtheysayprintingfoodscouldbeanewcookingoptionwithseveralbenefits.Suchprintershavebeenusedtomakeorgansbefore,andsimilartechnologiesalreadyexistinthefoodspace—likepizzaandbreadrobots,pastaprintersandautomaticcakedecorators,theresearcherssayinthestudy,publishedintheNPJScienceandFoodjournal.Theresearchersdefinedprintedfoodas“thecontrolleddeposition(沉淀),ofaningredient;assuch,anyingredientthatwaspushedintopaste(酱)，”andtheysaymanyexistingprocessedfoodscanbeconsidered“printed”bythisdefinition.So,inordertomakethe3D-printedpeanutbutter-bananacheesecakewithacherrycoat,alltheingredientshadtobeconvertedintopaste-likesubstances.Allseveningredientswereputintothe3Dprinterandthenprintedoutinlayersintotheshapeofapieceofcheesecake.Theresearcherssay3Dprintingfoodcouldallowcookstocontrolthenutrientcontentinamealandalsooffertheabilitytomakemorecustomizedmeals.Italsoreduceshumancontactwithfood,whichcouldpreventthespreadoffood-borneillnessesanddiseases.Theyalsoseesustainabilitybenefitstoprintingfood,becauseingredientscanbelocallysourced,plant-basedmealscanbecreatedandtheshelflifeofthefoodscouldbeextended.Printingfoodcouldalsohelppeoplewithswallowingandotherdigestivedisorders，byprovidingnewfoodoptions,ratherthantheblandfoodstheymayberestrictedto.Whilesomeprocessedfoodscouldhavebettertaste,texture,cleanlinessandshelflives,processingfoodscanalsodegradetheirnutrients.However,theresearchershopedevelopingthe3Dprintingtechnologycanhelppreventnutrientdegradationwhileprocessingfoods.语篇解读：本文是一篇科普说明文，介绍了3D食品打印技术的好处。1．WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph2?A．Printingfoodisnotasstrangeasitsounds.B．Suchprinterswereonlyusedinmedicalbefore.C．Printingpizzaissimilartoprintingbreadrobots.D．Thistechnologygetstheapprovalofmanyscientists.解析：选A推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Suchprintershavebeenusedtomakeorgansbefore,andsimilartechnologiesalreadyexistinthefoodspace”可知，作者在第二段中告诉我们打印食物并不像听起来那么奇怪。2．Howdidtheresearchersmaketheingredientsprintable?A．Bysqueezingthemintopaste.B．Bycuttingthemintopieces.C．Byshapingthemintolayers.D．Byputtingthemintodifferentprinters.解析：选A细节理解题。根据第三段中的“So,inordertomakethe3D-printedpeanut...convertedintopaste-likesubstances.”可知，研究人员必须把它们挤成糊状才能将这些成分打印出来。3．Whatisthebenefitofprintingcooking?A．Increasinghumancontactwithfood.B．Makingmealsbecomemorenutritious.C．Promotingthespreadoffood-bornediseases.D．Treatingthedisordersassociatedwithfood.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第六段“Printingfoodcouldalsohelppeople...ratherthantheblandfoodstheymayberestrictedto.”可知，打印烹饪的好处是治疗与食物有关的疾病。4．Whereisthetextprobablytakenfrom?A．Adietdairy. B．Acookbook.C．Amedicalmagazine. D．Asciencejournal.解析：选D推理判断题。本文是一篇科普说明文，介绍了3D食品打印技术的好处，由此可知文章可能选自科学期刊。B(2023·鞍山一模)Theearthhasmanymysteriesforpeopletoexploreandweliveontheearthforprotection.DidyouknowthattheearthhastwoNorthPoles?There'sthegeographicNorthPole,whichneverchanges.Andthere'sthemagneticNorthPole,whichisalwaysonthemove.Overthepast150years,themagneticNorthPolehascasuallywandered685milesacrossnorthernCanada.Butrightnowit'sracing25milesayeartothenorthwest.Thiscouldbeasignthatwe'reabouttoexperiencesomethinghumanshaveneverseenbefore:amagneticpolarflip.Andwhenthishappens,itcouldaffectmuchmorethanjustyourcompass.Rightnowonthesurfaceoftheplanet,itlookslikeit'sjustabarmagnet.Ourcompassesarejustpointingtoonepoleatatimebecausethere'smainlyatwo-polesystem.Butsometimes,theearthdoesn'tjusthaveasinglemagneticNorthandSouthPole.Evidencesuggeststhat,forhundredstothousandsofyearsatatime,ourplanethashadfour,six,andeveneightpoles.Thisiswhathashappenedwhenthemagneticpolesflippedinthepast.Andwhenithappensagain,itwon'tbegoodnewsforhumans.Nowyoumightthink,eightpolesmustbebetterthantwo.Buttherealityisthatmultiplemagneticfieldswouldfighteachother.Thiscouldweakentheearth'sprotectivemagneticfieldbyupto90%duringapolarflip.Theearth'smagneticfieldiswhatprotectsusfromharmfulspaceradiationwhichcandamagecellsandcausecancer.Withaweakerfieldinplace,somescientiststhinkthiscouldexposeplanestohigherlevelsofradiation,makingflightslesssafe.Thiscouldalsodisrupttheinternalsenseofdirectioninmanyanimalsthatusethemagneticfieldfornavigation.Evenworse,itcouldmakecertainplacesontheplanettoodangeroustolivein.Butwhatexactlywilltakeplaceonthesurfaceislessclearthanwhatwillundoubtedlyhappeninspace.Satellitesandspacemissionswillneedextrashelterthatwe'llhavetoprovideourselves.Withoutit,intenseuniversalandsolarradiationwillfrycircuitboardsandincreasetheriskofcancerinastronauts.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了地球的磁场对人类的作用，以及磁极翻转会给地球上的生命所带来的影响。5．Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?A．Astronautsaremorelikelytosufferfromcancer.B．ThemagneticNorthPoleismovingfasterthanbefore.C．Therearealwaysmorethantwomagneticpolesontheearthatatime.D．Flightsaren'tallowedtotravelasusualwhenthemagneticpolesflip.解析：选B细节理解题。根据第一段中“Overthepast150years,themagneticNorthPole...25milesayeartothenorthwest.”可知，磁北极比以前移动得更快。6．Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheearth'smagneticfield?A．Theprotectiveumbrellaofhumans.B．Thenavigationofsatellites.C．Thecenteroftheuniverse.D．Thefocusofscientificresearch.解析：选A推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的“Theearth'smagneticfieldiswhatprotectsusfromharmfulspaceradiationwhichcandamagecellsandcausecancer.”可推知，地球磁场是人类的保护伞。7．Whatwillsomeanimalsbefacedwithwhenthemagneticpolesflip?A．Beingunabletofinddirectionsexactly.B．Bearingveryloudnoisedayandnight.C．Losingtheabilitytohuntforfood.D．Beingunabletoprotectthemselvesfromdanger.解析：选A细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Thiscouldalsodisrupttheinternalsenseofdirectioninmanyanimalsthatusethemagneticfieldfornavigation.”可知，当磁极翻转时，一些动物将找不到确切的方向。8．Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A．Howandwhenwillthepolesflip?B．ThereasonswhyscientistsresearchpolesC．Whatwillhappenwhenthepolesflip?D．Thewaysthatscientistsresearchpoles解析：选C标题归纳题。根据第一段中的“Thiscouldbeasign...affectmuchmorethanjustyourcompass.”并结合全文可知，本文主要说明了地球的磁场对人类的作用，以及磁极翻转会给地球上的生命带来的影响。C选项“当两极翻转时会发生什么？”最符合文章标题。C(2023·聊城二模)Researchershaverecentlydiscoveredthatgutbacteria(肠道细菌)thatgrowwithinourbodyhelpthebrainbuildimportantsocialskills.AccordingtoapaperpublishedinPLOSBiologyinNovember,zebrafishwereusedasresearchsubjectstotesthowalackofbacteriacouldaffectsocialskills.Zebrafisharesocialanimalsaseven2-week-oldfishstarttohangoutingroupsoffourtotwelve.Theexperimentstartedwithmakingagroupoffish“bacteria-free”throughtheirdiet.Theothergroupwereinjectedwithahealthymixofgutbacteriaaftertheywerehatched.About15dayslater,thesecondgroupbeganswimmingingroupswhilethe“bacteria-free”group“shockingly,didn't，”JudithEisen,aco-authorofthenewresearch,saidtoQuantaMagazine.Theteamthenexaminedthefish'sbrains,discoveringobviousdifferencesbetweenthetwogroups.Theoneswholackedthegutbacteriahadmoreinterconnectionsamongtheneurons(神经元)intheirbrainsinchargeofsocialbehavior,andsocialneuronswereseentohaveovergrown.Thismadethefishmorecautiousinsocialsituations.Scientistssaidthatthebacteriamightreleaseaspecialchemicalthatcrossestheblood-brainbarriertoreachthebraindirectly.Althoughtheexperimentswereonlyonfish,thefindingscantheoreticallybeappliedtohumans.Theteamwishestoexplorehowgutbacteriaaffectthehumanbraininthefuture,whichmayleadtosolutionstomentalhealthproblems.Perhapsmanypeoplewhoclaimthattheyhave“socialphobia(社交恐惧症)”canblametheirguts.However,socialphobia,orsocialanxietydisorder,canbeaseriousillnessifoverlooked.AccordingtotheNationalHealthServiceintheUKitismorethanshynessbutinsteadaconstantfearofsocialsituations.Patientsmayexperiencepanicattackswhichareanoverwhelmingfearandanxietythatlastforafewminutes.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员最近发现，在我们体内生长的肠道细菌有助于大脑建立重要的社交技能。9．Whatdoestheresearchfocuson?A．Thegrowthofgutbacteria.B．Thewayzebrafishbuildsocialskills.C．Theinfluencingfactorsofsocialbehavior.D．Thelinkbetweengutbacteriaandsocialbehavior.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Accordingtoapaperpublished...howalackofbacteriacouldaffectsocialskills.”可知，这项研究的重点是肠道细菌和社交行为之间的联系。10．Whatwasfoundintheexperiment?A．Thetwogroupsofzebrafishbecamedifferentinsize.B．Thebacteria-freezebrafishswamingroups.C．Thezebrafishinjectedwithgutbacteriawerequieter.D．Thezebrafishwithgutbacteriaswamingroups.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第三段中的“About,15dayslater,thesecondgroup...groupswhilethe‘bacteria-free’group‘shockingly,didn't’”可知，带有肠道细菌的斑马鱼成群游动。11．Howdoscientistsfeelabouttheirfindings?A．Positive. B．Disappointed.C．Doubtful. D．Concerned.解析：选A推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Althoughtheexperimentswereonlyonfish,thefindingscantheoreticallybeappliedtohumans...healthproblems.”可知，科学家们对这项研究的发现是持积极态度的。12．WhichisTRUEabout“socialphobia”accordingtothelastparagraph?A．Itwillresultingutproblems.B．Itisasevereillness.C．Itmaycausepanic.D．Itisallaboutshyness.解析：选C细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Patientsmayexperiencepanicattackswhichareanoverwhelmingfearandanxietythatlastforafewminutes.”可知，“社交恐惧症”可能会引起患者惊慌。D(2023·晋中一模)Mindfulnessmeditation(冥想)isapracticeusedtoachievementalquietandasenseofcalm.Itisaseriesofstepsusedtoencouragereflectionanddeepbreathingandtoincreaseself-awareness.Amindfulnessmeditationcoursemaybeaseffectiveatreducinganxietyasacommonmedication(药物),accordingtoanewstudy.Theresearch,publishedonNovember9inJAMAPsychiatry,involvedagroupof276adultswithuntreatedanxietydisorders.Halfofthepatientswererandomlyselectedtotake10to20mgofescitalopram,thegenericformofLexapro,acommonmedicationusedtotreatanxietyanddepression.Theotherhalfwereassignedtoaneight-weekcourseinmindfulness-basedstressreduction.Theresultswerestunning:Bothgroupsexperiencedabouta20%reductionintheiranxietysymptomsovertheeight-weekperiod.Thepatientsassignedtothemeditationgroupwereaskedtoattendamindfulnessmeditationgroupclassin-persononceaweek.Eachclasswasaroundtwo-and-a-halfhourslongandheldatalocalclinic.Theywerealsoaskedtomeditateontheirownforaround40minutesperday.Hoge,theleadauthoronthestudy,comparedthetimecommitmentto“takinganexerciseclassoranartclass”．ButaccordingtoJosephArpaia,anOregon-basedpsychiatristspecializinginmindfulnessandmeditation,thedailytimecommitmentislikelytoomuchformanypatientsdealingwithanxiety.Arpaiasaysthathehasworkedtofindlesstime-intensivemindfulnessmethodstohelppatientsmanagetheiranxiety.Onetechniqueheteachesiscalleda“one-breathreset”thathelpspatientscalmthemselvesoverthecourseofasinglebreath.Butdespitehisreservations,“It'salwaysinterestingtoseemeditationwork,anditworksaswellasmedication，”hesaid.“Myhopewouldbethatpeoplerealizethattherearethingsotherthanmedicationthatcanwork.”“Myotherhopewouldbethattheyrealizethatifsittingandfollowingyourbreathmakesyoufeelrelaxed,great,butitdoesn'tmakeeveryonefeelrelaxed.Findsomethingthatdoes.Readabook,goforawalk,andspendtimegardening，”hesaid.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了有关“冥想减压”的一项新研究以及专业人士对此研究的评价。13．What'sthemainfeatureofmindfulnessmeditation?A．Itworksinremovinganxiety.B．Itmakespeople'smindempty.C．Itdrivespeopletokeepcalm.D．Itfocusesonthoughtsandawareness.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Itisaseriesofstepsusedtoencouragereflectionanddeepbreathingandtoincreaseself-awareness.”可知，正念冥想不是让思想处于空无状态，而是更注重思想和意识。14．Whatcanweknowaboutthenewstudy?A．Itsresultishardtounderstand.B．Itsparticipantsshoul