定语从句讲解课件

三级语法突破GrammarPRTECOTheAttributiveClause〔3课时〕知识详解1考查重点2真题再现3

跟踪练习4定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等来担任，修饰名词。(以分词、介词短语为例〕例：ThegirlbehindthetreeisKate.Themandrivingtoofastwasadrunk.

定语从句在英语中，修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。例：Thegirl

whoisbehindthetreeisKate.

Theman

whowasdrivingtoofastwasadrunk.概念知识详解先行词和关系词先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。先行词、关系词/引导词{对等}

代替

Thatisthebikewhichmyfatherboughtforme.

先行词＝关系词

bike关系词的作用：既引导定语从句，又在定语从句中充当某种成分。关系代词：who,whom,whose,that,which,as等〔在句中作主、表、宾、定等成分〕关系副词：where(onwhich),when(inwhich),why(forwhich)〔在句中作状语〕关联词：that〔引导表示方式、时间的定语从句〕定语从句常用关系词关系代词如何引导定语从句普通代词与关系代词的区别Ihaveasister.SheworksinShanghai.代替sisterIhaveasisterwho/thatworksinShanghai.普通代词：只起代替的作用〔如上例she)关系代词：〔如上例who/which〕

1.除了代替先行词外，2.它还在定语从句中担任一定的成分，3.同时连接先行词与它引导的定语从句。〔把主句和从句连起来〕说明如下Thebuildingisourschool.+Thebuildingstandsbytheriver.=Thebuilding

which/thatstandsbytheriverisourschool.

先行词

关系词从句

which、that是关系代词，它在从句中代替先行词thebuilding,

同时担任从句中的主语，也起连词的作用，把两个简单句连接起来。

关系代词的使用取决于先行词，它们的关系非常密切，因为关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词，所以它在一般情况下都跟在先行词之后，而且它的人称、数必须和先行词一致。Thewomanthat/who

is

speakingatthemeetingismymother.(主句)Thewomanismymother(从句)Thewoman

is

speakingatthemeeting.{主语是单数}Thewomenthat/who

are

speakingatthemeetingarefamousscientists.(主句)Thewomenarefamousscientists.(从句)Thewomenare

speakingatthemeeting.{主语是复数}关系词判断步骤:首先，要区分出先行词。如果先行词是指人,关系词可能就用who,that,whom,whose。如果先行词指物,关系词可能用which或that

然后，要确定关系词在从句中的成分。请看下表先行词主格宾格所有格人who,thatwho(m),that

whose物which,thatwhich,thatwhose,ofwhich

最后，要确定关系代词的人称和数(请看以上例句)注意定语从句的时态不受主句的限制。Thewomanwho/thatspokeatthemeetingyesterdayismymother.(主句)Thewomanismymother.(表达客观事实用一般现在时)(从句)Thewoman(who/that)spokeatthemeetingyesterday.(句中yesterday表示过去时间)定语从句的识别〔思考步骤〕找出先行词a.确定在从句中关系代词的人称、数和性。b.确定定语从句的位置确定关系代词在从句中的成分以确定关系代词的格确定从句的时态〔定语从句的时态都不受主句的限制〕1.that指人/物，作主语或宾语(that/which作宾语可省略〕Aplaneisamachine.Itcanfly.Aplaneisamachinethat/which

canfly.Heistheman.Itoldyouabouthim.Heistheman(that)Itoldyouabout.下一页上一页目录关系代词的使用方法Aplaneisamachinethat

canfly.Aplaneisamachinewhichcanfly.

Haveyoufoundthebikethat

youlost?Haveyoufoundthebikewhichyoulost?Haveyoufoundthebike省略

youlost?

applethegreenthebigTheapple

whichisredismine.Theapplewhichisgreenisyours.Theapple

whichissmallismine.Theapplewhichisbigisyours.thered

thesmall下一页上一页目录2.which

指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。

Mrs.Clarkisangrywiththegoat.

Thegoatiseatingherflowers.Mrs.Clarkisangrywiththegoatwhich

iseatingherflowers.

Canyoulendmethebook?

Youtalkedaboutitlastnight.Canyoulendmethebook(which)

youtalkedaboutlastnight.Canyoulendmethebookaboutwhich

youtalkedlastnight?下一页上一页目录Doyoufindthepen?Iwrotewithitjustnow.DoyoufindthepenwithwhichIwrotejustnow?Doyoufindthepen(which)Iwrotewithjustnow?下一页上一页目录which作宾语可省略,如介词提前那么不能省Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.Thisrecorder〔which〕heisusingismadeinJapan.Isthisthelibrary(which)youborrowbooksfrom?Isthisthelibraryfromwhichyouborrowbooks?下一页上一页目录3.who指人(既它的先行词必须是人),在从句中作主语或宾语。但whom是宾格,只能作宾语。(that有时也指人.代替who,whom,可作主语或宾语)Heknewtheteacherwho

wemetyesterday.Heknewtheteacherwhomwemetyesterday.Heknewtheteacher(that)

wemetyesterday.Theboyissmiling.TheboyisTom.Thewomanspokeatthemeeting.ThewomanwasMrs.Jones.Theboy

whoissmilingisTom.

(主语)ThewomanwhospokenatthemeetingwasMrs.Jones.Wesawtheman.ThemanwasKate’suncle.ThemanwhowesawwasKate’suncle.下一页上一页目录Themaniskind.Everyonelikeshim.Theman(who)everyonelikesiskind.

(宾语)Thewomangotthejob.

Wesawheronthestreet.Thewoman(whom)wesawonthestreet

gotthejob.Theteacherwillgiveusatalk.

Wemettheteacheryesterday.Theteacher(whom)wemetyesterdaywillgiveusatalk.下一页上一页目录Theboyisinthelab.Youwanttotalktohim.Theboy(whom)youwanttotalkto

isinthelab.Theboytowhomyouwanttotalk

isinthelab.Thisistheboy.Isitbehindhim.Thisistheboy(whom)Isitbehind.ThisistheboybehindwhomIsit.下一页上一页目录4.whose是代词的所有格形式,它既可以代人也可以代物。

Isawawoman.Herbagwasstolen.Isawa

womanwhosebagwasstolen.I’llcallaperson.Hisfatherknowsyou.I’llcallapersonwhosefatherknowsyou.Pleaseshowmethebook.Itscoverisred.Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.Ican’tfindthehouse.Myfriendlivesinit.Ican’tfindthehousewhosefriendlivesinit.Thisisthestoryofaman.Hiswifesuddenlydied

Iknowthegirl

whosenameisLucy.Thisisthestoryofamanwhosewifesuddenlydied.Iknowthegirl.HernameisLucy.下一页上一页目录Ihavegotafriend.Hisbrotherisadancer.Ihavegotafriendwhosebrotherisadancer.

Doyouknowthewoman?HerhusbandteachesatAnnie’sschool.Doyouknowthewomanwhose

husbandteachesatAnnie’sschool.下一页上一页目录1)Thisisthehero(whom)weareproudof.Thisistheheroofwhomweareproud.Thisisthehero(that)weareproudof.2)Sheisthe

girlwhom

Iwentwiththere.Sheisthegirl

withwhomIwentthere.SheisthegirlthatIwentwiththere.Sheisthegirl省略

Iwentwiththere.注意:

固定动介词组不可分割,介词不能提前.例如:lookafter,lookat…关系代词与介词

介词放在关系代词的前面时,介词宾语只能用which代物,

和whom代人。(介词在末尾时,关系词可以省略)

3)Theroom(that)Iliveinisverybig.Theroom(which)Iliveinisverybig.TheroominwhichIliveisverybig.TheroomwhereIliveisverybig.4).Iwanttofindthepen(that)Iwrotetheletterwith.Iwanttofindthepen(which)Iwrotetheletterwith.Iwanttofindthe

penwithwhichIwrotetheletter.Herearethepicture-booksthat

thechildrenarelookingfor.Herearethepicture-bookswhich

thechildrenarelookingfor.Herearethepicture-booksthechildrenarelookingfor.关系副词

关系副词是用来引导定语从句的，它和关系代词一样，具有数种作用。△在从句中代替先行词。△在句中作状语。△连接作用，把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的复合句。关系副词有三种：

where:在从句中作地点状语,指代地点.(on/in/at…which)

when:

在从句中作时间状语,指代时间。(on/in…which)

why:

在从句中作原因状语,指代原因。thereasonwhy

关系副词的用法：1.where的用法：(先行词应是地点名词〕Thehotelwasn’tclean.+Westayed

=Thehotelwherewestayedwasn’tclean.＝Thehotelatwhichwestayedwasn’tclean.＝Thehotelwhichwestayedatwasn’tclean

＝Thehotel关系词略westayedatwasn’tclean.atthehotel.

Westayedthere.先行词关系词＝2.when的用法：〔先行词应是表示时间的名词〕I’llneverforgettheday.+IjoinedtheLeagueonthatday.I’llneverforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIjoinedtheLeague.从句3.why的用法：

(表示原因的名词)Thereason

why

I’mcallingyouistoinviteyoutoaparty.

使用关系代词还是关系副词当引导词在句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词；当引导词在句中作状语时，要用关系副词。如：

IwillrememberthedaywhenIleftmyhometownforever.Thisisthepalacewhereheworks.(where状语时，等于inwhich)IoftenthinkofthedaysthatIspentinBrown’slastsummer.(that作spent的宾语=thedays)Hekeptthelaughingduringthetwohours(that)ittooktoflytoBeijing.(that作took的宾语，等于twohours)as引导的定语从句

Iwantohavesuchadictionaryashehas.as用作关系代词或关系副词引导限定性定语从句，并在从句作主语、表语和状语，构成“thesame…as〞，“such…as〞等结构。如：Ishalldoitinthesamewaywasasyoudid.(as作状语)

Ilikethesamebookasyoudo.关联词:thatThat作为关联词可以当作关系副词用e.g.ThisisthehouseinwhichLouisXIIIlived. ThisisthehousethatLouisXIIIlived. ThisisthehousewhereLouisXIIIlived. ThisishousewhichLouisXIIIlivedin. ThisisthehouseLouisXIIIlivedin.

分类TheRestrictiveAttributiveClause限制性定语从句TheAttributiveClause定语从句TheNon-RestrictiveAttributiveClause非限制性定语从句

Shehasfoundthenecklace(that)shelosttwoweeksago.

1、限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不可用逗号分开，如：

Howdoyouapologizetoyourfriendwhosebikeyoulost?Restrictiverelativeclause

主语宾语所有格人whothatwhom/whothat(可省略)whose物whichthatwhichthat(可省略)whose/Ofwhich站在那里的高个子是我的兄弟Thetallmanwho/thatisstandingoverthereismybrother.我刚遇到一位我上星期见过的女士.Ihavejustmetalady(whom/who/that)Isawlastweek.只有你的建议他可能会听.Youaretheonlyonewhoseadvicehemightlistento.她不在刚刚到站的那列火车上.Shewasnotonthetrainwhich/thatarrivedjustnow.Translatethesentences限制性关系从句还可以由when,where,why等关系副词引导七八两月天气很.JulyandAugustarethemonthswhentheweatherishot.这是我想去的地方.ThisistheplaceIwanttogo.你知道我为什么早走吗?DoyouknowthereasonwhyIleftveary?

Helen,whowassittingonmyleft,saidthatthismealwasthebestshehadeverhad.

2、非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然很清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that

引导。如：

Lijiang,whereIwasborn,isverybeautiful.3、有些定语从句，究竟是限制性还是非限制性的，要根据上下文来判断。主语宾语所有格人whothatwhom/whothat(可省略)whose物whichthatwhichthat(可省略)whose/OfwhichNon-restricttiverelativeclause

我们的向导是一个法裔加拿大人,他很擅长烹调.Ourguide,whowasaFrenchCanadian,wasanexcellentcook.Peter开车太快,这是很危险的.Peterdrivestoofar,whichisverydangerous.(which掉表前面整句)张太太的孩子都在上大学,他想找一份工作.MissZhang,whosechildrenareincollege,istryingtogetajob.Translatethesentences

非限制性关系从句还可以由when,where等关系副词引导我又一次来到了波士顿,我有十年没有到这里来了.OncemoreIaminBoston,whereIhavenotbeenfortenyears.我们将把野炊推到下个星期,那时天气可能会好一点.

Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweathermaybebetter.1.只用关系词that,而不宜用which的情况a.从句所修饰的词又被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,只能用that引导从句.Thisisthemostinterestingstory(that)Ihaveeverheard.Thefirstmeeting(that)wewilltakepartinwillbeheldintheafternoon.b.先行词是all,something,nothing,anything不定代词时,只能用that.Hereissomething(that)Iwilltellyou.Notallthatglittersisgold.

英语应用能力考试要点c.先行词既有人也有物时,只能用that引出从句

Icanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepictures(that)Isee.d.先行词是oneof,theone,或用little,few,no,all,any作修饰，用thatIsittheonethatyouwant?Wehaven’tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.e.当主句已有疑问词

who或which时，关系词用thatWhichisthebikethatyoulost?Whoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting?f.主句以Therebe引导时

Thereare200people(that)didn’tknowthething.2.只用which，不用that的情况：引导非限制性定语从句时；引导词前有介词时；一个句子中假设有两个定语从句，一个用that引导，另一个用which引导； e.g.Heboughtabookthatcouldgivehimmuchknowledgeandwhichcouldhelphimtokillthetime.

3.宜用who,而不用that

who、that在许多情况下可以通用，但有时宜用who,而不用thata.先行词是one(s),anyone,someone,those时，关系词使用who

ThosewhowanttogototheGreatWallsignuphere.Onewhohasnothingtofearoneselfdarestotellthetruth.b.在therebe

句型中，先行词指人,关系词用who

Thereisanoldmanwhowantstoseeyou.Therearemanyyoungmenwhoareagainsthim.a.关系代词在从句中作主语时，不能省略。e.g.Theclassroomthatisonthefourthfloorispoorlyequipped.

b.关系代词在从句中作宾语且前面没有介词时，常可省略。e.g.Thisisthegirlwithwhomheworks.c.关系副词在定语从句中不可省略。e.g.IhavecometoexplainthereasonwhyIwasabsentfromthemeeting.

4.关系代词的省略5.as从句的先行词是thesame,such,或被他们所修饰；多用于表示肯定意义的从句中，不用于表否认意义的从句中。 e.g.Manyofthesportsarethesameastheywerewhentheystarted. Theresultwasnotsuchasheexpected. Itwasraininghard,which(as)wasunexpected.

6.介词+关系代词要根据谓语动词的固定搭配e.g.Thisistheevidencewithwhichthecaseisconnected.先行词e.g.I’llneverforgetthedayonwhich\whenIjoinedtheparty.c.句子表达的意思e.g.ThebossinwhosedepartmentMrKingworkedgotsacked.d.在非限制性定语从句中，名词\代词+of+which\whom表示整体与局部的关系 e.g.Theworkers,someofwhomstayedforfouryears,camefromdifferentcountries.e.介词的位置一般放在关系代词之前，有时也可放在从句中原来的位置上。 e.g.Wediditinthesamewayinwhichhedid\whichhedidin.7.定语从句的主谓一致8.that,when,where,which,whose引导的定语从句9.难用的which真题再现Thisbookisdesignedforthelearners_____nativelanguagesarenotEnglish.(0506)A)whoseB)whichC)whoD)whatOncemoreIhavetoleaveBeijing,_______Ihavebeenlivingforeightyears.(0706)A)thatB)whereC)whichD)asItriedtogetoutofthebusiness_______Ifoundimpossibletocarryon.(0806)A)whyB)whichC)whatD)whereWouldyoupleasepassmethebook______coverisblack.(0912)A)whichB)whoseC)thatD)its1关系代词的用法练习1.Theeggswerenotfresh.Iboughtthemyesterday.2.Thefriendwasnothungry.Hecametosupperlastnight.3.Heprefersthecheese.Itcomesfromhisparent’sfarm.

4.Thenoodlesweredelicious.Youcookedthem.

5.Idon’tlikethepeople.Theysmokealot.

Theeggs(that/which)Iboughtthemwerenotfresh.Thefriendwho/thathecametosupperlastnightwasnothungry.Heprefersthecheesethat/whichitcomesfromhisparent’sfarm.Thenoodles(which/that)youcookedthemweredelicious.Idon’tlikethepeoplethat/whotheysmokealot.1.

Doyoulikethebook

shespent$10?2.

Doyoulikethebook

shepaid$10?3.

Doyoulikethebook

shelearnedalot?4.

Doyoulikethebook

sheoftentalks?5.

Hebuiltatelescope

hecouldstudytheskies.2介词+关系代词的情况练习onwhichforwhichfromwhichaboutwhichthroughwhich6.Thereisatalltreeoutside,

standsourteacher.7.

Chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongest_______istheYellowRiver.8.Thetower_______peoplecanhaveagoodviewisonthehill.9.Theman________Ispokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling.10.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,most______hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.underwhichofwhichfromwhichto

whomofwhich3.把以下单句合并成含有定语从句的复合句.1.Thelittlegirlwascryingonthestreet.Hermoneyhadbeenstolen.2.Thecolourofthebikeisgreen.Haveyouseenthebike?3.Thestudentdidn’tagreewithus.Thestudentwasstandingunderthetree.4.Whereistheman?Themantalkedwithyoujustnow.Thelittlegirlwhosemoneyhadbeenstolenwascryingonthestreet.Haveyouseenthebike

whosecolourisgreen.Thestudentwhowasstandingunderthetreedidn’tagreewithus.Whereisthemanwhotalkedwithyoujustnow?5.Thelet