智慧树知到《如何推理论证（Arguments and Fallacies）》章节测试答案

智慧树知到《如何推理论证（ArgumentsandFallacies）》章节测试答案第一章单元测试1、YoucangivethemeaningofawordbydescribinghowitisuseD.A.正确B.错误正确答案：正确2、Allargumentsaremadeupof（orexpressedin）languageofsomekinD.A.正确B.错误正确答案：正确3、Topersuadesomeone，youneedtojustifyaconclusion.A.正确B.错误正确答案：错误4、AnexplanationanswersaquestionaboutwhysomethinghappeneD.A.正确B.错误正确答案：正确5、Languageiscompletelyarbitrary.A.正确B.错误正确答案：错误6、Thegoalofanargumentistobeatanopponent.A.正确B.错误正确答案：错误7、“WaterisH2O，andsaltisNaCl”isanargument.A.正确B.错误正确答案：错误8、Anargumentcansucceedinjustifyingitsconclusionevenifitsaudiencerejectstheargument’spremises.A.正确B.错误正确答案：正确9、Whenanargumentisusedforpersuasion，itspurposeistocauseitsaudiencetobelieveitsconclusion.A.正确B.错误正确答案：正确10、Ajustificationtriestopresentareasontobelieveitsconclusion.A.正确B.错误正确答案：正确11、Everyargumenthasmorethanonepremise.A.正确B.错误正确答案：错误12、Thegoalofanargumentistoabusetheaudience.A.正确B.错误正确答案：错误13、Tojustifyaconclusion，youneedtopersuadesomeone.A.正确B.错误正确答案：错误14、“33+66=99”isanargument.A.正确B.错误正确答案：错误15、Allargumentsareusedeithertojustifyortoexplaintheirconclusions.A.正确B.错误正确答案：错误16、Everyconclusioncontradictswhattheaudiencebelieves.A.正确B.错误正确答案：错误17、Anargumentthatisspokenisnogoodifitisnotspokenloudlyenough.A.正确B.错误正确答案：错误18、Whenanargumentisusedforexplanation，itspurposeistogiveareasontobelievethatitsconclusionistrue.A.正确B.错误正确答案：错误第二章单元测试1、Theword“since”isalwaysapremisemarker.A.正确B.错误正确答案：错误2、Ifawordinasentencecanbereplacedbyaconclusionmarkerwithoutsignificantlychangingthemeaningofthesentence，thenthewordisusedasaconclusionmarkerinthatsentence.A.正确B.错误正确答案：正确3、NegativeevaluativeutterancessaythatsomethingviolatesastandarD.A.正确B.错误正确答案：正确4、Anassuringtermisreflexivewhenitreferstothementalstateofthespeaker.A.正确B.错误正确答案：正确5、Theword“too”in“toosmall”introducesanevaluation.A.正确B.错误正确答案：正确6、“If…then…”isanargumentmarker.A.正确B.错误正确答案：错误7、A（n）（）termisusedtoindicatethatthespeakerhassomereasonsforwhathesayswithoutactuallyspecifyingwhatthosereasonsare.A.G=guardingtermB.A=assuringtermC.D=discountingtermD.E=evaluativeterm正确答案：A=assuringterm8、A（n）（）termisusedtoindicatearesponsetoapossibleobjection.A.A=assuringtermB.G=guardingtermC.D=discountingtermD.E=evaluativeterm正确答案：D=discountingterm9、A（n）（）termisusedtoweakenaclaiminordertomakeiteasiertodefendagainstpossiblecriticisms.A.A=assuringtermB.G=guardingtermC.D=discountingtermD.E=evaluativeterm正确答案：G=guardingterm10、A（n）（）termcanbeeitherpositiveornegative.A.A=assuringtermB.G=guardingtermC.D=discountingtermD.E=evaluativeterm正确答案：E=evaluativeterm11、Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable，butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.；FromStevenJayGould—"；ThePanda’sThumb"；：；...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers，partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower，surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer；theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus，theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays：Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However，idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution，foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipotentcreator.Oddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess，constrainedbyhistory，followsperforce.A.P=apremisemarkerB.C=aconclusionmarkerC.A=anassuringtermD.G=aguardingtermE.D=adiscountingtermF.E+=apositiveevaluativetermG.E-=anegativeevaluativetermH.N=noneoftheabove正确答案：D=adiscountingterm12、Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable，butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.；FromStevenJayGould—"；ThePanda’sThumb"；：...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers，partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower，surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer；theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus，theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays：Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However，idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution，foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipotentcreator.Oddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess，constrainedbyhistory，followsperforce.A.P=apremisemarkerB.C=aconclusionmarkerC.A=anassuringtermD.G=aguardingtermE.D=adiscountingtermF.E+=apositiveevaluativetermG.E-=anegativeevaluativetermH.N=noneoftheabove正确答案：G=aguardingterm13、Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable，butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.；FromStevenJayGould—"；ThePanda’sThumb"；：；...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers，partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower，surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer；theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus，theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays：Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However，idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution，foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipotentcreator.Oddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess，constrainedbyhistory，followsperforce.A.P=apremisemarkerB.C=aconclusionmarkerC.A=anassuringtermD.G=aguardingtermE.D=adiscountingtermF.E+=apositiveevaluativetermG.E-=anegativeevaluativetermH.N=noneoftheabove正确答案：E+=apositiveevaluativeterm14、Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable，butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.；FromStevenJayGould—"；ThePanda’sThumb"；：...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers，partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower，surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer；theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus，theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays：Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However，idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution，foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipotentcreator.Oddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess，constrainedbyhistory，followsperforce.A.P=apremisemarkerB.C=aconclusionmarkerC.A=anassuringtermD.G=aguardingtermE.D=adiscountingtermF.E+=apositiveevaluativetermG.E-=anegativeevaluativetermH.N=noneoftheabove正确答案：A=anassuringterm15、Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable，butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.；FromStevenJayGould—"；ThePanda’sThumb"；：；...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers，partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower，surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer；theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus，theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays：Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However，idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution，foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipotentcreator.Oddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess，constrainedbyhistory，followsperforce.A.P=apremisemarkerB.C=aconclusionmarkerC.A=anassuringtermD.G=aguardingtermE.D=adiscountingtermF.E+=apositiveevaluativetermG.E-=anegativeevaluativetermH.N=noneoftheabove正确答案：E+=apositiveevaluativeterm16、Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable，butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.；FromStevenJayGould—"；ThePanda’sThumb"；：；...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers，partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower，surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer；theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus，theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays：Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However，idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution，foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipotentcreator.Oddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess，constrainedbyhistory，followsperforce.A.P=apremisemarkerB.C=aconclusionmarkerC.A=anassuringtermD.G=aguardingtermE.D=adiscountingtermF.E+=apositiveevaluativetermG.E-=anegativeevaluativetermH.N=noneoftheabove正确答案：C=aconclusionmarker17、Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable，butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.；FromStevenJayGould—"；ThePanda’sThumb"；：...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers，partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower，surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer；theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus，theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays：Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However，idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution，foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipotentcreator.Oddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess，constrainedbyhistory，followsperforce.A.P=apremisemarkerB.C=aconclusionmarkerC.A=anassuringtermD.G=aguardingtermE.D=adiscountingtermF.E+=apositiveevaluativetermG.E-=anegativeevaluativetermH.N=noneoftheabove正确答案：G=aguardingterm18、Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable，butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.；FromStevenJayGould—"；ThePanda’sThumb"；：...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers，partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower，surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer；theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus，theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays：Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However，idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution，foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipotentcreator.Oddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess，constrainedbyhistory，followsperforce.A.P=apremisemarkerB.C=aconclusionmarkerC.A=anassuringtermD.G=aguardingtermE.D=adiscountingtermF.E+=apositiveevaluativetermG.E-=anegativeevaluativetermH.N=noneoftheabove正确答案：N=noneoftheabove19、Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable，butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.；FromStevenJayGould—"；ThePanda’sThumb"；：...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers，partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower，surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer；theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus，theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays：Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However，idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution，foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipotentcreator.Oddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess，constrainedbyhistory，followsperforce.A.P=apremisemarkerB.C=aconclusionmarkerC.A=anassuringtermD.G=aguardingtermE.D=adiscountingtermF.E+=apositiveevaluativetermG.E-=anegativeevaluativetermH.N=noneoftheabove正确答案：D=adiscountingterm20、Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable，butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.；FromStevenJayGould—"；ThePanda’sThumb"；：...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers，partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower，surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer；theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus，theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays：Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However，idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution，foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipotentcreator.Oddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess，constrainedbyhistory，followsperforce.A.P=apremisemarkerB.C=aconclusionmarkerC.A=anassuringtermD.G=aguardingtermE.D=adiscountingtermF.E+=apositiveevaluativetermG.E-=anegativeevaluativetermH.N=noneoftheabove正确答案：E-=anegativeevaluativeterm21、Pleaseindicatethemainfunctionofthewordthatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable，butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.；FromStevenJayGould—"；ThePanda’sThumb"；：；...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers，partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower，surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer；theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus，theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays：Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However，idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution，foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipotentcreator.Oddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess，constrainedbyhistory，followsperforce.A.P=apremisemarkerB.C=aconclusionmarkerC.A=anassuringtermD.G=aguardingtermE.D=adiscountingtermF.E+=apositiveevaluativetermG.E-=anegativeevaluativetermH.N=noneoftheabove正确答案：P=apremisemarker第三章单元测试1、Heissostrongthathecanlift100kilograms.A.N=notanargumentB.A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsoundC.V=anargumentthatisvalidbutnotsoundD.B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound正确答案：N=notanargument2、SinceMrs.Whitedidnotcommitthemurder，ColonelMustarddidit.；Whichofthefollowingsentencescouldbeaddedasasuppressedpremisetomakethisargumentvalid？A.Mrs.WhiteandColonelMustardarecharactersintheboardgameClue.B.EitherMrs.WhiteorColonelMustardcommittedthemurder.C.Mrs.WhiteandColonelMustardaresuspectsforthemurder.D.Mrs.WhiteandColonelMustardaretheonlysuspectsforthemurder.正确答案：EitherMrs.WhiteorColonelMustardcommittedthemurder.3、Joedoesnotlikesteak.Therefore，somefarmersdon’tlikesteak.；Whichofthefollowingsentencescouldbeaddedasasuppressedpremisetomakethisargumentvalid？A.Farmersraiseplantsbutnotanimals.B.Farmersraiseanimalsbutnotplants.C.Joeisafarmer.D.Joeisnotafarmer.正确答案：Joeisafarmer.4、Anargumentissound（inthetechnicalsenseusedinthiscourse）whenandonlywhenA.itsconclusionistrue.B.itspremisesaretrue.C.theargumentisvalidanditspremisesaretrue.D.theargumentisvalidoritspremisesaretrue.正确答案：theargumentisvalidanditspremisesaretrue.5、Ifjellyfishwerebirds，thentheywouldhavefeathers；sojellyfisharenotbirds.；Whichofthefollowingsentencescouldbeaddedasasuppressedpremisetomakethisargumentvalid？A.Jellyfishcannotfly.B.Birdsarenotfish.C.Jellyfishhavefeathers.D.Jellyfishdonothavefeathers.正确答案：Jellyfishdonothavefeathers.6、Yououghttowearacoat，becauseitisfreezing.；Whichofthefollowingsentencescouldbeaddedasasuppressedpremisetomakethisargumentvalid？。A.Yououghttowearacoatwhenitisfreezing.B.Coatskeepyoufromfreezing.C.Mostpeoplewearcoatswhenitisfreezing.D.Coatsaremadetobewornwhenitisfreezing.正确答案：Yououghttowearacoatwhenitisfreezing.7、Hecanlift100kilograms，soheisstrong.ThisisA.N=notanargumentB.A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsoundC.V=anargumentthatisvalidbutnotsoundD.B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound正确答案：A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsound8、MostpeoplefromSaoPaulocheerfortheBraziliannationalteam.A.N=notanargumentB.A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsoundC.V=anargumentthatisvalidbutnotsoundD.B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound正确答案：N=notanargument9、IndicatewhichoftheproposedreconstructionsbestcapturestheargumentinthefollowingpassagefromJohnRussell，"；IsEakinsOurGreatestPainter？"；；…weprizehimaboveallforthenewdimensionofmoralawarenessthathebroughttoAmericanpainting.A.（1）WeprizeEakinsaboveallotherpainters.（）（2）EakinsbroughtanewdimensionofmoralawarenesstoAmericanpainting.（from1）B.（1）EakinsbroughtanewdimensionofmoralawarenesstoAmericanpainting.（）（2）WeprizeEakinsaboveallotherpainters.（from1）C.（1）EakinsbroughtanewdimensionofmoralawarenesstoAmericanpainting.（2）WeprizepaintersaboveallotherswhentheybringanewmoralawarenesstoAmericanpainting.（）（3）WeprizeEakinsaboveallotherpainters.（from1-2）D.（1）EakinsbroughtanewdimensionofmoralawarenesstoAmericanpainting.（2）ApainterwhobringsanewdimensionofmoralawarenesstoAmericanpaintingisbetterthanallothers.（）（3）WeprizeEakinsaboveallotherpainters.（from1-2）正确答案：（1）EakinsbroughtanewdimensionofmoralawarenesstoAmericanpainting.（2）WeprizepaintersaboveallotherswhentheybringanewmoralawarenesstoAmericanpainting.（）（3）WeprizeEakinsaboveallotherpainters.（from1-2）10、Allcriminalshavetattoos，soGizelleisnotacriminal.；IndicatewhichofthefollowingisasinglesuppressedpremisethatissufficienttomakethisargumentvaliD.A.Onlycriminalshavetattoos.B.Mostpeoplewithtattoosarecriminals.C.Gizellehasatattoo.D.Gizelledoesnothaveatattoo.正确答案：Gizelledoesnothaveatattoo.11、JapanisbiggerthanIsrael.JapanisnotbiggerthanChina.Therefore，ChinaisbiggerthanIsrael.；Howwouldyoudescribetheaboveexample？（Inassessingsoundness，youmayassumecommonlyknownfacts.）A.N=notanargumentB.A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsoundC.V=anargumentthatisvalidbutnotsoundD.B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound正确答案：B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound12、Pigscannotfly，sotheyarenotbirds.；IndicatewhichofthefollowingisasinglesuppressedpremisethatissufficienttomakethisargumentvaliD.A.Onlybirdscanfly.B.Allbirdscanfly.C.Somebirdscanfly.D.Somebirdscannotfly.正确答案：Allbirdscanfly.13、Therewasamurder，andtheonlysuspectswhocouldhavecommitteditareMr.GreenandMrs.Peacock，sothemurderermustbeMr.Green.；IndicatewhichofthefollowingisasinglesuppressedpremisethatissufficienttomakethisargumentvaliD.A.Mr.GreenandMrs.Peacockdidnotcommitthemurdertogether.B.IfMr.Greencommittedthemurder，thenMrs.Peacockdidnot.C.Mrs.Peacockdidnotcommitthemurder.D.Mr.Greenisnottheonlysuspect.正确答案：Mrs.Peacockdidnotcommitthemurder.14、SaoPauloisinSouthAmerica，foritisinBrazil，andBrazilisinSouthAmerica.；Howwouldyoudescribetheaboveexample？（Inassessingsoundness，youmayassumecommonlyknownfacts.）A.N=notanargumentB.A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsoundC.V=anargumentthatisvalidbutnotsoundD.B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound正确答案：B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound15、Anargumentcannoteverbevalid（inthetechnicalsenseusedinthiscourse）whenA.itspremisesandconclusionarebothtrue.B.itspremisesandconclusionarebothfalse.C.itspremisesarefalse，anditsconclusionistrue.D.itspremisesaretrue，anditsconclusionisfalse.E.Noneoftheabove.（Thatis，anargumentcanbevalidwithanyofthesecombinationsoftruthvalues.）正确答案：itspremisesaretrue，anditsconclusionisfalse.16、IndicatewhichoftheproposedreconstructionsbestcapturestheargumentinthefollowingpassagefromStevenJayGould，“ThePanda’sThumb.”；Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers，partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower，surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer….A.（1）Orchidsaremadeupofcommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers.（2）Thosecomponentsofordinaryflowersareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes（inordinaryflowersthaninorchids）.（3）IfGodhaddesignedamachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower，thenhewouldnothaveusedcomponentsgenerallyfashionedfordifferentpurposes.（）（4）Goddidnotdesignorchidstoreflecthiswisdomandpower.（from1-3）B.（1）Orchidsaremadeupofcommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers.（2）Thosecomponentsofordinaryflowersareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes（inordinaryflowersthaninorchids）.（）（3）Orchidsaremadeupofcomponentsthatareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes.（from1-2）（4）IfGodhaddesignedamachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower，thenhewouldnothaveusedcomponentsgenerallyfashionedfordifferentpurposes.（5）Orchidsareakindofmachine.（）（6）Goddidnotdesignorchidstoreflecthiswisdomandpower.（from4-5）C.（1）